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NEITHER PILOT WAS HURT IN THIS CRASH AT ALBANY DURING THE NEW YORK TO SAN
FRANCISCO RACE. IS FLYING DANGEROUS?

fight against the encompassing tempest. Opening the throttle full out and sticking up the nose of the airplane to its maximum climb, I shut my eyes and ears to the fury of the storm and thrust up toward the top of the eastern wall. Just before entering the dense blackness I cast one glance behind, I do not know why, to take a last look at my passenger. All I could see was the tip of his helmet. He was in a crouching position, realizing the danger we were

facing, but compelled to leave our fate in my hands.

"The rainfall was terrific. It was so dense, in fact, that I could not make out the outer struts on the wings of the plane. It seemed an age that we flew blindly through this downpour, not knowing what instant we might crash into the side of one of the projecting peaks. Finally we emerged into a gray, heavy mist, which I recognized as light clouds hovering about the edges of the

storm. But I knew the fight was not yet done, for we had yet to make our way through those twisting clouds below and find a landing-place.

"I have had thrills in landing a burning plane and in coming down with locked ailerons, but those were feeble in comparison with my last fight through the circling walls of that storm. We came out over the unmistakable Rio Grande at a point I judged to be at the southern end of the Santiago Mountains. I pushed northward and east up the Rio Grande to a point where the river turned east. There a glance to the north told me that the town of Sanderson was now in the center of the storm. I turned and made my way back to Del Rio, where we landed well ahead of the storm, after being out just ten minutes short of four hours. The next day, after making repairs, we flew on to El Paso at a conservative altitude, from where we could look down on the north edge of the rocky battle-grounds of the day before." Is flying dangerous?

No, flying is not dangerous, though storms and cyclones over mountain-tops provide a source of danger for those seeking it. And if they come upon one unsought, the airplane can carry one away from danger more swiftly than can the steamship, motor car, or railway train.

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"I

-THAN

SUPPOSE you men think that I am going to keep after you, and penalize you for every little lapse of discipline.

"I see you coming late to drill, out of uniform, talking in drill, reading when on lookout duty, and returning late after liberty-in fact, doing your best to make this a slack-run post, and waiting for me to jump on you; doing your best to establish the old antagonism between the commanding officer or school-teacher and the naughty boys. "Understand right now that I am going to do nothing of the kind. I have something better to do something far more important than to play chief monitor while you break regulations every time my back is turned.

you

"Most of you are disgusted that have not been sent abroad. You joined the Navy in order to go to sea, and you have been sent down to help run this naval base on shore duty. You don't believe it is very important, and you never have thought of taking charge of your own discipline and making a creditable showing.

"The fact is that you are not boys,

HE THAT RULETH A CITY

BY RICHARD WELLING

LIEUTENANT FLEET NAVAL RESERVE

and that you would every one of you dislike exceedingly to be associated with a post which disgraced the best naval standards.

"When you get your transfers to other duty, I don't propose that you shall look back upon this period as one of slackness and general mediocrity.

"You can have a lot more fun, besides doing your duty, if you will take charge of this matter of discipline yourselves.

"Show me you have the ideal, the ambition, and the imagination to realize and carry out the standards that must necessarily govern a post like this, and I will leave to you, through a committee of your own selection, all these contemptible matters which should be beneath the notice of grown men of your caliber in a National emergency such as this war.

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each offense where not already provided for by U. S. N. regulations.

"In order to come within the military law I shall probably approve and order the punishments that you recommend. I pledge myself to nothing. I am merely offering a suggestion, and we ought soon to make each other's acquaintance on lines of manhood and cooperation. You all know that military standards take little account of democratic ideals, and we are here to sustain military standards to the limit. If there is an undercurrent of democratic good feeling, so much the better when I give my drill orders like a martinet."

GOOD RIDDANCE TO ONE KIND
OF SERVICE

The above is the substance of a short talk that I had with my men as their commanding officer.

Although the post covered some two hundred and fifty square miles and several hundred men were stationed there, they were so scattered at outlying posts and stations that less than a hundred were at this camp.

They responded immediately to the

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suggestion. At first they selected a Committee of Seven of the best men in camp; subdivided the work into Mess, Camp Order, Lookout Duty, Drills, Liberty, Study, etc. Very soon they submitted a list of punishments which I approved in a general way. Shortly thereafter cases of neglect of duty occurred, and I was confronted with the old tendency of such committees to suggest punishments far too severe. In no case did it fall to me to stiffen the punishment. In several cases I lightened it. This put me in a position of befriending the men against their own Committee.

It was a pleasure to note absence of eye service. It was no longer taken for granted that I was looking around for irregularities. If I noticed them, as of course I did, I usually spoke to the man who had charge of that particular matter, and correction speedily followed.

The Committee showed positive genius for selecting a punishment that would "reach" the particular delinquent, and also a wonderful scent in discovering and running down an offender where I would have been helpless.

WHAT'S THE USE OF GRUMBLING? An esprit de corps that did not exclude me developed rapidly, and the level of intercourse, especially between myself and the men, was visibly raised and dignified. Their imaginations got to work on schemes to improve the efficiency of the post. They were no longer a lot of slaves driven by me; they were self-respecting Americans driving themselves, and in constant touch with me as friend and chief adviser.

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The whole problem of "squealing or "tattling" disappeared from view. All hands were interested in seeing their own Committee vindicate itself.

After some months the same Committee, having been repeatedly elected, seemed to get a little out of touch with the majority of the men, and there was much grumbling, charging that the Committee was putting on airs. As it grew worse, one day two or three men asked me to show them the constitution or by-laws under which they were working. I replied I had never heard of any. Much surprised, they asked who had fixed the original number of the Committee. I told them they had themselves. It must be remembered that at this time, after more than a year, there had been many transfers and the majority of the original personnel had left camp. They asked whether there was anything to prevent the entire camp, through a committee of the whole, tak ing charge of discipline. I assured them it was entirely their affair, and the next thing I knew the entire camp had called for the resignations of the Committee, and after a long and stormy meeting reported its own recommendations of penalties for the current list of delinquents. I cannot say whether these were a little more or less strict than the

action of the former Committee, but I saw no occasion to vary these penalties, and an amazing era of good feeling followed upon the action of the whole camp.

I predicted that the time consumed by this committee of the whole would be out of all proportion too great for the small matters involved, but the spirit of Athenian democracy was in the air, and the consciousness of political initiative quite fascinated them, so that it was several months before they appointed sub-committees.

The improvement in camp discipline was perhaps only one, if indeed the chief, gain from this self-government experiment. It may be questioned whether the release from contemptible details and the coincident dignifying of each man in his relation to his task was not a greater gain, for almost every man at one time or another offered some serious suggestion about the work in hand.

It is true that there were two or three outlaws in camp, unable to grasp the meaning of it all, but they were suffering from such serious mental and physical disabilities that they were almost solitary types, and too exceptional to impair the general result.

The experiment was interesting be cause of the endless series of suggestions it produced as to the way the lookout duty should be organized, the way the mess could be improved and cheapened, the drill elaborated, the liberty made more convenient, the target practice improved, the boat work made more thorough-in short, the way each individual man took pride in his work.

SUGAR-BOWLS AND SELF-GOVERNMENT

As usual in entering upon a system of self-government, at first the trivial matters received the gravest consideration as if it were necessary to prove that if you treat human beings like infants or nursery charges their reactions will very largely conform to this low standard of arrested development.

It reminded one of the way the boys in a high school, when first granted a measure of self-government, began with a long and hotly debated resolution as to the method of filling the ink-wells.

These grown men in my camp argued long and eloquently as to the propriety of placing the sugar-bowls on the table or the awful alternative of serving coffee already sweetened.

But if their commanding officer could purchase one hundred per cent loyalty by turning over to them these details, surely the price was none too high.

The minutes of their meetings are full of the dreariest details, and they seemed to gloat over them as though idealized into symbols of liberty.

Rarely was any serious question of military or naval efficiency taken up in meeting. The men seemed to feel that discussion of the graver questions con

stituted a debt to be privately paid in a private conversation with the commanding officer. Doubtless in time this would have been different.

Mention might be made of one case of outrageous drunkenness. Seaman Reilly (we will call him) had permission to go to a neighboring dance, but he never got beyond the village saloon, from which he had to be carried "paralyzed" drunk. The Committee sugested that he be given a little extra duty and his liberty cut off for a brief period. This was the first punishment that seemed wholly inadequate, and with many misgivings the C. O. listened to assurances that Reilly was a mere boy and had no previous experience to guide him. The C. O. had judged him to be a rather loose individual who needed both curb rein and check rein, and the C. O. prided himself on being a good judge of men. Positively it was against the C. O.'s better judgment that the above mild punishment was approved; and as the sequel showed the Committee wholly correct, Reilly proving himself to be "one of the very best," the incident had a very humbling effect on the C. O.

NOT AN HONOR SYSTEM, THANK YOU

In conclusion, it should be pointed out that the system above described was in no sense an honor system. It was based on a forward-looking friendly attitude of co-operation between officer and men. The honor system starts off all wrong by admitting the warfare basis between governor and governed, and is primarily an agreement to abstain from acts of war in certain definite particulars.

The children say to the teacher: "You stop spying and exercising authority [e. g., in an examination], and we'll meet you half-way and stop cheating. We give our word that we'll attend to catching and punishing any delinquents, but you in turn must leave us alone. We make no promises to stop horse-play and childish pranks in school generally. This armistice relates to cheating in examinations." Or if the honor system extends to conduct throughout, why continue to call it an honor system, and why maintain the presumption of hostility? To agree to forbear and abstain from doing something wrong thing wrong is a bad start psycholog ically, and reminds one of the Confucian Do not do unto others as you would not have others do unto you.'

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The only agreement I made with my men was that they should show that they had the proper ideal, and that they were in dead earnest in trying to realize it. From the start we co-operated as friends. If I had appointed the Committee or if I had insisted it must be made up of petty officers, it would have been a sham and a failure.

Of course it could not have been done with men incapable of being in

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BY SIR ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, G.B.E., F R.S., Sc.D.

N this side of the Atlantic we are pretty well informed as to what the Pilgrim Fathers found on their arrival. It may be, however, worth while to consider for a time what they left behind them.

Much they abandoned certainly would not have been appreciated or even known to them. They were almost wholly plain country folk, used to husbandry and life on the land. They sought freedom in Holland, and found it, but not happiness. Still were "Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel." They agreed among themselves "how grievous it was to live from under the protection of the State of England," and "how like we were to lose our language, and our name, of English." And, since the England of James I would have none of them, save at a price they would not pay, they set out in quest of " some corner of a foreign field" which they might make

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for ever England." One of the reasons why they left Holland after a ten years' sojourn was that in order to earn a living they were compelled to practice the arts of the factory. Only by intense mechanical and indoor labor and by the use of an intensive child labor were they able to get a bare living in Holland. Further, they wished to remain English folk and to be under the English King, though they were as anxious as anybody to put a quite considerable distance between themselves and His Majesty.

"ABOUT THE MIDDLE OF OUR PERIOD
MICHAEL
BECAME CZAR AND FOUNDED
THE TRAGIC LINE OF ROMANOFFS"

Much that they left behind them was bad-perpetual strife between the countries of Europe; strife in the Church and between the Churches. Superstition was as rampant then as it is today, but then it was accompanied by far more cruelty. Under the Tudors the laws against witches were milder than in other countries; but under James I these laws were repealed, and he himself took an active part in the cruel and senseless persecution. "From Witches, Warlocks, and Wurricoes, an'

evil Spirits an' a Things that gang bump i' the Nicht . . . Guid Lord de liver us," was a frequently repeated prayer from the Scottish Litany. On an average nearly a thousand men and women were annually done to death for alleged witchcraft in the first half of the seventeenth century.

The first fifth of this century (160020) in Europe was a period of intense interest in every form of human activity. At its beginning, Queen Elizabeth-like all the Tudor monarchs, most highly educated-was on the throne of England. She was succeeded in 1603 by James VI of Scotland and I of England-the most learned fool in Christendom. Robert Cecil was still chief adviser to the English crown. Henry IV, the first of the Bourbons, was on the throne of France, and before our period was complete Richelieu was taking command of the policies of Henry's comparatively insignificant son, Louis XIII. The last of the series of Medici Popes, Leo XI, sat in St. Peter's Chair in Rome.

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POLITICS THEY LEFT BEHIND THEM

As usual, half the countries of Europe were more or less at war. England was fighting Ireland, which had the support of Spain, which had at Lisbon (1599) equipped a second Armada, turned to naught at its first sailing by a storm. The Poles were fighting Russia and had taken Moscow. About the middle of our period the first of the Romanoffs, Michael, son of Philaret, Patriarch of

Moscow, became Czar and founded the unhappy and tragic line of Romanoffs. Spain was fighting for the Netherlands. The Thirty Years' War, which for three decades devastated Central Europe, was commenced in Bohemia by the act of the Bohemian nobles, led by Thurn. They had revolted and hurled the two Regents from a window of the palace at Prague in 1618. In the following year Maurice the Stadtholder, who was warring with the Holy Roman Empire (which, as somebody-probably Lord Bryce has pointed out, was neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire), was executing Barneveldt and imprisoning Grotius in the castle of Louvestein. The Hungarians were fighting and annexing first Transylvania and then Moldavia. Savoy was trying to annex Geneva. And so it all went on. Some of these incessant wars were due to the ambitions of the several rulers for more territory, some were due to religious antinomies, many owed their being to a combination of the two. One doubts if our Pilgrim Fathers, first at Amsterdam, then at Leyden, knew much about it all, or, if they knew, whether they cared. They had other things to think about.

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THEIR ENTERPRISING CONTEMPORARIES

It was a period of great commercial activity. In 1600, owing to the increase in the price of pepper by the Dutch, whose fault has ever been in "giving too little and asking too much," an association of London merchants with one hundred and twenty-five shareholders and a capital of £70,000 was formed for trading with the East Indies. The numerous Dutch companies trading in the East amalgamated two years later into the Dutch East Indian Company, and after ejecting the Portuguese from the Moluccas they monopolized the spice trade. Two years later Henry IV sent De Monts to colonize Acadia, and Annapolis, then called Port Royal, was founded. Champlain was exploring the western coast of North America. The following year the Barbadoes, "the first British colony," was taken by the British, but not "settled" until 1624, and in 1607 John Smith was starting a settlement at Jamestown in the south of Virginia. Many years later Captain John Smith, the hero of the Pocahontas story, offered his services to the Pilgrim Fathers, but they were declined, and it is with a certain complacency that the inveterate soldier of fortune tells us how "their humorous ignorances caused them for more than a year to endure a wonderful deal of misery with an infinite patience." In 1608 Champlain founded Quebec and began his protracted struggle with the Iroquois, and next year Paraguay was handed over by Spain to the Jesuits, who established there a theocracy based on communism. About the same time the Bermudas were annexed by the Virginia Company

From an Etching by Jacquemart

THE CELEBRATED PORTRAIT OF WILHEM VAN HEYTHUIJSEN, BY FRANS HALS, WHO WAS A YOUNG MAN WHILE THE PILGRIM FATHERS WERE ON THE SHADY SIDE OF THIRTY-TWO, BUT WAS PROBABLY UNKNOWN TO THEM

and a colony was first planted there in 1612. Champlain was in 1615 exploring Lake Huron, while the year before the United New Netherland Company, recently established in Holland, received territories at the mouth of the Hudson.

The intense desire to find a shorter way to China than that around the Cape was the cause of much exploration during our period. Henry Hudson made no less than four attempts to get round the north of America between the years 1607 and 1611, on the third of which he made his way one hundred and fifty miles up the river which bears his name. At the same time Champlain was coming down from the northern lakes in fact, these two explorers approached within twenty leagues of each other. In 1610 he penetrated into Hudson Bay, at once his monument and his grave.

Some of these activities on the eastern shores of America may have been known to the leaders of the Pilgrim Fathers, but one doubts if they knew or would have cared to know about the or would have cared to know about the great changes which were taking place in the Eastern World. The Manchu

to

Tartars were invading China, and in the year of the Pilgrims' voyage proclaimed their independence of that country. The Sikhs were fighting a Holy War against the Mogul Emperors. The Dutch about the same time were buying the island of Goree and establishing Batavia in Java, and a British company was chartered trade with West Africa and establish forts on the Gambia and the Gold Coast. In the East the Dutch had just obtained permission to trade with Japan, while the British at the same time were making a settlement at Surat, near Bombay, under the auspices of Sir Thomas Roe, Ambassador to Jehangin, the son of the great Mogul Emperor Akbar.

In 1616 the cultivation of tobacco was introduced into Virginia, probably much against James I's wishes, and three years later the first colonial Parliament, that of South Virginia, met at Jamestown. This was the first constitutional, free-elected parliament in America, and but for the fact that a similar, but naturally much smaller, institution had been established in the

"BEN JONSON WAS
BEGINNING TO COM-
POSE PLAYS AND MASQUES . WHICH RE-
MAINED POPULAR
UNTIL THE PURITANS
CLEARED ALL THIS SORT OF THING OUT OF
THE COUNTRY"

Bermudas a few months before it would be reckoned second in point of time to the House of Commons in England. In the same year Negro slaves were brought to this "Plantation."

William Baffin a year or two later explored the great inlet afterwards called by his name. Later he went East, and is said to have been mate in a ship voyaging to Surat and Mocha. It is believed he was killed while helping the Persians to expel the Portuguese from Ormuz.

A distinguished Spanish explorer, Torres, in 1606 was sailing between New Guinea and Australia, through what we now call the Torres Straits. In 1614 Pietro della Valle was starting on his journey through Syria, Persia, and India.

THE ART THEY DIDN'T CARE FOR

The world was shrinking. The Pilgrim Fathers left behind them great heritages of art, literature, and science. They were nearly all of them young men, few of them on the "shady side of thirty-two, and the twenty years at the beginning of the seventeenth century were the formative years of their lives. Still one doubts whether they had any real appreciation of even the Dutch and Flemish art which they

can hardly have escaped seeing. Guido Reni, who died the same year as Galileo (1642), was painting in Rome, and Rubens had returned from his seven years' study in Italy, and had settled at Antwerp to become Court painter to the Archduke Albert. He completed his "Descent from the Cross" in 1612. Murillo and Rembrandt were born in our period, and Van Dyck, Goyen, and Frans Hals were young men. Inigo Jones was designing his magnificent palace at Whitehall after the manner of Palladio; only the banqueting hall was carried out. The most beautiful

parts of the Schloss at Heidelberg, the Friedrichsbau, was completed in 1607; Velasquez was reaching the crowning point of his career, and was shortly to be asked to settle in Madrid and to accept the appointment of Court painter.

The first oratorio, composed by Cavaliere, was performed in the Oratory at Rome in 1600, and at the same time "Eurydice," the libretto by Rinuc cini, the music by Peri, was performed at the marriage of Henry IV and Marie de Medici. From it came modern opera.

Ben Jonson was publishing his "Volpone," and beginning to compose plays and niasques with music and scenery which remained popular at the Court until the Puritans cleared all this sort of thing out of the country.

Shakespeare's sonnets appeared without his sanction in 1609. "Hamlet," published seven years previously, was the first of his greater plays, the remainder of which were written in the nine succeeding years.

The two supreme glories of the English tongue are Mr. "William Shakespeare's comedies, histories, and trage dies" and the wonderful translation of the Bible ordered by King James I in the early part of our period. This was published in 1611, and has ever been known

as the Authorized Version, which found its way to the hearts of the English people as no other book has ever done, and we may be sure it found its way to the hearts of the Pilgrim Fathers.

Milton at the time of the Pilgrim Fathers had just been painted by Cornelius Janssen as "a boy of ten." He made a pleasing picture of a seriouslooking but charming boy.

Stow had just completed his Survey of London and Coke was issuing his Law Reports and Casaubon his ComDon Quixote," the chief mentaries. masterpiece of Cervantes-one of the

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great writers of all time-appeared within our period, and Lope de Vega was then publishing his pastoral novels and his poems. Calderon was born with the century.

The same year that Cervantes published his "Don Quixote " saw the birth of Francis Bacon's "Advancement of Learning," and his still greater "Novum Organum " was printed in the very year of the sailing of the Pilgrim Fathers. Harvey, who was working

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when Bacon was writing, said of him, "He writes philosophy like a Lord Chancellor." This perhaps is true, but his writings show him a man weak and pitiful in some respects, yet with an abiding hope, a sustained object in life, one who sought through evil days and in adverse conditions "for the glory of God and the relief of man's estate."

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Captain John Smith was almost beginning American literature by the publication of the "True Relation of Virginia;" Donne, the melancholy and certainly morbid Dean of St. Paul's,

From a Spanish Print

CERVANTES, ONE OF THE GREAT WRITERS
OF ALL TIME," WHOSE MASTERPIECE, "DON
QUIXOTE,"
,"" APPEARED WITHIN OUR PERIOD"

World" and his "Satires;" Robert was publishing his "Anatomy of the Burton was publishing his "Anatomy of Melancholy," which in later editions he greatly enlarged.

It was also the time for the establishment and inception of many learned and scientific societies and academies. In 1603 Cesi established the Academia dei Lincei in Rome, and four years later the Lutherans deserted Marburg in Hesse and founded in the same state a rival university at Giessen. The started in 1609 by Cardinal Frederick Ambrosian Library at Milan was Borromeo and Francis de Sales, who in 1608 had published his "Introduction to a Devout Life," and he and Madame Chantal founded in 1610 the female Order of the Visitation, modeled on the Ursulines, which spread with great rapidity and met with the Pope's approval. The establishment of the

Fruchtbringende Geselschaft in Weimar on the lines of the Italian societies made literary circles in Germany popular. Madame de Rambouillet began to form a circle of litterateurs which dominated French taste for a generation. The Accademia della Crusca was issuing its Dictionary, and various experiments were being made with education.

But all these activities would have left the Pilgrim Fathers unmoved, for they were beyond the sphere of their

vision.

SCIENCE FLOURISHED, BUT THEY
DIDN'T KNOW IT

But great as were the first years of the seventeenth century in art and in literature, they were equally great in every branch of science. In 1613 the New River, still the source of much of London's water supply, was brought into the city by Sir Hugh Myddelton. That, at any rate, the Pilgrims would have appreciated and understood.

In 1600 Gilbert published his "De Magnete," the first considerable contri

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