firmed a vote for Mr. Cox, but in the other cases they have supplied reasons against him, one of the presidents deploring in particular Mr. Cox's "firecating" methods.

In a number of cases prohibition figures sometimes as an argument for Mr. Harding, sometimes as a matter

FROM FRANK D. BLODGETT Adelphi College, Brooklyn, N. Y. I am heartily supporting Senator Harding for many reasons, perhaps chief among them being that I am a Republican and believe in the principles of that party, in its constructive work, its sound sense, and its wise grasp of the vital issues of America. I believe Senator Harding is in sympathy with the things I believe in, that he has the bigness to realize that no man alone can control the destinies of America and the world, and that he possesses the wisdom to be willing to seek counsel, the keenness of judgment to discriminate, and to execute. He expresses in his public utterances what I conceive to be sound Americanism. I believe that, if elected, he will surround himself with men of large caliber, of balance, of wisdom, and that helped by the advice of such men he will be a President who will lead the Nation along the lines of real progress.

the

courage

FROM BOOTHF C. DAVIS Alfred University, Alfred, N. Y. Senator Harding seems to me to represent American ideals and citizenship, progressive without radicalism, constructive rather than destructive, sane and balanced in judgment, safeguarding American nationality with a world sympathy not inconsistent with National integrity.

FROM F. N. GUNSAULUS Armour Institute of Tech., Chicago, Ill.

I shall vote for Harding in the hope that a little less of the stiff and hopeless partisanship on both sides may open a way for the use of the very machinery which Germany declined to honor in the past and which all nations must somehow honor in the future if we are to have peace and progress.

FROM BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER University of California, Berkeley, Cal. 1. Because Governor Cox and his sympathizers give the clearest adherence to the League of Nations."

2. Because the Republican candidate and his sympathizers represent the reactionary spirit in politics.

N. B.--Both as a Californian and as an American citizen, I regard the immigration question as far the most important now pending before the Nation. Senator Harding has spoken concerning it with decision and clarity. Should Governor Cox fail to speak with like decision, I think it probable that I shall vote for Senator Harding.

FROM C. A. DUNIWAY Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Col. On the whole, Harding represents the sounder tendencies of American political life. Then, man for man, in a personal sense, he seems to me the preferred candidate. I made my decision slowly, because

that has been settled and ought not to militate against Mr. Cox, and in three cases serving as a reason for voting for Mr. Watkins, the Prohibitionist candidate.

From other letters which we have received we make the following selections. We regret that space does not

of the League issue, but I am convinced that Harding as President would exercise sound discretion to keep the United States true to our essential international obligations.

FROM ERNEST MARTIN HOPKINS
Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.

I shall vote the Republican ticket this fall because I believe administrative genius and practical definition of purpose on the basis of a broad and workable Americanism to be indispensable at the present time and most likely to be secured by Republican

success.

The political parties necessarily represent a compromise among the divergent views of groups which compose their respective memberships. The two great parties are alike in that each represents a combination of liberals and conservatives. The Democratic party, however, much more definitely than the Republican, is under the necessity of concession to certain great groups whose support is dictated by provincial rather than National issues-such, for instance, as the Solid South and Tamand whose leaders, placed in many authority, can less promptly and easily find a common denominator which will effectively secure co-operation for a quickly defined, intelligent, progressive administration of domestic and foreign affairs of the United States.

I have high admiration for the administrative genius of certain individual Democrats. Collectively, however, I believe the Republican party more likely to furnish the team work needed for our present exigencies.

FROM F. A. MCKENZIE

Fisk University, Nashville, Tenn. In reply to your inquiry concerning my choice of Presidential ticket let me say that I expect to vote for the Republican ticket and am earnestly desirous of its success for many reasons. In particular I am a believer in what we may call the "new nationalism," which, on the one hand, insists on the protection of the integrity and high standards of our Republic while extending the most cordial helping hand to the whole world, and, on the other hand, works in accord with the ever-increasing tendency toward National unity through Federal action which, in my opinion, is being worked out and will be worked out with the advice and co-operation of the best thought in our several State units. I conceive the Republican party to represent at this moment a policy of legalized and stabilized prosperity, order, and progress.

FROM WILLIAM MILLER COLLIER George Washington Univ., Wash., D. C. I favor the election of Harding because by training as well as in temperament he is, in my opinion, far better fitted for the Presidency than Cox; because he will re

permit printing all of the letters in full. Even those letters which we have not been able to quote from as a whole or in part are of great value, and The Outlook and its readers are under obligations to every one of these college presidents who have stated the reasons that governed their vote.

store Constitutional government, preserve a representative democracy, refrain from demagoguery, and give to the country an efficient Administration protecting and promoting the rights of each as well as of all, but without favoring or yielding to any group or any individual.

I favor Harding's election also because he stands for an association of the nations of the world to secure peace by agreement to submit international disputes of a justiciable character to the decision of arbitral courts with suitable sanctions, and to confer in a spirit of harmony as to other questions; and because he opposes the ratification of the Covenant of the League of Nations as submitted to the Senate by President Wilson. I believe that that Covenant would embroil this Nation in the quarrels of Europe and Asia; and that it would immensely increase the chances of war because in effect the decision as to declaring future wars would be made, so far as the United States is concerned, not by Congress but by one person, its representative in the Council of the League acting under the instructions of the President. No more reactionary step was ever taken. By the "Wilson Covenant" the President is given practically the same war powers as the Kaiser of Germany had; while the Council, in the method of its creation, the relation of its members to the states they represent, and its functions as to the determination of the great question of war or peace, resembles most closely the old German Bundesrath. This system was universally regarded as the greatest cause of the World War and as inherently incompatible with peace. We fought to destroy it. Let us not restore it by this fatuous Covenant.

FROM WILLIAM W. GUTH
Goucher College, Baltimore, Md.

I am an independent voter. I should have been glad to vote for a stronger man than any of those nominated. In any event, I should vote for the man exhibiting the greatest amount of brain power, and who, in my opinion, sensed most clearly our obligations to society-and our duties, international as well as National. Of the men nominated Mr. Harding is far to be preferred as possessing these qualifications, and I shall therefore vote for him.

FROM J. H. T. MAIN
Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa

I am in favor of the League Covenant, believing its provisions, carried out with even a moderate degree of success, would contribute to international good will, and hence to world peace and order. The United States, as a member of the League, if adequately represented in the League councils, could, by its economic supremacy, leaving ideal considerations out of the question, exercise a dominating influence for peace without advocating military in

tervention. In agreement with many other students of the League, I find nothing in it to violate our Constitution, or that involves a surrender in any degree of our National independence.

For these reasons I am keenly disappointed in the Republican platform and in the addresses of Mr. Harding. He has repeatedly spoken against the League Covenant. His speech on August 28 is a heroic effort to win supporters of the League without offending Mr. Johnson and his followers. It is vague and unsatisfying. On the other hand, Mr. Cox has spoken repeatedly and with emphasis for the League.

Although I am a Republican, a Republican that did not vote for Mr. Wilson, and am without enthusiasm for Mr. Cox as a candidate, I want to express my convictions for the League by my vote. How can I do it? As yet, on this basis, I have not finally decided whether my vote shall be for Mr. Harding or for Mr. Cox.

FROM A. W. McWHORTER Hampden-Sidney College, H. S., Va. Because he is a Democrat, progressive, courageous, and able, an advocate of the League of Nations, and a stout champion of the cause of the American people; because he is the opposite in every way of the reactionary, Senatorial-oligarchy Republican candidate.

FROM DAVID FELMLEY Illinois State Normal Univ., Normal, Ill. A year ago the Leag of Nations was favord by eighty per cent of the reading, thinking, open-minded people, of this coun

try. Why the change? Because of partisan politics. The desire of Republican politicians and their supporters to regain control of the administrativ machinery of our federal government.

Insted of a definit plan, carefully workt out and alredy accepted by over forty nations, many of them neutral in the great war, we now have the vague promis of an association of nations, the old Hague Tribunal with teeth in it, etc., apparently anything that wil last until after election. The Republican position is critical and negativ; the Democratic is positiv and constructiv.

FROM JOHN H. MACCRACKEN Lafayette College, Easton, Pa. Like many Republicans who are in favor of the United States joining the League of Nations under such modifications of the Covenant, and particularly of Article X, as may seem necessary for the interests of the United States, and to meet Constitutional objections, I view with increasing apprehension the disposition of the Republican candidate to educate the people of America away from instead of toward the idea of a society of nations, and am not prepared at this time, therefore, to say

how I shall vote in November.

FROM HERBERT C. NOONAN, S.J. Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wis. I believe that the Wilson-Cox League of Nations is rooted in injustice.

Such a League could not endure, and America, in promoting it, would violate the principles of equity and justice, on

account of which our country entered the World War.

Though not an ideal candidate, Harding is nevertheless preferable to Cox.

FROM JOHN M. THOMAS
Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vt.

I shall vote for Senator Harding in order to express my disappointment in President Wilson's conduct of the peace negotiations and my belief that we are more likely to get an effective international organization under Harding, who knows the Senate and will work with it, than under Cox, who is committed to the Wilson attitude. I believe the rank and file of the American people are right in their conviction that the League Covenant as framed at Versailles is inconsistent with the fundamental American principle of representative government. I shall also vote for Senator Harding in order that I may vote at the same time for Governor Coolidge.

FROM ELLEN C. SABIN
Milwaukee-Downer College, Wis.

1. Because Mr. Harding represents the principles stated in the platform of the Republican party.

2. Because he has been selected as the standard-bearer of the party that is true to the purposes declared in the Constitution of our country.

3. Because I believe he will work to secure a reasonable and possible League of Nations.

FROM MARY E. WOOLLEY Mount Holyoke College, So. Hadley, Mass. Because the Democratic party has de

clared for the League of Nations. I am voting as an independent.

FROM HENRY CHURCHILL KING Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio Because participation by America in the League of Nations seems to me to be far and away the most important issue in the campaign, and Mr. Cox's attitude on this subject is much more satisfactory.

FROM S. B. MCCORMICK
University of Pittsburgh, Pa.

1. It is time we are getting back to Constitutional government. I have no sympathy with the idea that the Executive should have the right of way by placing Congress on the side track. Neither have I sympathy with any movement whereby the people, as a whole or any particular part of it, should legislate directly. This is a representative government and is neither an autocracy nor a democracy. The Republican party so believes, and I want the Republican party to elect Harding and Coolidge in November.

2. The Republican party believes in a judicial League of Nations as over against a political league. So do I most positively. The League to Enforce Peace has the right principles, even though some of those who have been its officers were supporters of the Paris League. The Hague Court is good enough without anything else if its machinery is made complete.

3. The Republican party is the safer party to which to intrust the industrial, business, economic, and financial affairs of the Nation. This has always been true. In this crisis of affairs it would be a calamity to continue the present party in power.

4. The contrast between both Mr. Harding and Mr. Coolidge, on the one hand, and Mr. Cox and Mr. Roosevelt, on the other, as indicated by their speeches, is a convincing argument for the election of the former.

Maine has told us what will happen in November.

FROM FREDERIC B. PRATT Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y. I shall vote for Mr. Harding because he represents the Republican party, and the Republican party by and large stands for the best principles of government in our country. Whatever Mr. Harding's personal views may be on the League of Nations, I believe he will represent the true sentiment of the country on this issue. Aside from this great question Mr. Harding stands for the right interpretation of our Constitution. He stands, moreover, for a policy of economy, efficiency, and wise administration in domestic affairs that is greatly needed at this time.

FROM W. E. STONE Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. I have always voted my convictions regardless of political parties. I shall vote for Harding because I believe that the greatest need of the United States at this time is an effective Government which shall deliver our domestic affairs from the present chaos, and because I believe that the United States can best exercise its traditional policy of help and friendship to weaker nations by maintaining its independence of action and freedom from entanglements in petty European politics. I see no hope for the accomplishment of

these all-important ends under the present Administration or by the continuance of its policies.

The election of a President who can act in harmony with Congress is necessary before the present discorded conditions can be mended. We do not need experiments or radical reforms so much as a restoration to normal conditions in government, in the life of our people, and in our relations with other nations. Stability and efficiency in the Government in the United States means more for the safety of the world to-day than the League of Nations. The election of Harding is the only means available to the people of the United States at the present time for accomplishing these greatly to be desired ends.

FROM R. E. BLACKWELL Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, Va. I shall vote for Mr. Cox in preference to Mr. Harding because Mr. Cox stands for a more forward-looking policy than Mr. Harding. I feel that Mr. Harding would be completely under the control of reactionary Senators whom Mr. Roosevelt constantly fought men who think they can stem the tide of progress by repressive measures, and that they can keep the United States from taking its share of responsibility for the world's troubles.

FROM WILLIAM T. FOSTER
Reed College, Portland, Ore.

I favor the Democratic candidate for President above other present possibilities, although I do not regard him as the man we should have for our next President. In qualifications for office in this time of critical and unprecedented need Herbert Hoover is notably superior to any of the party candidates and would, in my judginent, be our next President if we had a political system that would enable the people to elect their real choice. Under the circumstances, I favor the Democratic candidate because I believe that the extreme reactionary position of the Republican

party, on the one hand, and the radical position of the Socialist party, on the other hand, are alike dangerous. Both tend to incite to unwise action many men and women who genuinely desire a better social order. Both are inimical to law and order.

FROM PALMER C. RICKETTS
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, N. Y.

Absolutely against the League of Nations in its present form. Believe that any man should be badly defeated who comes before the Nation as a candidate for President on a platform the main issue of which is the adoption of a League which might compel us to supply an army to help throttle aspirations for self-government of dependencies which in many cases were illicitly obtained.

FROM WILLIAM J. BERGIN St. Viator College, Bourbonnais, Ill. Traditionally I am a Democrat, and at the last Presidential election I voted for Woodrow Wilson. My reasons for changing my party affiliations are largely negative. To defeat the iniquitous Treaty of Versailles and its appended League of Nations is, in my judgment, the most imperative duty which confronts the American citizen to-day. I believe this document is the worst fraud which has ever been perpetrated upon the human race. I believe the men responsible for it are the worst traitors humanity has known since the days of Judas Iscariot. Mr. Cox has pledged himself to support this pact of plunder, tyranny, and hypocrisy, and therefore, in my judgment, he deserves the censure and reprobation of every man who believes in justice and liberty for all the children of men.

FROM W. A. NEILSON Smith College, Northampton, Mass. The above vote represents only present intention and may be changed by later utterances of candidates. I make this choice

because of the attitude of Harding towards the League of Nations. It is useless for any one who regards the League as the most important issue to vote for a man who is obviously trying to retain the support of Johnson and Borah.

FROM GEORGE F. BOVARD
University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, Cal.

I will cast my vote for Warren G. Har ding because I believe he is the best man nominated for the Presidency at this time.

I am in hearty sympathy with ex-President Taft touching the League of Nations problem, and I believe under the Republican Administration it will be possible to get an international agreement which will go very far toward preventing war and in helping to bring about a better state of affairs throughout the world.

FROM ALEX. C. HUMPHREYS
Stevens Institute of Technology,

Hoboken, N. J.

My reasons for preferring Warren G. Harding for the Presidency are, in the main, that he represents the Republican party, which should come again into office if for no other reason than to complete the defeat of the Democratic party and so give us an opportunity to recover from Wilson's Administration of disorganization.

I believe that Mr. Harding's policy with respect to the League of Nations and with respect to our internal affairs promises relief from conditions which are to-day most threatening. I further believe that Mr. Harding is meeting the issues frankly and consistently and that Mr. Cox fails in that particular. I think no comparison need be made with the three other candidates, as, in my opinion, they are out of the question.

FROM EMILIE W. McVEA Sweet Briar College, Sweet Briar, Va. I shall cast my first vote for James M. Cox because he has definitely pledged his support to the League of Nations and because he is. not in favor of a high protective tariff. Such tariff, I believe, will increase prices to the oppressed American consumer and will be highly detrimental to the countries of Europe, depleted. by a ruinous war.

FROM R. H. CROSSFIELD Transylvania College, Lexington, Ky. I shall vote for James M. Cox for the

Presidency of the United States notwithstanding the fact that I am not altogether satisfied with Mr. Cox as the bearer of the Democratic standard. However, I shall support him because of the platform on which he stands, particularly its pronouncement on the subject of the League of Nations.

In the second place, I shall support Mr. Cox because his record of achievement, in my estimation, is far better than that of any of the other candidates.

FROM C. A. RICHMOND
Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.

1. Both upon his personal record and upon his public utterances, especially since his nomination, I regard Mr. Harding as altogether more desirable than any other candidate.

2. There is no important issue now before the country which would not be safer in the hands of the Republican, party than in the hands of the Democratic party.

FROM EDWARD WEST NICHOLS Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va.

The position of the Democratic party is constructive; that of the Republican party destructive. Both parties favor a league of nations, as do the people of the country generally

The Democrats favor the League as formulated at Versailles, and are willing to accept restrictions, modifications, interpre tations, or what not, so long as the essential features are not destroyed.

The Republicans are opposed to everything, though advocating a league with no clear idea of what they want nor how any plans that may be suggested can be affected.

FROM SAMUEL VALENTINE COLE

Wheaton College, Norton, Mass. Mr. Harding's election will assure a reversal of the undemocratic methods that have disturbed the country in recent years, and a return to the Americanism of George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Grover Cleveland, and Theodore Roosevelt.

His character means that he will never subordinate the public good to private advantage; his mental balance, that he will deal with questions in their entirety, and be the President, not of a party or of a class or of a geographical division, but of the whole people; his experience, that he

I will be able to work with others without sacrificing his intellectual independence, and to utilize the best wisdom available without fearing for his personal credit his courage and political ideals, that he will stand for justice and humanity, and for an Americanism that will best enable America to help the world.

Pre-eminently, of all the candidates, he represents the doctrine of government of the people, by the people, for the people.

FROM STEPHEN B. L. PENROSE Whitman College, Walla Walla, Wash.

I object to a continuance of "personal government" and desire a closer return to the principles of the Constitution. I also believe that the Republican party is better to be trusted for the efficient management of National affairs.

FROM GEORGE L. OMWAKE Ursinus College, Collegeville, Pa. The foreign policy of the United States is the issue in this campaign. To me the Democratic platform proposes a far nobler position for America than does the Republican, and wherein the latter was weak Senator Harding has made the Republican position still weaker.

The League of Nations was framed by men as able as any the nations could produce. President Wilson, by reason of his twenty-five or more years of study and teaching of political principles and problems, in which he got an accurate knowledge of the political history of every nation involved in the making of peace, was the best man America could send to the Peace Conference. That he was surrounded by a group of specialists-geographers, ethnologists, economists, statisticians, linguists, etc.-rather than by politicians, was to his credit and the world's good. The Treaty will not be improved upon by any tampering that may result from putting its enemies into office. The League of Nations Covenant is what makes the Treaty great, and it is Article X that makes the Covenant great. Here we see America frankly facing her moral responsibility. And this is the heart of the issue. The Republican platform and candidate would substitute a lesser ideal for a greater, a weaker moral position for a stronger.

I shall vote the Democratic ticket in this election, not because I am a Democrat, but because I am a Christian.