With It' (1858). Though a little too obviously in the manner of Sterne, the novels are among Bulwer's best work. They were, curiously enough, as well received by the public as if they had borne the author's name. Somewhat like them is 'Kenelm Chillingly) (1873), interesting besides for its infusion of autobiography.

Throughout his career, Bulwer never ceased to cultivate his muse. From the Byronic influence that marked his poems down to 1830, he worked into satire, addressing himself "to the humors rather than to the passions of men." The Siamese Twins (1831), a poem of four books in the metre of 'Hudibras, appeared in a volume of miscellaneous poems, of which the longest is one on Milton. The New Timon; A Poetical Romance of London' (1846), a satire on men then prominent in politics and literature, is memorable for the reference to Tennyson as "Schoolmiss Alfred," and for Tennyson's caustic_stanzas in a reply contributed to Punch, 28 Feb. 1846. Among Bulwer's other collections of verse as 'Poems and Ballads,' translated from Schiller (1844); an epic in two volumes on 'King Arthur) (1848-49); 'The Lost Tales of Miletus' (1866); and a translation of the 'Odes and Epodes of Horace' (1869). If Bulwer did not gain much fame as a poet, he exactly hit popular taste in three plays The Lady of Lyons' (1838), Richelieu (1838) and Money) (1840)- which still keep the stage.

Bulwer's rôle in letters has obscured for later times the part he played in politics. From 1831 to 1841 he sat in Parliament as a Liberal member of Saint Ives, Huntingdonshire and then for Lincoln. After making his maiden speech in support of the Reform Bill, he devoted his energies largely in favor of copyright on original works, cheap postage on newspapers and the laws affecting dramatic literature and the stage. His early speeches on these subjects are still worth reading. In 1834, he issued a spirited pamphlet on the Present Crisis, which went through 20 editions and influenced greatly the election that brought Lord Melbourne back to power. The new Premier offered him a lordship in the Admiralty but the post was declined. In 1841, Bulwer lost his seat owing to his willingness to accept a slight tax on corn. Ten years later he advocated protection to this extent in 'Letters to John Bull, Esq.'; and in 1852 he returned to Parliament as a Conservative member for Hertfordshire. His numerous speeches of this period relate to the excise duties, the Crimean War, China and the East India Company. On the formation of the Derby Ministry in 1848, he became Secretary to the Colonies. While holding this office he organized the new colony of British Columbia. He spoke in support of Disraeli's reform bill of 1859, but against the measures introduced by Lord Russell and Gladstone in 1860 and 1866. As a reward for his services, he was elevated to the peerage in 1866, as Baron Lytton of Knebworth. Before this he received the degree LL.D. from both of the great English universities. In 1854 he was installed honorary president of the Associated Societies of Edinburgh University, and he was twice elected lord rector of the University of Glasgow. To the last he kept up his literary work. The Parisians' was running in Blackwood's Magazine when the end came at Tor

quay on 18 Jan. 1873. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.

As a novelist Bulwer was subject to fierce assaults from the critics throughout his career. Thackeray, for example, in a review of 'Ernest Maltravers ridiculed and scorned his bad art, affected style, "his eternal whine

about the good and the beautiful" and "the dulness of his moral sense." Still there is the other side. In various prefaces to his novels and especially in two papers contributed to the Monthly Chronicle for 1838, Bulwer carefully claborated his views on the art of fiction, drawing clear distinctions between the novel and the drama as he understood and practised them. He never aimed at the dramatic novel wherein each incident and conversation must contribute to the working out of a logical plot. "It is often desirable," he said with reference to the novel, "to go back instead of forward,- to wind, to vary, to shift the interest from person to person" that the reader may not become fatigued. In that aim he succeeded. However much his novels may fail in technical details, they have never failed to find an audience.

Bibliography. Unfortunately there is no adequate life of Bulwer or critical edition of his novels, indicating the many important changes he made in the text from time to time. Uncritical editions of the novels are numerous. To his 'Speeches (2 vols., Edinburgh 1874), his son, the Earl of Lytton, prefixed a memoir dealing with his political career. The period of his life from 1803 to 1832 is covered by a most interesting autobiography, half fact and half fiction, and several supplementary chapters by his son, published together under the title 'Life, Letters and Literary Remains) (2 vols., London 1883). After the death of Lady Lytton, her executrix, Louisa Devey, published in vindication of her memory 'Letters of the Late Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton to his Wife' (New York 1889). Consult also Cooper, 'Life of Edward Bulwer, First Lord Lytton) (London 1873); Escott, Edward Lytton' (London 1910); Ten Brink, 'Edward Lytton' (Leyden 1882); and Second Earl of Lytton, 'Life of Edward Bulwer, First Lord Lytton) (2 vols., New York and London 1913).

WILBUR L. CROSS,

Professor of English, Yale University. BULWER-LYTTON, Edward Robert. See LYTTON, EDWARD ROBERT BULWER.

BUM-BOAT (perhaps originally "boomboat," from the boom rigged out from the side of a man-of-war at anchor, to which boats may make fast), employed by hucksters to visit ships lying at anchor, with supplies of provisions, trinkets, clothing, etc., for sale to the sailors.

BUMBLEBEE, a wild bee of some species of the genus Bombus, of which upward of 50 species inhabit North America. Few occur in the southern hemisphere or tropical regions, and none in Africa south of the Sahara or in Australia, while they are the only bees inhabiting Arctic and Alpine regions. The bumble, or humble, bee is recognized by its large, thick, hairy body and long bass hum. The colonies of bumblebees are not numerous compared with those of wasps, or the stingless or the honey bee. A populous colony in England and

America may number from 300 to 400 individuals. The proportion of sexes and castes of Bombus muscorum in England were found by Smith to be, in a colony of 120, 25 females, 36 males and 59 workers. The roundish oval cells differ in size and have no exact arrangement. Besides the cells containing the young, the old discarded ones are made to serve as honey tubs or pollen tubs, and there are also the cells of the guest or Psithyrus bees. In good weather and when flowers are plentiful the bees collect and store honey in abundance, and when the empty pupa-cells are full they form special cells made entirely of wax and these are filled with honey, and left open for the benefit of the community (Sharp). Hofer states that special tubs for the storing of pollen are sometimes constructed. Putnam says that the larvæ make their own cells of silk, which are finally strengthened with wax by the old bees. Bumblebees have been seen working in warm moonlight nights. About two centuries ago Godart stated that a trumpeter bee is kept in some nests to rouse the colony to work by three or four o'clock in the morning, and this has been recently confirmed by Hofer, who observed the fact in his laboratory. If the trumpeter was removed its place was filled the next morning.

The

There is a great deal of variation in our bumblebees, and, besides the local and climatic varieties, polymorphism is apparently marked, as Packard has (in Bombus fervidus) detected two sets of males and females, the large and the small; but whether there are two sizes of workers has not yet been ascertained. queen bees lay their eggs in masses of beebread attached to the top or sides of the old cells, in little enclosures formed by thin partitions set up by the bee after the eggs have been deposited. Thus placed, says Packard, in a mass of food, the young larvæ, on hatching, begin, by eating the food, gradually to construct their cells in the manner described by Putnam, who gives the following account of the economy of the bumblebee colony: The queen awakens in early spring from her winter's sleep beneath the leaves or moss, or in deserted nests, and selects a nesting-place, generally in an abandoned nest of a field-mouse, or beneath a stump or sod, and immediately collects a small amount of pollen mixed with honey, and in this deposits from 7 to 14 eggs, gradually adding to the pollen mass until the first brood is hatched. She does not wait, however, for one brood to be hatched before laying the eggs of another; but as soon as food enough has been collected, she lays the eggs for the second. As soon as the larvæ are capable of motion, and commence feeding, they eat the pollen by which they are surrounded, and, gradually separating, push their way in various directions. Eating as they move, and increasing in size quite rapidly, they soon make large cavities in the pollen mass. When they have attained their full size, they spin a silken wall about them, which is strengthened by the old bees covering it with a thin layer of wax, which soon becomes hard and tough, thus forming a cell. The larvæ now gradually attain the pupa stage, and remain inactive until their full development. They then cut their way out, and are ready to assume their duties as workers (small females), males or queens.

The cells vary in size and are known as queen, worker and drone cells. Of the first brood only workers are permitted to survive. These now supply the colony with honey and pollen and the queen remains in the nest, laying eggs from which emerge new workers until the colony is strong. About mid-summer males or drones are permitted to develop and in July a number of eggs are laid in the queen cells. The young queens are fertilized by the drones in the fall, the latter dying after the effort. On the approach of cold weather all the workers die, leaving the nest in possession of the queens, who sleep through the winter to awaken in spring, when the process begins anew. See BEE; BEEKEEPING.

BUMBLEFOOT, a corn or abscess on the feet of domestic fowls, thought to arise from roosting on narrow perches or walking on sharp pebbles. The disease is sometimes incurable, but in other cases yields to the daily application of lunar caustic.

BUMMALOTI, a fish (Harpodon nehereus), related to the salmon, but marine, which is caught in large quantities on the western coast of India, dried, salted and exported all over the East. A trade-name is "Bombay duck." It is a very long fish, with a long mouth containing slender teeth, an indication of its voracity.

BUMPING POSTS, constructions at the ends of railroad tracks in shifting yards, intended to prevent cars from running off the track. They are usually strong wooden frames with buffers placed at such a height as to receive the blow of the platform or coupler of the car. Banks of earth or cinders are sometimes utilized for this purpose and portable metal posts known as shipblocks are frequently employed as bumping posts.

BUMPO, Natty. See LEATHERSTOCKING

TALES.

BUMPUS, Hermon Carey, American educator: b. Buckfield, Me., 5 May 1862. He was graduated from Brown University in 1884, was professor of biology at Olivet College, Michigan, 1886-89; professor of zoology in Clark University, Worcester, Mass., 1890-91; and professor of comparative anatomy in Brown University from 1892. In 1898 he was appointed director of the biological laboratory of the United States Fish Commission at Wood's Hole, Mass., and was assistant to the president and curator of the department of invertebrates in the American Museum of Natural History in New York in 1901-02, when he became director of the Museum. He was chosen business manager of the University of Wisconsin in 1911; chosen president of Tufts College in 1914. He is the author of A Laboratory Course in Invertebrate Zoology) (1893); also numerous monographs and articles on biology and educational subjects.

BUNCE, Francis Marvin, American naval officer: b. Hartford, Conn., 25 Dec. 1836; d. there 19 Oct. 1901. He entered the naval service in 1851 and was graduated from the Naval Academy in 1857. In 1862 as executive officer of the Penobscot he took part in the engagement with the rebel batteries at Yorktown, Va. Assigned to temporary duty with the army, he

had charge of the disembarkation of the heavy artillery and mortars for use in the investment of Yorktown by General McClellan, April 1862. He commanded a successful expedition up Little River, between North and South Carolina, destroying several schooners and large quantities of cotton, turpentine and resin, together with extensive salt works. With the monitor Patapsco in 1863 he took part in all the actions in which she was engaged during the siege of Charleston, and was wounded by the premature explosion of a cartridge. Later he was chief of scouts on the staff of Admiral Dahlgren. On 5 Sept. 1865 he was placed in command of the monitor Monadnock and took that vessel from Philadelphia to San Francisco, the first extended sea voyage ever made by a monitor. On 1 March 1895 he was selected to command the North Atlantic squadron, with the rank of active rear-admiral. On 1 May 1897 he went to the Brooklyn navy yard and there superintended the conversion of many fast ships and yachts for war service. It is said that the government's policy of furnishing the navy with abundant ammunition for target practice and giving prizes for the best shots, a policy which produced such admirable results in the Spanish-American War, was due to the efforts of Admiral Bunce. He was commissioned rearadmiral 6 Feb. 1898, and retired from active service 25 Dec. 1898.

BUNCE, Oliver Bell, American author: b. New York, 8 Feb. 1828; d. there, 15 May 1890. After spending several years as clerk in a stationery store, and bookseller and publisher on his own account, he became manager of the publishing house of James G. Gregory, which he conducted very successfully for many years. It was at his instigation that the fine edition of Cooper's works, with steel and wood engravings by F. O. C. Darley, was planned and published. For a short time he was a reader for Harper & Bros., but in 1869 he formed a connection with D. Appleton & Company, that ended only with his death. He edited Appleton's Journal,' and largely planned and carried through for the firm some of their most famous illustrated publications, such as 'Picturesque America, Picturesque Europe,' 'Picturesque Palestine. In addition to office business his literary aptitudes and ambitions kept him at work in spite of chronic invalidism. He wrote, among other works, 'Romance of the Revolution' (1852); A Bachelor's Story' (1859); 'Life Before Him' (1860); 'Bachelor Bluff, His Opinions, etc.' (1881); 'Don't: A Manual of Mistakes and Improprieties' (1883), of which over 100,000 copies have been sold; 'My House: An Ideal (1884), a graphic study of a country home; and The Adventures of Timias Terrystone: a Novel) (1885). As a very young man he wrote three plays which were accepted and produced on the stage with success: (Fate, or the Prophecy, a tragedy; 'Love in '76, a comedy; Marco Bozzaris, an heroic tragedy. The second of these was played by Laura Keene, the other two by James W. Wallack.

BUNCO, a familiar term applied to the practices of a certain class of swindlers. The trickster trades upon the credulity of the apparently well-to-do stranger in the city, under pretense of some connection with the latter's friends or native place, or by similar expedi

ents. After confidence is secured, counterfeit money is imposed upon him, he is induced to cash "bogus" checks, etc., or even becomes the victim of more direct robbery.

BUNCOMBE, or BUNKUM, swollen political oratory not directed to the point in hand or the audience present, but to the achievement of a charlatanic reputation outside. "Twisting the tail of the British lion," and other like feats of windy chauvinism, are specimens of buncombe; the object of the speaker being, not primarily to impress the hearers, but to make the general populace admire his swaggering patriotism. The reputed origin of the story is an anecdote of a member of the North Carolina legislature, from Buncombe County in that State, who told the thin remnants of a house he had nearly emptied by his dull and pointless remarks, that they might go, too, as he was only "speaking for Buncombe." Consult Wheeler, 'History of North Carolina.'

BUNDELCUND, bŭn-děl-kŭnd', or BANDALKHAND, bŭn-děl-känd', India, a tract, consisting partly of certain British districts connected with the Northwest Provinces, and partly of a number of small native states subordinate to the central Indian agency. Politically, there are nine states, 13 estates and the pargana of Alampur belonging to the Indore state, making an area of 9,851 square miles. Diamonds are found, especially near Panna. Its surface is considerably diversified, and there are several ranges of hills, some of which reach the height of 2,000 feet. It has soil of every variety, which yields almost every grain and plant of India. The Jumna and the Ken are the only two navigable rivers. The lesser waters are carried by different streams to the Jumna and so on to the Ganges. A branch of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway traverses the north of the country. A garrison of all arms is stationed at Nowgong. Pop. about 1,400,000. The people represent various races, the Bemdelas still remaining chieftains. The prevailing religion is Hinduism. In 1817 the British government, by the Treaty of Poona, acquired all territorial rights over Bundelcund. There was a mutiny in 1857.

BUNDESRATH, boon'děz-rät, the German Federal council which represents the individual states of the empire, as the Reichstag represents the German nation. It consists (1916) of 61 members, who are appointed by the governments of the individual states for each session, while the members of the Reichstag are elected by universal suffrage and ballot for the term of five years, and its functions are mainly those of a confirming body, although it has the privilege of rejecting measures passed by the Reichstag.

BUNDESSTAAT, a German term denoting a political form created by the union of several independent states into a single sovExcreign state with a Federal government. amples are the United States, Switzerland and Germany.

BUNDI, boon-de', or BOONDI, India, a native state of Hindustan, in the southeast of Rajputana, under British protection; area 2,220 square miles. A double line of hills running from southwest to northeast, penetrated by few

passes and rising to the height of 1,793 feet, divides the state into two almost equal portions, that of the south being the more fertile. Much of the state is under wood. The chief river is the Mej, which penetrates the central range and joins the Chambal near the northeast extremity of the state. It was much more extensive before Kotah and its territory were separated from it. The inhabitants are of the Hara tribe, which has given birth to many famous men, and, among others, to Ram Singh Hara, one of Aurungzebe's most renowned generals. The ruler is practically absolute in his own territory. Pop. 218,731. BUNDI, the capital, is picturesquely situated on a steep slope in a gorge in the centre of the hills above mentioned, 190 miles southwest of Agra, and its antiquity, numerous temples and magnificent fountains give it a very interesting appearance. crowned by a fort and surrounded by fortified walls. For picturesque effect its main street is almost unequaled. At its upper extremity stands the palace, built of stone, with turreted windows and battlements, supported partly by the perpendicular rock, and partly by solid piers of masonry 400 feet high. At its lower extremity is the great temple dedicated to Krishna. Pop. 31,000.

It is

BUNGALOW, an East Indian term for a kind of country house with a thatched or tiled roof. Bungalows are generally of one story, though sometimes of two, and have verandas running round them to afford shelter from the sun. Public bungalows for travelers (daks) are maintained by government on the main highways. In the United States the term means any small cottage of one story usually, or else with a second story in the roof, with dormer windows. It usually has large porches. Consult Saylor, 'Bungalows: their Design, Construction and Furnishing' (New York 1913).

BUNGAY, England, a market town in Suffolk, on the right bank of the Waveney, 30 miles northeast of Ipswich. It is well built; the streets, spacious and well paved, diverge from a moderate-sized area in the centre of the town forming a market-place, in which is a handsome cross. It has two fine churches. The principal trade is in corn, flour, lime and malt, in which a considerable amount of business is done. There is also an extensive printing office. Adjoining the town is a very spacious common. Pop. 3,359.

BUNGE, boon'ge, Alexander, Russian botanist: b. Kiev, 24 Sept. 1803; d. 1890. He was educated at Dorpat, and after taking the degree of M.D. in 1825 he traveled in Siberia and the eastern part of the Altai Mountains, and then joined the mission of the Academy of Saint Petersburg to Pekin, where he remained eight months and procured an extensive herbarium. In 1883, by invitation of the Academy of Saint Petersburg, he made a second Asiatic journey, and in 1836 settled as professor of botany at Dorpat. His principal publications are catalogues of the plants which he collected in China and near the Altai Mountains.

BUNGE, Friedrich Georg von, Russian legal historian (brother of the preceding): b. Kiev, 13 March 1802; d. 1897. He was educated at Dorpat, and for many years

was professor of law there. His writings, principally upon the history of law and rights in the countries around the Baltic Sea, are numerous and valuable.

BUNGENER, boon-ge-nā, Louis-Félix, French writer and critic: b. Marseilles, 29 Sept. 1814; d. Geneva, June 1874. He was graduated from the theological school in Geneva and afterward continued in the same institution as professor until 1848, when he began to devote his time to literature. His works, most of which were published at Geneva, are quite numerous. Among the most notable of them are 'Deux Soirées à l'hôtel de Rambouillet' (1839); Essai sur la Poésie moderne) (1840); Histoire du concile de Trente' (1846); Voltaire et son temps' (1850); Julien, ou la fin d'un siècle (1853, 4 vols.); Rome et la Bible' (1859); Rome et le cœur humain' (1861); Saint Paul, su vie, son œuvre et ses épîtres' (1867); Lincoln' (1867). At his death he left a great deal of work still unpublished.

BUNGERT, boon'gart, August, German composer: b. Mülheim, Prussia, 14 March 1846. He studied under Kufferath at Mülheim, at Cologne and Paris. He held a position as musical director at Kreuznach, then went to Berlin, where he continued his studies under Kiel, and later moved to Genoa. By many German musicians he has been regarded as one of the greatest composers of the Wagnerian school. His songs are among the modern masterpieces of that kind of music. His compositions include an opera cycle, The Homeric World,' consisting of two main parts, The Iliad, and The Odyssey); Tasso'; 'The Students of Salamanca, a comic opera; 'On the Wartburg,' a symphonic poem; 'Hohes Lied der Liebe'; a mystery, Warum? Woher? Wohim?; Heroische Symphonie'; incidental music to Goethe's 'Faust'; 'Meerlieder,' and 'Lieder eiwer Königin'; and a number of songs. The songs are considered his most successful productions.

BUNHILL-FIELDS, formerly BONHILL FIELD, a burial-ground in London, near Finsbury square. The poet Southey named it the "Campo Santo of the Dissenters.» Opened in 1665, it became a public "open space" by act of Parliament in 1867. Among those who lie buried there are John Bunyan (1688); Dr. Thomas Goodwin, who attended Cromwell on his deathbed (1679); George Fox, the Quaker (1690); Dr. Isaac Watts (1748); General Fleetwood, son-in-law of Cromwell (1692); Daniel Defoe, author of 'Robinson Crusoe' (1731); Dr. John Owen, who preached the first sermon before Parliament after the execution of Charles I; William Blake, the painter and poet; Susannah Wesley, mother of John Wesley, and Horne Tooke. In 1870 a monument to Defoe was inaugurated, subscribed for by boys and girls.

BUNIAS, a small genus of plants of the natural order Cruciferæ, mostly natives of southeastern Europe and adjacent Asia. Some of the species, especially B. orientalis, called hillmustard, have been cultivated for forage and have become weeds where they have escaped from cultivation. Since they are not very leafy and are not relished by stock, they have not

become popular. In Russia it is used as a vegetable.

BUNION, a small, hard, painful tumor formed in any part of the foot, but especially in the metatarsal joints. It consists in a swelling of the bones themselves, which fact distinguishes bunions from corns. It appears to be caused by the pressure of a boot or shoe which is too tight, especially when the feet are a little deformed. The best means to relieve the pain is to remove the causes of the tumor as soon as possible, to give rest to the foot and to apply lotions and emollient poultices.

BUNKER HILL, Mass., an eminence, 110 feet high, in the Charlestown district of Boston, connected by a ridge with another elevation, 75 feet high, named Breed's Hill. These heights are memorable as being the scene of a battle, 17 June 1775, commonly known as the battle of Bunker Hill. The city of Boston was occupied by the British under General Gage, who had resolved to begin offensive operations against the rebels. This design becoming known in the American camp, it was determined to seize and fortify the heights of Charlestown on the night of 16 June. The execution of this perilous mission was confided to Colonels Prescott and Pepperell at the head of a brigade of 1,000 men; and at dawn of day a strong redoubt was already completed on Breed's Hill. About 1,500 Americans advanced successively to the relief of Prescott, and General Warren entered the redoubt as a volunteer, refusing the command which was tendered to him. At about 2:30 o'clock, two columns of the British advanced to a simultaneous assault; they were received with a terrific fire, and were twice repulsed in disorder. When the Americans had exhausted all their ammunition, Prescott gave the order for retreat. They received a destructive volley as they left the redoubt, and Warren fell, shot through the head with a bullet. The retreat was harassed by a raking fire from the British ships and batteries, but there was no pursuit beyond Charlestown Neck. The British loss was 226 officers and men killed and 828 wounded; that of the Americans 145 killed

or

su

missing and 304 wounded. Although defeated, the moral result of this action was great. The Americans had seen perior numbers of the disciplined soldiers of England retreat before their fire, and had given the proof they they were able to defend their liberties. On Breed's Hill, and near the spot where Warren fell, stands the Bunker Hill Monument, the corner-stone of which was laid by the Marquis de Lafayette, 17 June 1825. This monument was inaugurated 17 June 1843. It consists of a plain granite shaft, 220 feet high, 31 feet square at the base and 15 at the top. The monument affords a magnificent panoramic view of the surrounding country. Consult Ellis, G. E., History of the Battle of Bunker's (Breed's) Hill (1875); Adams, C. F., Jr., in American Historical Review (Vol. 1); Frothingham, P., 'Siege of Boston' (Boston 1902).

BUNKER HILL ORATIONS. The first of the so-called 'Bunker Hill Orations' of Daniel Webster was pronounced 17 June 1825, the 50th anniversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill, when the cornerstone of the Bunker Hill Monument was laid. The second was delivered

18 years later at the exercises to commemorate the completion of the monument. The earlier address is, justly, the better known, and ranks as one of the most notable examples of American oratory, if indeed it is not the greatest occasional oration delivered in America during the first half of the last century. Though Webster substituted a weighty dignity of utterances and sheer personal force for the more exuberant figures, the classical allusions and quotations which were in vogue in the public speaking of his day, he belonged after all to the old school, which regarded oratory as something apart from the simple expression of natural thought and feeling. A comparison of the 'First Bunker Hill Oration' with Lincoln's 'Gettysburg Address' will make this plain; and it may help in explaining why, notwithstanding the clearer recognition of Webster's honesty and ability, his orations are less read and admired now than they were in his day. The most valuable part of the First Bunker Hill Oration is the discussion of the American government and the ideals for which the fathers fought a feeling exposition which seems to have renewed pertinency in each new national crisis; but the most popular passage is perhaps the moving address to the veteran survivors of the battle, who were seated on the platform. The second oration is filled with felicitations and compliments, and contains no very notable passage, though the tribute to Washington has often been quoted.

WILLIAM B. CAIRNS.

BUNODONT, a term applied to animals in which the crowns of the molar teeth are composed of a number of low rounded cones or cusps. The pig is one of the best examples among living animals; the teeth of monkeys and other omnivorous or frugivorous animals, including man, are also of this type. It is probable that the molars of many if not all modern mammals have been evolved from bunodont teeth, for the ancestors of many races of the modern hoofed animals, carnivora, and some other groups, show a series of stages in the evolution of the teeth leading from the omnivorous bunodont type into the specialized grinding or cutting teeth (selenodont) of the modern animals. See TEETH,

BUNSEN, Christian Karl Josias (CHEVALIER), German statesman and philosopher: b. Korbach, Waldeck, 25 Aug. 1791; d. Bonn, 28 Nov. 1860. He studied philology under Heyne at Göttingen, and subsequently went to Holland and Denmark, to acquire a critical knowledge of the Danish and Dutch languages. In 1815 he made the acquaintance at Berlin of the celebrated Niebuhr, and in 1816 proceeded to Paris, where he studied Persian and Arabic under Sylvestre de Sacy. The same year he visited Rome, where he married, and renewed his intimacy with Niebuhr, then Prussian Ambassador to the Papal court. Niebuhr procured him. the appointment of secretary to the Prussian legation, and in 1823 Bunsen assumed Niebuhr's duties, being later, and in 1827, formally accredited as resident Prussian Minister. In this capacity he continued till 1838, and conducted several important negotiations with the Papal see, the result of one of which was the brief of Leo XII relative to mixed marriages. His next mission was to Berne, as Ambassador to