orators strain their imaginations, they cannot invent anything as delightful to the crowd as a window with a few common animals playing in it. The brightest display of precious stones, the most complicated mechanical toys, the gaudiest garment on a wax beauty-all that may attract the crowd for a while, then people get accustomed to it and pass indifferently by. But the puppies playing in the window are an eternally interesting show for men, women, and children, for immigrants and Americans alike.

It is that greatest of all miracles, the miracle of life, which compels people to watch the animals. It is the inexhaustible, always appealing, always joy-giving performance of the posing, jumping, playing, barking, purring, crawling brother animals of ours.

We go to the circus for the same reason that we gaze at the dog-shop window. The very smell of the menagerie excites us. Dogs, horses, elephants -every form of energy in flesh that enlivens our little earth-this seems more interesting than the display of the mechanical energy, the astounding revolutions of the most powerful and complicated motors. We have but little respect for the creations of our hands. The funny bulldog pressing his nose against the window glass can beat them all, because he is alive.

This great curiosity which we have for other living beings is one of the reasons why we love the circus. Another reason for the great appeal of the circus is the display of physical strength and alertness of the human body, which we admire there, as an ideal almost unattainable for ourselves. In spite of all the institutions and magazines promoting physical culture, the average man and woman is far away from the ideally developed human being. We are so unfair to our bodies. Half of the day people sit in offices and another half in music halls and theaters. Our poor bodies are starving for the beauty of movements. Our minds, often subconsciously, are starving for it also. The subconscious mind dreaming physical perfection

this is what drags us to the circus. And there is a physiological reason for it also. While the gymnasts perform their tricks, flying wondrously between the trapezes, stretching their unbelievably elastic limbs with divine ease, they create slight vibrations of muscles in the body of every one of the audience. Every movement of the wrestling giant, Every movement of the wrestling giant, or flying-trapeze man, or tight-rope dancer, or Wild West horse rider is weakly repeated, reflected, imitated by our bodies. We, the weaklings of the city, with our undeveloped frames, share the joy of having perfect bodies, perfect movements. And it is not selfhypnotism, not "just imagination no, our blood really runs warmer, our hearts beat more rhythmically, even our digestion improves, from watching the circus performance as if we were taking real exercise.

These two reasons, our eternal wonder before the miracle of life and our unsatiated craving for physical perfection, seem to me the sufficient explana tion of the eternal appeal of the circus. The theater, which is so unreal (physically), can never replace the circus. The idea of the circus cannot grow oldfashioned, unless all of us attain phys

ical perfection. In its present form it is a very imperfect, harmful, almost barbaric entertainment.

But it might not be so. You have the largest circus in the world-why not make it the greatest? You have so many means for it. Just imagine, all these actors, animals, lights, and instruments being united in a harmonious picture, in some great play, giving joy to our souls as well as to our senses.

The circus was the temple of great art in olden times. The Roman Coliseum was really great; try to make a Coliseum out of your circus.

It is possible. The great popular drama of simple lines, the historical drama, such as "Quo Vadis" on the screen, might be highly impressive in the circus. The mass scenes, the revolutionary battles, the religious processions-how much more real they would seem in your great circus than on the humble stage of the theater! Napoleon at the Pyramids, the War of Independence, the Fall of the Winter Palace all that might create an immense performance. And the poor elephants, which are now compelled to dance stupidly, would find a decent place in it, too. They may imitate, for example, a picturesque caravan in the desert instead of dancing one-step against their nature.

I have seen dramas of Sophocles and Euripides staged in the circus of Russia, and they were successes, although the Greek masterpieces are so far from the modern Russian soul. I am sure that a great up-to-date drama with mass scenes staged in the circus would be very successful in America.

Of course it must be a drama or tragedy with a wide social interest in it, not merely a "tale of two hearts." It must deal not with two lovers only, but with some great problem concerning the whole of humanity. Then the large stage of the circus will become the Great Stage.

T

wo recently published books, one by an Anglican Bishop, the other by an Oxford professor, present a Churchman's point of view; both are written in an irenic spirit and with an evidently sincere desire to promote organic church union; neither author is willing to sacrifice any sincere conviction for the sake of church unity, and neither of them takes account of what both would probably term the extreme Protestant point of view, which is the point of view of the writer of this article.

Bishop Palmer's view of the Church may be briefly summarized thus: Jesus Christ organized a Church, gave to the twelve Apostles a commission, and endowed them with certain definite powers, one of which was to transmit these powers to their successors in office. It is true that the Church selects those successors; but only the bishop, who takes by appointment the office of the Apostle, possesses the spiritual powers of the Apostles or can confer those powers on the ones whom the Church chooses. Bishop Palmer says: "The Church is not and cannot be democratic in essence,

which the interested layman can better get a statement of what is popularly known as the High Church view in its extreme form than Bishop Palmer's, nor any book from which he can get a better view of the grounds on which the historic episcopate is defended by moderate Churchmen than Dr. Headlam's book. But neither of them will give the reader any idea of the view. held by the Puritan churches, though more consistently by the Pilgrims and the Quakers, and to-day by an increasing number of scholars in the great Protestant denominations. This may be defined, though inadequately, in a sentence: That Jesus Christ organized no Church, ritual, or creed, and commanded no sacraments; that he was a life-giver, not a lawgiver, and left his disciples, guided by his recorded words and inspired by his perpetual presence, to formulate their own creeds, frame their own rituals, develop their own working and worshiping organí

zations as their developing life, varying temperaments, and changing circumstances might suggest to them.

The Puritan churches might perhaps accept the episcopacy as a convenient form of organization and an advantageous method of co-operation and the Nicene Creed as an unauthoritative emotional expression of reverence. But they could not unite with other Christians on the basis offered by Bishop Palmer without sacrificing their sacred convictions. This would be to ask the spiritual successors of Pastor Robinson to unite in the same organization with the spiritual successors of Archbishop Laud. The latter believe the Church of Christ to be an absolute monarchy, with rulers who owe no accountability for their rule to the constituency which elected them. The former hold that the Church of Christ is not only the most democratic of organizations, but the mother and should be the inspirer and example of political, educational, and industrial democracy.

LYMAN ABBOTT.

is absolute and unconditional-Jesus Christ. ... To him and him alone the bishops, his assistant shepherds, are responsible." Thus, according to Bishop Palmer, the bishops are not responsible to the Church which has elected them. They, not the Church, have received by divine appointment a commission "to represent the paramount Personality."

Dr. Headlam's larger volume furnishes more opportunity for and gives evidence of a more scholarly treatment. He is Regius Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxford, and has, it may be presumed, more leisure and better facilities for study than the busy missionary bishop. He traces the doctrine of the Church from the Four Gospels down to the Lambeth Conference. He says that Christ "created the Church as a visible society. He instituted ministry and sacraments. He gave authority for legislation and discipline." "But he gave no directions as to the form or organization of the new community, and the actual organization which was ultimately developed was different from anything which he personally established." Episcopacy "was the creation of the Church. . . . It had its origin in the Apostolic Church; it represents a continuous development from Apostolic times; but we cannot claim that it has Apostolic authority." Dr. Headlam defends the historic episcopacy and the Nicene Creed as a basis for organic Church union, not on the ground that they have the direct authority of Jesus Christ, as he thinks the two sacraments have, but because their value has been recognized by an whelming majority in the Christian Church from a very early age.

over

We do not know of any recent book from

1 The Great Church Awakes Ideas and Studies Concerning Unity and Reunion. By Edwin James Palmer, D.D., Bishop of Bombay. Longmans, Green & Co., New York.

The Doctrine of the Church and Christian Reunion. Being the Bampton Lectures for the year 1920. By the Rev. Arthur C. Headlam, Ď.D. Longmans, Green & Co., New York.

"the saddest of the year." Though rods and lines are laid away waiting for the going out of the ice in the spring, the fly fisherman knows that winter plays an important part in his fishing calendar. Winter, as Sir Edward Grey so delightfully explains in his volume on "Fly Fishing" (the American edition of which was reviewed last April in The Outlook), is a time when anticipative imagination peoples all favorite streams with flashing monsters always and inevitably to be conquered by the angler's consummate skill. Winter, too, is a time when the angler finds opportunity not only to review his own experience and survey his own hopes, but also to share in the experiences and hope of others through the magic medium of books.

Certainly contemplative anglers can find

no recent book better adapted for this purpose than Mr. H. T. Sheringham's "Trout Fishing Memories and Morals." Mr. Sheringham is the editor of the "London Field" and is one of the best-known fly-fishermen and angling writers in the British Isles. His volume is a record of a lifetime's experience along the streams of England and Scotland, and is as delightfully written as any work on angling which we have recently seen. We do not know whether good writers naturally turn to angling or whether angling naturally produces good writers, but there are few of the foremost anglers who do not handle the story of their art with eminent literary distinction. Mr. Sheringham is no exception to this rule.

American anglers will find themselves Trout Fishing Memories and Morals. By H. T. Sheringham. Houghton Mifflin Company, Bos

ton.

very much at home in the atmosphere of this work, even though it deals with unfamiliar waters and with the wiles of Salmo trutta instead of Salvelinus fontinalis. The cult of the dry fly, it is true, is less followed here than in England, and some of the words and customs of English angling have a foreign air. But these variations involve only slight differences in that language of angling common to all those who follow the rise, whether from the banks of the Itchen or the banks of the Willowemoc. One thing, indeed, we can learn from English anglers besides the delicacies of chalk-stream strategy, and that is the obvious fact that in most English streams the weight limit is very much larger than the legal limits in American waters. Weight limits of a pound or over seem to be common in English waters, and doubtless this has much to do with the fact that streams which have been fished for centuries still give up their annual tribute to the feathered fly, while American streams with but a few decades of angling history behind them have been given over to coarse fish and few. In most English streams the catch is strictly limited to a few brace at most. It would almost appear that English trout go into the creel as did the animals into the ark, two by two, for Mr. Sheringham, in common with other English anglers, never seems happy unless he can number his victories in terms of "braces."

If you have a little or large angler in your home, we can imagine no better Christmas gift to drop into his or her fishing boot than a copy of Mr. Sheringham's "Trout Fishing Memories and Morals."

THE NEW BOOKS

FICTION

Homespun and Gold. By Alice Brown. The Macmillan Company, New York.

Alice Brown ranks with Sarah Orne Jewett and Mary Wilkins as a writer of short stories of New England character. Lately her excellent novels have been more to the front in the public's attention than her short stories. This is a collection of her best work in her earlier field, including stories published during the last ten or twelve years. They are humorous, human, and true.

Noon-Mark (The). By Mary S. Watts. The Macmillan Company, New York.

The novel reader may always depend on Mrs. Watts for sincere and faithful rendering of chosen phases of American life. The contrast here between two girl cousins—one an insincere, selfish schemer, the other sensible, downright, and independent-is well done. In construction and the centralizaing of interest in one large situation the novel is less successful than some of its predecessors.

BIOGRAPHY

Life of George Washington. By Henry Cabot Lodge. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 2 vols.

This new edition of Senator Lodge's excellent Life of Washington has a peculiar pertinence at this time when America is undergoing a re-examination of its fundamental political principles. Not only for its faithful and illuminating portraiture of Washington, but also for its discriminating study of the difference between the Federalism of Hamilton and the Democracy of Jefferson does this work deserve a reading.

The problems of foreign influence and of domestic government with which the fathers of our Republic were concerned have a practical and immediate application to the problems confronting us to-day. It may be added that a study of this work (written twenty years ago) will convince the reader that Senator Lodge's distrust of the League of Nations was not based upon a desire to derive party advantage from the defeat of President Wilson but upon philosophical principles to which he has given lifelong adherence.

New England Romance (A). The Story of

Ephraim and Mary Jane Peabody (1807-1892). Told by Their Sons. With Illustrations. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston.

The story of the simple natural lives of a Massachusetts clergyman and his wife, beautiful in the simplicity and the naturalness of their unselfish devotion, and told with a simple and natural beauty of language fitting for such a theme. Incidentally it gives a graphic picture of Revolutionary and pre-Revolutionary days.

ESSAYS AND CRITICISM American Ideals. By Theodore Roosevelt. Introduction by Hermann Hagedorn. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. Stories from the Winning of the West, 1769-1807. By Theodore Roosevelt. Introduction by Lawrence F. Abbott. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.

This most excellent edition of two of the most important works from Theodore Roosevelt's pen would make a most admirable addition to any school or private library. The "Stories from the Winning of the West' contains an introduction from the pen of Mr. Lawrence F. Abbott, President of The Outlook Company. "American Ideals" contains a most noteworthy introduction by Hermann Hagedorn, of the Roosevelt Memorial Association. We do not know where a better interpretation of Mr. Roosevelt's character within similar limits of space can be found than in Mr. Hagedorn's Introduction. Both volumes are admirably printed and fully

illustrated.

assuredly take its place alongside volumes of such permanent value as Viscount Haldane's, General von Falkenhayn's, and Count Czernin's. Indeed, in none of these is there sharper, more illuminative, and more cynical observation both of men and events. The author's aim in the war, as he defines it, was to accept President Wilson's offer of mediation; but the German Government did not wish to accept it. Instead it wanted "to declare unrestricted U-boat war." It is impressive to note the Ambassador's warnings in 1916 against contemplated German action as certain to draw the United States into the war. The author apparently sympathized with Mr. Wilson's aim to bring about "peace without victory," and says, "If he had succeeded in doing this, all of us, friend and foe alike, would now be living in a better world than the present one"-in which judgment we cordially and fervently differ. Again, we read that Mr. Wilson would only "have needed to nod in order to induce his whole country to fight after the Lusitania incident." Yet, having actually "made such prominent use of the motto 'He kept us out of war' in the campaign of the succeeding year for re-election, it is "unthinkable," according to this German critic, that the President should have intended all this time ultimately to enter the war. When Count von Bernstorff reached home, he vividly experienced what he certainly must have surmised before, namely, that he was not popular with the military chiefs there. That he was not entirely popular with the Emperor himself is also frankly indicated in this book.

MISCELLANEOUS

Darkwater. By W. E. B. Du Bois. Harcourt, Brace & Howe, New York.

Dr. Du Bois, as is well known, is the editor of "The Crisis" and one of the most urgent propagandists of race equality in the United States. "Darkwater" is the record of his convictions. It contains a

picture of the relationship between white and colored citizens of the United States which is both moving and disquieting. The Outlook recognizes the unhappy background from which Dr. Du Bois's utterances have sprung; it knows the underlying tragedy of the struggle which he

paints. Nevertheless it is convinced that the final solution of the problem of race relationship in America will not be found, must not be found, through_the_means which Dr. Du Bois advocates. Dr. Du Bois is too close to the struggle to see clearly the problems involved. His work is a creation of passion rather than intelligence. It is, on the whole, a volume which will convince only those already convinced of the justice and soundness of his position. Voice of the Negro (The). By Robert T.

Kerlin. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. A valuable volume for the study of the Negro question in America is this collection of extracts from the colored press made by Professor Robert T. Kerlin, of the Virginia Military Institute. Few there are who realize the influence of the Negro press or have appreciation of its character at the present time. This volume will give to those who desire to study this question a first-hand knowledge of the views and the position of Negro editors. The volume is doubtless intended to serve more as a book of reference than as a work of literature. Typographically the book is not attractive.

An Invaluable Aid to Christmas Shopping A Selected List of Books for Children Cumulative list from 1909-1920. Classification according to age. Short description with each title. 50c-postage 5c extra FEDERATION FOR CHILD STUDY 2 West 64th Street

T

HE successive increases in eastern freight rates since 1914 of 5%, 15%, 25% and 40%, and corresponding advances in express rates, have figuratively removed New York eastward into the Atlantic Ocean some 1,500 miles, as measured by the present carrying charges to the Middle West.

Slow rail service has doubled and tripled the time in transit, making long-haul distribution economically impossible and consequential interest charges excessive.

While the raw materials and markets of the Mississippi Valley, Middle West and Far West have been further removed from the long-haul eastern manufacturer, they have been drawn. closer to the short-haul St. Louis manufacturer.

The relatively better transportation service enjoyed by St. Louis industries is a big factor in economical production and distribution. Nine-tenths of the railroad embargoes during and since the war, so costly to industry, were placed because of freight jams and blockades in the East, where there is one-third of the population of the country and only 17% of the railroad. mileage.

The per capita inefficiency of industrial labor has been, and is, greatest in the congested eastern sections, and is in ratio with the decrease in efficiency of transportation.

A Mid-West Factory in St. Louis

commands the advantages of short-haul and better service via 26 railroads at low relative charges to more than 60% of the country's buying power-and real choice between all export routes. Mississippi River service at 80% of rail rates.

The central location of St. Louis is as if "made to order" for present and prospective economic conditions.

The booklet "St. Louis as a Manufacturing Center" tells an interesting story. A letter will bring it, if addressed to

Director New Industries Bureau

St. Louis Chamber of Commerce St. Louis, U. S. A.