34

JOURNALS OF CONGRESS, 1774.

feitures inflicted by acts of parliament, framed for the purpose of raising a revenue in America, &c.

The immediate tendency of these statutes is, to subvert the right of having a share in legislation, by rendering assemblies useless; the right of property, by taking the money of the colonists, without their consent; the right of trial by jury, by substituting in their place trials in admiralty and vice-admiralty courts, where single judges preside, holding their commissions during pleasure; and unduly to influence the courts of common law, by rendering the judges thereof totally dependent on the crown for their salaries.

These statutes, not to mention many others exceedingly exceptionable, compared, one with another, will be found, not only to form a regular system, in which every part has great force, but also a pertinacious adherence to that system, for subjugating these colonies, that are not, and, from local circumstances, cannot be represented in the house of commons, to the uncontroulable and unlimited power of parliament, in violation of their undoubted rights and liberties, in contempt of their humble and repeated supplications.

This conduct must appear equally astonishing and unjustifiable, when it is considered how unprovoked it has been by any behaviour of these colonies. From their first settlement, their bitterest enemies never fixed on any of them a charge of disloyalty to their sovereign, or disaffection to their mother-country. In the wars she has carried on, they have exerted themselves, whenever required, in giving her assistance; and have rendered her services, which she has publicly acknowledged to be extremely important. Their fidelity, duty and usefulness during the last war, were frequently and affectionately confessed, by his late majesty, and the present king.

The reproaches of those, who are most unfriendly to the freedom of America, are principally levelled against the province of Massachusetts-Bay; but with what little reason, will appear by the following declarations of a person, the truth of whose evidence, in their favour, will not be questioned. Governor Bernard thus addresses the two houses of assembly, in his speech, on the 24th of April, 1762,-"The unanimity and despatch, with which you have complied with the requisitions of his majesty, require my particular acknowledgment; and, it gives me additional pleasure to observe, that you have therein acted under no other influence than a due sense of your duty, both as members of a general empire, and as the body of a particular province."

In another speech, on the 27th of May, in the same year, he says,- -"Whatever shall be the event of the war, it must be no small satisfaction to us, that this province hath contributed its full share to the support of it. Every thing that hath been required of it, hath been complied with; and the execution of the powers committed to me, for raising the provincial troops, hath been as full and complete as the grant of them. Never, before, were regiments so easily levied, so well composed, and so early in the field as they have been this year: the common people seemed to be animated with the spirit of the general court, and to vie, with them, in their readiness to serve the king." Such was the conduct of the people of the Massachusetts-Bay, during the last war. As to their behaviour, before that period, it ought not to have been forgot in Great-Britain, that not only on every occasion, they had constantly and cheerfully complied with the frequent royal requisitions; but, that chiefly by their vigorous efforts, Nova-Scotia was subdued in 1710, and Louisbourg in 1745.

Foreign quarrels being ended, and the domestic disturbances, that quickly succeeded, on account of the stampt-act, being quieted by its repeal, the assembly of Massachusetts-Bay transmitted an humble address of thanks to the king and divers noblemen, and soon after passed a bill for granting compensation to the sufferers, in the disorder occasioned by that act.

These circumstances, and the following extracts, from governor Bernard's letters, in 1768, to the earl of Shelburne, secretary of state, clearly shew,

with what grateful tenderness they strove to bury, in oblivion, the unhappy occasion of the late discords, and with what respectful deference they endeavoured to escape other subjects of future controversy. "The house, (says the governor) from the time of opening the session to this day, has shewn a disposition to avoid all dispute with me: every thing having passed with as much good humour as I could desire, except only their continuing to act in addressing the king, remonstrating to the secretary of state, and employing a separate agent. It is the importance of this innovation, without any wilfulness of my own, which induces me to make this remonstrance, at a time when [ have a fair prospect of having, in all other business nothing but good to say of the proceedings of the house."*

They have acted, in all things, even in their remonstrance, with temper and moderation; they have avoided some subjects of dispute, and have laid a foundation for removing some causes of former altercation."t

"I shall make such a prudent and proper use of this letter, as I hope, will perfectly restore the peace and tranquillity of this province, for which purpose considerable steps have been made by the house of representatives."

The vindication of the province of Massachusetts-Bay, contained in these letters, will have greater force, if it be considered, that they were written several months after the fresh alarm given to the colonies, by the statutes passed in the preceding year.

In this place, it seems proper to take notice of the insinuation of one of those statutes, that the interference of parliament was necessary to provide for defraying the charge of the administration of justice, the support of civil "government, and defending the king's dominions in America."

As to the two first articles of expense, every colony had made such provision, as by their respective assemblies, the best judges on such occasions, was thought expedient, and suitable to their several circumstances: respecting the last, it is well known to all men, the least acquainted with American affairs, that the colonies were established, and generally defended themselves, without the least assistance from Great-Britain; and that, at the time of her taxing them, by the statutes before mentioned, most of them were labouring under very heavy debts contracted in the last war. So far were they from sparing their money, when their sovereign, constitutionally, asked their aids, that during the course of that war, parliament repeatedly made them compensations for the expenses of those strenuous efforts, which, consulting their zeal, rather than their strength, they had cheerfully incurred.

Severe as the acts of parliament, before mentioned, are, yet the conduct of administration hath been equally injurious, and irritating, to this devoted country.

Under pretence of governing them, so many new institutions, uniformly rigid and dangerous, have been introduced, as could only be expected from incensed masters, for collecting the tribute, or rather the plunder, of conquered provinces.

By an order of the king, the authority of the commander in chief, and under him, of the brigadier-generals, in time of peace, is rendered supreme in all the civil governments, in America; and thus, an uncontroulable military power is vested in officers, not known to the constitution of these colonies.

A large body of troops, and a considerable armament of ships of war, have been sent to assist in taking their money without their consent.

Expensive and oppressive offices have been multiplied, and the acts of corruption industriously practised to divide and destroy.

The judges of the admiralty and vice-admiralty courts, are empowered to receive their salaries and fees from the effects to be condemned by themselves. * January 21,.1768. † January 30, 1768. + February 2, 1768.

The commissioners of the customs are empowered to break open and enter houses, without the authority of any civil magistrate, founded on legal infor

mation.

Judges of courts of common law, have been made entirely dependent on the crown for their commissions and salaries.

A court has been established at Rhode-Island, for the purposes of taking colonists to England to be tried.

Humble and reasonable petitions, from the representatives of the people, have been frequently treated with contempt: and assemblies have been repeatedly and arbitrarily dissolved.

From some few instances, it will sufficiently appear, on what pretences of justice those dissolutions have been founded.

The tranquillity of the colonies having been again disturbed, as has been mentioned by the statutes of the year 1767, the earl of Hillsborough, secretary of state, in a letter to governor Bernard, dated April 22, 1768, censures the "presumption" of the house of representatives for "resolving upon a measure of so inflammatory a nature, as that of writing to the other colonies, on the subject of their intended representations against some late acts of parliament," then declares, that "his majesty considers this step as evidently tending to create unwarrantable combinations, to excite an unjustifiable opposition to the constitutional authority of parliament:"-and afterwards adds, "It is the "king's pleasure, that as soon as the general court is again assembled, at the "time prescribed by the charter, you should require of the house of representa"tives, in his majesty's name, to rescind the resolution which gave birth to the "circular letter from the speaker, and to declare their disapprobation of, and "dissent to, that rash and hasty proceeding."

"If the new assembly should refuse to comply with his majesty's reasonable "expectation, it is the king's pleasure that you should immediately dissolve "them."

This letter being laid before the house, and the resolution not being rescinded, according to order, the assembly was dissolved. A letter of a similar nature was sent to other governors to procure resolutions, approving the conduct of the representatives of Massachusetts-Bay, to be rescinded also; and the houses of representatives in other colonies, refusing to comply, assemblies were dis

solved.

These mandates spoke a language, to which the ears of English subjects had for several generations been strangers. The nature of assemblies implies a power and right of deliberation; but these commands, proscribing the exercise of judgment on the propriety of the requisitions made, left to the assemblies only the election between dictated submission, and threatened punishment: A punishment too, founded on no other act, than such as is deemed innocent even in slaves-of agreeing in petitions for redress of grievances, that equally affect all.

The hostile and unjustifiable invasion of the town of Boston, soon followed these events, in the same year; though that town, the province in which it is situated, and all the colonies, from abhorrence of a contest with their parent state, permitted the execution, even of those statutes, against which they so unanimously were complaining, remonstrating, and supplicating.

Administration, determined to subdue a spirit of freedom, which English ministers should have rejoiced to cherish, entered into a monopolizing combination with the East-India company, to send to this continent vast quantities of tea, an article on which a duty was laid by a statute, that, in a particular manner, attacked the liberties of America, and which, therefore; the inhabitants of these colonies had resolved not to import. The cargo sent to South-Carolina was stored, and not allowed to be sold. Those sent to Philadelphia and NewYork, were not permitted to be landed. That sent to Boston was destroyed, because governor Hutchinson would not suffer it to be returned.

On the intelligence of these transactions arriving in Great Britain, the public spirited town last mentioned, was singled out for destruction, and it was determined the province it belongs to should partake of its fate. In the last session of parliament, therefore, were passed the act for shutting up the port of Boston, indemnifying the murderers of the inhabitants of Massachusetts-Bay, and changing their chartered constitution of government. To enforce these acts, that province is again invaded by a fleet and armny.

To mention these outrageous proceedings, is sufficient to explain them. For though it is pretended that the province of Massachusetts-Bay, has been particularly disrespectful to Great-Britain, yet, in truth, the behaviour of the people in other colonies, has been an equal "opposition to the power assumed by parliament." No step, however, has been taken against any of the rest. This artful conduct conceals several designs. It is expected that the province of Massachusetts-Bay will be irritated into some violent action, that may displease the rest of the continent, or that may induce the people of GreatBritain to approve the meditated vengeance of an imprudent and exasperated ministry. If the unexampled pacific temper of that province shall disappoint this part of the plan, it is hoped the other colonies will be so far intimidated, as to desert their brethren, suffering in a common cause, and that thus disunited, all may be subdued.

To promote these designs, another measure has been pursued. In the session of parliament, last mentioned, an act was passed for changing the government of Quebec, by which act the Roman Catholic religion, instead of being tolerated, as stipulated by the treaty of peace, is established; and the people there are deprived of a right to an assembly, trials by jury, and the English laws, in civil cases, are abolished, and instead thereof the French laws are established, in direct violation of his majesty's promise by his royal proclamation, under the faith of which many English subjects settled in that province, and the limits of that province, are extended so as to comprehend those vast regions, that lie adjoining to the northerly and westerly boundaries of these colonies.

The authors of this arbitrary arrangement flatter themselves, that the inhabitants, deprived of liberty, and artfully provoked against those of another religion, will be proper instruments for assisting in the oppression of such as differ from them in modes of government and faith.

From the detail of facts, herein before recited, as well as from authentic intelligence received, it is clear beyond a doubt, that a resolution is formed, and now carrying into execution, to extinguish the freedom of these colonies, by subjecting them to a despotic government.

At this unhappy period, we have been authorized and directed to meet and consult together, for the welfare of our common country. We accepted the important trust with diffidence, but have endeavoured to discharge it with integrity. Though the state of these colonies would certainly justify other measures than we have advised, yet weighty reasons determined us to prefer those which we have adopted. In the first place, it appeared to us a conduct becoming the character these colonies have ever sustained, to perform, even in the midst of the unnatural distresses and imminent dangers that surround them, every act of loyalty, and therefore, we were induced once more to offer to his majesty, the petitions of his faithful and oppressed subjects in America. Secondly, regarding with the tender affection, which we knew to be so universal among our countrymen, the e people of the kingdom, from which we derive our origin, we could not forbear to regulate our steps by an expectation of receiving full conviction,,that the colonists are equally dear to them. Between these provinces and that body subsists the social band, which we ardently wish may never be dissolved, and which cannot be dissolved, until their minds shall become indisputably hostile, or their inattention shall permit those, who are thus hostile, to persist in prosecuting, with

the powers of the realm, the destructive measures already operating against the colonists, and, in either case, shall reduce the latter to such a situation, that they shall be compelled to renounce every regard, but that of self-preservation. Notwithstanding the violence with which affairs have been impelled, they have not yet reached that fatal point. We do not incline to accelerate their motion, already alarmingly rapid; we have chosen a method of opposition, that does not preclude a hearty reconciliation with our fellow-citizens, on the other side of the Atlantic. We deeply deplore the urgent necessity, that presses us to an immediate interruption of commerce, that may prove injurious to them. We trust they will acquit us of any unkind intentions towards them, by reflecting, that we are driven by the hands of violence, into unexperienced and unexpected public convulsions, and that we are contending for freedom, so often contended for by our ancestors. The people of England will soon have an opportunity of declaring their sentiments concerning our cause. In their piety, generosity, and good sense, we repose high confidence; and cannot, upon a review of past events, be persuaded, that they, the defenders of true religion, and the asserters of the rights of mankind, will take part against their affectionate Protestant brethren in the colonies, in favour of our open and their own secret enemies, whose intrigues, for several years past, have been wholly exercised in sapping the foundations of civil and religious liberty.

Another reason, that engaged us to prefer the commercial mode of opposition, arose from an assurance, that the mode will prove efficacious, if it be persisted in with fidelity and virtue; and that your conduct will be influenced by these laudable principles, cannot be questioned. Your own salvation, and that of your posterity, now depends upon yourselves. You have already shewn that you entertain a proper sense of the blessings you are striving to retain. Against the temporary inconveniencies you may suffer from a stoppage of trade, you will weigh in the opposite balance, the endless miseries you and your descendants must endure, from an established arbitrary power. You will not forget the honour of your country, that must, from your behaviour, take its title in the estimation of the world, to glory, or to shame; and you will, with the deepest attention, reflect, that if the peaceable mode of opposition, recommended by us, be broken and rendered ineffectual, as your cruel and haughty ministerial enemies, from a contemptuous opinion of your firmness, insolently predict will be the case, you must inevitably be reduced to ckuse, either a more dangerous contest, or a final, ruinous, and infamous submission.

Motives thus cogent, arising from the emergency of your unhappy condition, must excite your utmost diligence and zeal, to give all possible strength and energy to the pacific measures calculated for your relief: But we think ourselves bound in duty, to observe to you, that the schemes agitated against these colonies, have been so conducted, as to render it prudent, that you should extend your views to mournful events, and be, in all respects, prepared for every contingency. Above all things, we earnestly intreat you, with devotion of spirit, penitence of heart, and amendment of life, to humble yourselves and implore the favour of Almighty God: and we fervently beseech his divine goodness, to take you into his gracious protection.

Resolved, That an address be prepared to the people of Quebec, and letters to the colonies of St. John's, Nova-Scotia, Georgia, East and West Florida, who have not deputies to represent them in this Congress.

Ordered, That Mr Cushing, Mr. Lee, and Mr. Dickinson, be a committee to prepare the above address and letters.

The address to the king being brought in, was read, and after some debate, Ordered, That the same be re-committed, and that Mr. J. Dickinson, be added to the committee.

Upon motion,

Resolved, That the seizing, or attempting to seize, any person

in America,

in order to transport such person beyond the sea, for trial of offences, commit