grasses have made him the best known plantoriginator in the world. The characteristics which are the special factors in the success of his work are, the large extent of his experiments, his keenness of perception of slight variations in plant qualities and the rapidity with which he develops new qualities, this rapidity being due to a combination of multiple hybridizing, selection and grafting of seedling plants on mature stocks, so that immediate results as to flowers and fruits are obtained from seedling stems. But the final and most important factor in Burbank's success is the inherent personal genius of the man, whose innate sympathy with nature, aided by the practical education in plant biology derived from 50 years of constant study and experiment, enable him to perceive correlations and outcomes of plant growth which seem to have been visible to no other man. As the history of Burbank's life is the history of his work, the remainder of his biographical sketch may advantageously be devoted to a brief consideration of the character and method of creation of some of his principal new plant varieties. Burbank has originated and introduced a remarkable series of plums and prunes. No less than 60 varieties are included in his list of offerings, and some_of them, notably the Gold, Wickson, Apple, October, Chalco, America, Climax, Formosa, Bartlett, Santa Rosa and Beauty plums and the Splendor, Sugar, Giant and Standard prunes are among the best known and most successful

kinds now grown. He has also perfected a stoneless prune, the Abundance, and has created an absolutely new species, the plumcot, by a combination of the common plum and the apricot. The Sugar and Standard prunes promise to supplant the French prune in California. The Bartlett plum, cross of the bitter Chinese simoni and the Delaware, a Burbank hybrid, has the exact fragrance and flavor of the Bartlett pear. The Climax is a cross of the simoni and the Japanese triflora. The Chinese simoni produces almost no pollen, but few grains of it ever having been obtained, but these few grains have enabled Burbank to revolutionize the whole plum shipping industry. Most of Burbank's plums and prunes are the result of multiple crossings, in which the Japanese varieties have played an important part. Hundreds of thousands of seedlings have been grown and carefully worked over in his 40 years' experiments with plums and single trees have been made to carry as many as 600 varying seedling grafts.

Burbank has originated and introduced the Van Deman, Santa Rosa, Alpha, Pineapple, "No. 80," Dazzle and other quinces; the Leader, Opulent and National peaches, cross-bred from the Muir, Wager and White nectarine; the Winterstein and Goldridge apples; and has made interesting, although not profitable, crosses of the peach and almond, and plum and almond.

Next in extent, probably, to his work with plums is his long and successful experimentation with berries. This work has extended through 35 years of constant attention, has involved the use of over 50 different species of Rubus, and has resulted in the origination and introduction of 10 new commercial varieties, mostly obtained through various hybridizations

of dewberries, blackberries and raspberries. Among these may especially be mentioned the Phenomenal, a hybrid of the Western dewberry (R. ursinus) and the Red raspberry (R. ideaus), fixed in the first generation, which ripens its main crop far ahead of most raspberries and blackberries, and the berry is of enormous proportions and exquisite quality; the Iceberg, a cross-bred white blackberry derived from a hybridization of the Crystal White (pistillate parent) with the Lawton (staminate parent) and with beautiful snow-white berries so nearly transparent that the small seeds may be seen in them; the Balloon berry, selected from a complicated cross of many species; the Himalaya, the most rapid growing and by far the most productive blackberry in existence, of unequalled quality and of great value in California and other mild climates; also a wonderful series of absolutely thornless blackberries of great productiveness and superior quality. The thornless berry has not yet been generally introduced, but will no doubt supplant the thorny varieties nearly everywhere. An interesting feature of Mr. Burbank's brief account, in his "New Creations" catalogue of 1894, of the berry experimentation, is a reproduction of a photograph showing "a sample pile of brush 12 feet wide, 14 feet high and 20 feet long, containing 65,000 two- and three-year-old seedling berry bushes (40,000 Blackberry X Raspberry hybrids and 25,000 Shaffer X Gregg hybrids) all dug up with their crop of ripening berries." The photograph is introduced to give the reader some idea of the work necessary to produce a satisfactory new race of berries. "Of the 40,000 Blackberry-Raspberry hybrids of this kind 'Paradox' is the only one now in existence. From the other 25,000 hybrids two dozen bushes were reserved for further trial."

Leaving Burbank's other fruit and berry creations unmentioned, we may refer to his curious cross-bred walnut results, the most astonishing of which is a hybrid between Juglans californica (staminate parent) and J. regia (pistillate parent), which grows with an amazing vigor and rapidity, the trees increasing in size at least twice as fast as the combined growth of both parents, and the clean-cut, glossy, bright-green leaves, from two to three feet long, having a sweet odor like that of apples. This hybrid produces no nuts, but curiously enough the result of a nearly similar hybridization (i.e., pollen from nigra on pistils of californica) produces in abundance large nuts of a quality superior to that possessed by either parent. These new species of walnut are now known as "Paradox" and "Royal' respectively.

Of new vegetables Burbank has introduced, besides the Burbank and several other new potatoes, new tomatoes, sweet and field corn, squashes, asparagus, etc. Perhaps the most interesting of his experiments in this field is the successful production of a whole series of giant spineless and spiculess cactus, both for forage and fruit (the spicules are the minute spines, much more dangerous and harder to get rid of than the conspicuous long, thorn-like spines), edible for stock, and indeed for man, This work is chiefly one of pure selection, for the cross-bred forms often seem to tend

strongly to revert to the ancestral spiny condition.

Among the many new flower varieties originated by Burbank may be mentioned the Peachblow, Burbank, Coquito and Santa Rosa roses, the Splendor, Fragrance (a fragrant form) and Dwarf Snowflake callas, the enormous Shasta and Alaska daisies, the Ostrich plume, Waverly, Snowdrift and Double clematises, the Hybrid Wax myrtle, the extraordinary Nicotunia, a hybrid between a large, flowering Nicotiana and a petunia, numerous hybrid Nicotianas, a hundred or more new gladioli, an ampelopsis. numerous amaryllids, various dahlias, the Fire poppy (a brilliant flame-colored variety), striped and carnelian poppies, a blue Shirley (obtained by selection from the Crimson field poppy of Europe), the Silver lining poppy (obtained by selection from an individual of Papaver umbrosium showing a streak of silver inside) with silver interior and crimson_exterior, and a crimson California poppy (Escholtzia) obtained by selection from the familiar golden form. Perhaps his most extensive experimenting with flowers has been done in the hybridizing of lilies, a field in which many botanists and plant breeders have found great difficulties. Using over half a hundred varieties as a basis of his work, Burbank has produced a great variety of new forms. "Can my thoughts be imagined," he says, in his 'New Creations of 1893, "after so many years of patient care and labor (he had been working over 16 years) as, walking among them (his new lilies) on a dewy morning, I look upon these new forms of beauty, on which other eyes have never gazed? Here a plant six feet high with yellow flowers, beside it one only six inches high with dark red flowers, and further on one of pale straw, or snowy white, or with curious dots and shadings; some deliciously fragrant, others faintly so; some with upright, others with nodding flowers, some with dark green, woolly leaves in whorls, or with polished, light green, lance-like, scattered leaves."

So far no special reference has been made to the more strictly scientific aspects of Burbank's work. Burbank has been primarily intent on the production of new and improved fruits, flowers, vegetables, trees, grains and grasses for the immediate benefit of mankind. But where biological experimentation is being carried on so extensively it is obvious that there must be a large accumulation of data of much scientific value in its relation to the great problems of heredity, variation and species-forming. Burbank's experimental gardens may be looked on from the point of view of the biologist and evolutionist as a great laboratory in which, at present, masses of valuable data are, for lack of time and means, being let go unrecorded. Of Burbank's own particular scientific beliefs touching the "grand problems" of heredity we have space to record but two; first, he is a thorough believer in the inheritance of acquired characters, a condition disbelieved in by the Weismann school of evolutionists; second, he believes in the constant mutability of species, and the strong individuality of each plant organism, holding that the apparent fixity of characteristics is a phenomenon wholly dependent, for its degree

of reality, on the length of time this characteristic has been ontogenetically repeated in the phylogeny of the race. See PLANT-BREEDING.

For other accounts of Burbank and his work, consult articles in the illustrated magazines; 'New Creations in Plant Life,' by W. S. Harwood. Burbank has written 12 large volumes, 'Luther Burbank, His Methods and Discoveries and Their Practical Application; The Training of the Human Plant; and his series of catalogues, 1893-1901, called 'New Creations; and has several other volumes under preparation covering an enormous amount of experimental data on plant life in all its aspects. VERNON L. Kellogg, Professor of Entomology, Leland Stanford Junior University.

BURBOT, a fresh-water fish (Lota lota) of the cod family, inhabiting northern Europe and America. It is numerous in the inland waters of the Northern States and Canada, where it displays the nocturnal voracity of its race. It ordinarily weighs about five pounds, but has little market value. It is more often called cusk, ling or loche among us, than burbot, which is the British designation.

BURBRIDGE, Stephen Gano, American soldier: b. Scott County, Ky., 19 Aug. 1831; d. 1894. He organized the famous 26th Kentucky Regiment, which he led for the Union at Shiloh, where he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general of volunteers. He was engaged in the Vicksburg expedition under General Grant; led the charge at Arkansas Post and at Port Gibson, being the first to enter each of these places; was retired with the brevet of majorgeneral in 1865.

BURCH, Charles Sumner, American Protestant Episcopal bishop: b. Pinckney, Mich., 30 June 1855. A graduate of the University of Michigan in 1875; after engaging in publishing business in Chicago; he was editor of the Grand Rapids Evening Press from 1897 to 1905. He had taken deacon's orders in 1895 and was ordained to the priesthood in 1905. He was rector of Saint Andrew's, Staten Island, N. Y., until 1911, when he was consecrated suffragan bishop of New York.

. BURCHARD, Samuel Dickinson, American clergyman: b. Steuben, N. Y., 6 Sept. 1812; d. Saratoga, N. Y., 25 Sept. 1891. He was graduated at Centre College in 1836 and became a prominent lecturer in Kentucky on the antislavery and temperance questions. He was for many years a Presbyterian pastor in New York. In 1885 he became pastor emeritus. During the presidential campaign of 1884 a company of clergymen, about 600 in number, called on James G. Blaine, the Republican candidate, at the Fifth Avenue Hotel, New York. Dr. Burchard made an address, in which he affirmed that the antecedents of the Democracy were "rum, Romanism and rebellion," and this denunciatory speech on the very eve of the election created intense excitement throughout the United States and alienated from Blaine many Democratic votes upon which he had reckoned. It is generally conceded that Burchard was thus largely instrumental in electing Grover Cleveland.

BURCHIELLO, boor-che-ěl'lō, Domenico, Italian poet: fl. 15th century at Florence, where he was probably born. He died at Rome, about 1449. He was the son of a barber named Giovanni, and was called originally only Domenico. He assumed the name of Burchiello afterward for reasons that cannot be assigned. His fame began about 1425. He was first registered as a barber in 1432. Some writers have reproached him for shameful vices, and represented him as a low buffon who did everything for money. Others have defended him. His shop was so famous that learned and unlearned, high and low, assembled there every day, and Cosmo the Great caused a picture of it to be painted on one of the arches of his gallery. It appears here divided into two portions; in one Burchiello is acting the part of a barber; in the other that of a musician and poet. The portrait of Burchiello himself is painted over his shop. It is extremely difficult to decide upon the absolute value of his satires, as the local and personal allusions in them are obscure. They were composed of his contemporaries, with a studied obscurity and extravagance of expression. His style is, nevertheless, pure and elegant. His burlesque sonnets are enigmas, of which we have no intelligible explanation, notwithstanding what Doni has done. The narrative and descriptive parts are very easily understood; but the wit they contain is, for the most part, so coarse, that the satire fails of producing its effect. They are, on the whole, lively, but licentious. The best editions of his sonnets are those of Florence (1568) and of London (1757).

BURCKHARD, Max Eugen, Austrian writer on jurisprudence, poet, novelist and dramatist: b. Korneuburg 1854; d. 1912. He studied at the University of Vienna, rendered efficient service for several years as a member of the ministry of education, and received in 1890 his appointment as director of the Hoftheatre (court theatre) in Vienna, an office so well suited to his talents that it called forth a series of appropriate works. Thus, in 1896 he published Das Recht des Schauspielers'; next followed the comedy 'Rat Schrimpf (Berlin 1905); 'Gottfried Wunderlich' (1906); 'Das Theater (Frankfurt am Main 1907); 'Im Paradiese (Wien 1907); 'Die verfixten Frauenzimmer (1909); Jene Asra' (Salzburg 1910); a novel of distinction entitled 'Trincaria in 1910; and in 1912 his Cillis-SinaGabrielle: Briefe von und an Carl Rahl. It should be noted that, before his appointment as director of the court theatre, he had published his 'Gesetze und Verordnungen in Kultussachen' (1887) and the poem entitled 'Das Lied vom Tannhäuser) (1888).

BURCKHARDT, boork'hart, Jakob, Swiss author, eminent as a student and critic of Italian art and as an historian: b. Basel 1818 d. 1897. At the university of his native town, and later at the University of Berlin, he studied history and theology. His first appointment was as professor of the history of art and civilization at the University of Basel, and this connection he maintained to the end of his life, with the exception of a few years spent at Zürich as an instructor in the Polytechnic Institute of that city. His most important works are 'Die Zeit Constantins des Grossen' (Leipzig 1880); 'Der

VOL. 5-3

Cicerone; Eine Anleitung zum Genuss der Kunstwerke Italiens, 4 Auflage, unter Mitwirkung des Verfassers und anderer Fachgenossen bearbeitet von Dr. Wilhelm Bode' (parts 1 and 2, Leipzig 1879) with its English versions, 'The Cicerone, or Art Guide to Painting in Italy) (ed. by A. von Zahn and trans. by Mrs. A. Í. Clough, London 1873), and a translation of that portion which relates to painting, published in New York in 1910; 'Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien' (1st ed., 1860, 8th ed., 1902, and English translation, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy,' London 1890); 'Geschichte der Renaissance in Italien) (3 ed., 1890-91); Griechische Kulturgeschichte (3 vols., 1898-1900). Material additions to and enhancement of the value of 'Der Cicerone' must be credited to Dr. Bode and the other editors.

BURCKHARDT, Johann Karl, German astronomer: b. Leipzig, 30 April 1773; d. 22 June 1825. He acquired a fondness for astronomy from the study of the works of Lalande, and made himself master, at the same time, of nearly all the European languages. He wrote a Latin treatise On the Combinatory Analytic Method' (Leipzig 1794). He then studied practical astronomy with Baron von Zach at the latter's observatory on the Seeberg, near Gotha, and assisted his patron, from 1795– 97, in observing the right ascension of the stars. Von Zach recommended him to Lalande, at Paris, who received him at his house 15 Dec. 1797. Here he distinguished himself by the calculation of the orbits of comets; participated in all the labors of Lalande and those of his nephew, Lefrançois Lalande; took an active part in the observatory of the Ecole Militaire; and translated the first two volumes of Laplace's Mécanique Céleste' into German (Berlin 1800-02). Being appointed adjunct astronomer by the board of longitude, he received letters of naturalization as a French citizen 20 Dec. 1799. His important treatise on the comet of 1770, which had not been visible for nearly 30 years, although, according to the calculations of its orbit, it should have returned every five or six, was rewarded with a gold medal by the Institute in 1800. This treatise, which proposed some improvements in Dr. Obler's mode of calculation, is contained in the 'Memoires del'Institut for 1806. During this year he was made a member of the department of physical and mathematical sciences in the Academy; in 1818 was made a member of the board of longitude; and, after Lalande's death, astronomer in the observatory of the Ecole Militaire. In 1814 and 1816 he published in French, at Paris, 'Tables to Assist in Astronomical Calculations." He also wrote some treatises in Von Zach's 'Geographical Ephemerides.'

BURCKHARDT, John Lewis, English African explorer: b. Lausanne, Switzerland,, 24 Nov. 1784; d. Cairo, 17 Oct. 1817. He was educated at Neuchatel, Leipzig and Göttingen. In 1806 he went to London with introductions to Sir Joseph Banks, who accepted his proffered services on behalf of the African Association, founded to explore the interior of Africa. After studying at Cambridge, and inuring himself to hardship and exposure, he sailed for Malta in 1809; and from Malta he went to Aleppo as an Oriental, and studied there for two years Arabic and Mohammedan law. In 1810 he

made a tour of Palmyra, Damascus and Baalbek; in 1812 he journeyed through Palestine and Arabia to Egypt; in 1813 he traversed the Nile above Assouan; in 1814 he visited Mecca, successfully personating a Moslem pilgrim; 1815 saw him at the Prophet's tomb at Medina, and he journeyed to Suez and also made the ascent of Mount Sinai in 1816. He died with the main purpose of his life unfulfilled, the exploration of the sources of the Niger, and was buried in his assumed character of a devout Moslem pilgrim. His collection of 350 volumes of manuscript he bequeathed to Cambridge University. His works were all published posthumously travels in Nubia (1819), in Syria (1822), in Arabia (1829); Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys (1830); 'Arabic Proverbs (1830).

BURDEKIN, a river of the northeast of Queensland, with a course of about 350 miles. With its affluents it waters a large extent of country, but it is useless for navigation.

BURDEN, Henry, American inventor: b. Dumblane, Scotland, 20 April 1791; d. Troy, N. Y., 19 Jan. 1871. He was brought up on a farm, and at an early age showed his inventive genius by making a variety of labor-saving machinery, including a threshing-machine. He came to the United States in 1819 and engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements. He invented an improved plow; the first cultivator made in this country; machines for making horse-shoes and hook-headed spikes used on railroads; a self-acting machine for rolling iron into bars, and a new machine for making horseshoes, which received a rod of iron and turned out completed shoes at the rate of 60 a minute.

BURDEN OF PROOF, in legal procedure, the obligation to establish by evidence certain disputed facts. As a general rule this burden lies on the party asserting the affirmative of the issue to be tried or question in dispute, or on the party who would fail if no evidence were adduced on either side. Burden of proof is to be distinguished from prima facie evidence or a prima facie case. Generally, when the latter is shown, the duty imposed upon the party having the burden will be satisfied; but it is not necessarily so. In criminal cases, on the two-fold ground that a prosecutor must prove every fact necessary to substantiate his charge against a prisoner, and that the law will presume innocence in the absence of convincing evidence to the contrary, the burden of proof, unless shifted by legislative interference, will, in criminal proceedings, be on the prosecuting party, though in order to convict he must necessarily have recourse to negative evidence. The burden of proof throughout is on the government. This subject is treated by all writers on Evidence, as Taylor, Roscoe and Powell in England; Dickson in Scotland and Greenleaf in the United States. Consult also Bentham's 'Rationale of Judicial Evidence.'

BURDER, George, Congregational minister: b. London, 5 June 1752; d. 5 June 1832. He started life as an engraver and artist and drifted partially into journalism. He began preaching in 1776 and was ordained pastor two years later, but was not publicly recognized until 1784. In the meantime he had been doing the work of a traveling preacher throughout

England and Wales. He initiated Sunday schools at Coventry (1785) and he was chief founder of the "Association of Ministers for the Spread of the Gospel at Home and Abroad» (1793), now called the "Warwickshire County Association," which has done much to encourage foreign missions. He helped to form the "Religious Tract Society." In 1803 he became secretary of the London Missionary Society, a post he held until 1827. He also edited the Evangelical Magazine for several years, and in 1804 he was instrumental in the foundation of the British and Foreign Bible Society. Among his works are 'The Welsh Indians, a Collection of Papers Respecting a People whose Ancestors Emigrated from Wales to America in the year 1170 with Prince Madoc (1797); 'Missionary Anecdotes'; 'The Pilgrim's Progress, an Epic Poem, and several volumes of poems. Consult Bennett's History of Dissenters' (1839).

BURDETT, SIR Francis, English politician: b. 25 Jan. 1770; d. 23 Jan. 1844. He was educated at Westminster and after two years at Oxford made a continental tour. In 1796 he obtained a seat in Parliament through the patronage of the Duke of Newcastle; but he soon abandoned the Tory party and made himself conspicuous by his advocacy of liberal measures. In 1802 he stood for Middlesex but though at first elected he finally lost his seat in 1806 after much costly litigation. He was more successful in 1807 at Westminster where his election at the head of the poll was hailed as a great popular triumph. In 1810 he published a letter in Cobbett's Political Register, denying the right of the House of Commons to imprison. for libel, as they had recently done in the case: of John Gale Jones. This letter, having been: brought under the notice of the House, was declared a gross breach of its privileges, and a warrant was issued by the speaker for the committal of Sir Francis to the Tower. He denied the legality of the warrant and declared his. determination to surrender only to force. The public mind was strongly agitated, but prorogation of Parliament relieved him from his imprisonment in the Tower, and he became per-. haps the most popular man in the kingdom. In attaining this popularity he was greatly aided by the graces of his appearance and the talents: which he undoubtedly possessed. Ultimately, however, his fervor cooled, and he owed his last seat in Parliament to the Conservatives of Wiltshire.

BURDETT, SIR Henry, K.C.B. (1897), K.C.V.O. (1908), English author, publicist and statistician: b. 1845. Was superintendent of the Queen's Hospital, Birmingham, and the Seaman's Hospital, Greenwich, and secretary of the share and loan department of the London Stock Exchange. He was founder and editor of The Hospital. His works are numerous and cover a wide range. Among them are 'The Sinking Fund of the National Debt'; 'The Patriotic Fund; How to Become a Nurse); Dwellings of the Middle Classes'; 'Helps in Sickness'; 'Health; The Future of Hospitals'; 'Official Intelligence of British, American and Foreign Securities (17 vols.); The National Debts of the World' 'Local Taxation in England and Wales'; 'Seventeen years of Securities'; Colonial Loans and Development'; The Admiralty and the Country'; 'Hospitals and Asy

lums of the World' (4 vols.); 'Hospitals and Charities'; 'Hospitals and the State'; 'Architects, Hospitals and Asylums'; 'A Practical Scheme for Old Age Pensions'; "The Nursing Profession'; 'Housing of the Poor'; 'Official Nursing Directory); 'London Water Company; Light Railways'; and 'Municipal, County and Indian Finance.'

BURDETT-COUTTS, RIGHT HON. Angela Georgina (BARONESS), English philanthropist: b. 21 April 1814; d. London, 30 Dec. 1906. In 1837 she inherited much of the property of her grandfather, Thomas Coutts, the banker, on the death of his widow, the Duchess of Saint Albans (formerly the actress, Miss Mellon). Besides spending large sums of money in building and endowing churches and schools, she endowed the three colonial bishoprics of Cape Town, Adelaide and British Columbia. She founded an establishment in South Australia for the improvement of the aborigines, and established a fishery school at the Irish village of Baltimore (1887). To the city of London she presented, besides several handsome fountains, the Columbia Market, Bethnal Green (1870), for the supply of fish in a poor district. She also built Columbia Square, consisting of model dwellings at low rents, for about 300 families. The home established by her at Shepherd's Bush has rendered great assistance to many unfortunate women, and the People's Palace owes much to her generosity. In 1871 she was created a peeress in her own right as Baroness Burdett-Coutts. In 1877 she organized the Turkish Compassionate Fund, to relieve the sufferings of the peasants in Turkey, and in recognition of her services the Sultan conferred upon her the Order of the Medjidie, In 1881 she was married to William AshmeadBartlett, who in 1882 obtained the royal license to assume her name.

As

BURDETT-COUTTS, William Lehman Ashmead-Bartlett, English philanthropist: b. in the United States in 1851, the son of the late Ellis Bartlett of Plymouth, New England. He was graduated at Keble College, Oxford, in 1876, and married in 1881 Angela, Baroness Burdett-Coutts, whose name he assumed. commissioner for the Baroness' Turkish Compassionate Fund he proceeded to the theatre of the Russo-Turkish War in 1877; and subsequently largely developed her schemes for relieving Irish distress and aiding Irish fishermen. The food supply for the poor of London is a subject that has deeply interested him, and he has been instrumental in carrying through some useful acts of Parliament, notably the Hempstead Heath Act of 1885. He has represented Westminster in the House of Commons since 1885.

BURDETTE, Robert Jones, American humorist, lecturer, writer, preacher: b. Greensboro, Pa., 30 July 1844; d. Pasadena, Cal., 19 Nov. 1914. Removed in boyhood to Peoria, Ill. He was educated in public schools; D.D., Kalamazoo University, Michigan, 1908; LL.D., Occidental College, California, 1913. Served as private in the 47th Illinois Volunteers, 1862-65. In 1869 he became night editor of the Peoria Transcript, and afterward was associated with other Peoria papers. He became associate editor of the Burlington, Iowa,

Hawkeye in 1872, where he made a reputation as a humorist. Later he was on staff of the Brooklyn Eagle, and was editorial contributor to the Los Angeles Times, and to many periodicals. Began to lecture in 1876. He became a licensed minister of the Baptist Church in 1887, was ordained in 1903, and became pastor of the Temple Baptist Church, Los Angeles; pastor emeritus, July 1909; and was city commissioner of Pasadena, Cal. He published 'Hawkeyetems (1877); 'Rise and Fall of the Moustache' (1879); 'Life of William Penn' (1882); Innach Garden) (1897); (Sons of Asaph' 'Chimes from a Jester's Bells'; 'Temple and Templars'; 'Smiles Yoked with Sighs' (poems, 1900); 'Silver Trumpets' (poems); 'Old Time and Young Tom) (1912); 'Drums of the FortySeventh (1914).

BURDICK, Francis Marion, American jurist and author: b. De Ruyter, N. Y., 1 Aug. 1845. He was graduated at Hamilton College in 1869, and at its law school in 1872. He practised law in Utica, N. Y., from 1872 to 1883, and was later professor of law at Hamilton College and at Cornell. From 1891 he was professor of law at Columbia University, and in 1907 was appointed commissioner on uniform State laws for New York. Besides numerous articles in law journals his published works include "The Law of Sales (3d ed., 1913); "The Law of Torts' (1905; 2d ed., 1908); 'Law of Partnership) (2d ed., 1906); Essentials of Business Law (1908).

BURDOCK, a small genus (Arctium) of coarse perennial or biennial herbs of the family Asteraceae, natives of temperate Asia and Europe, but widely distributed as weeds throughout the world. Common burdock (A. lappa), which often attains a height of four feet, is sometimes planted in Japan, where it has been improved by cultivation, for its enlarged parsnip-like roots, which are eaten as a boiled vegetable. Formerly the roots were used in medicine, but they seem to be generally classed with many other domestic remedies of doubtful value. The plant is best known as a weed in waste land, but usually on good soil. Its globular burs become attached to the wool of sheep and to clothing. Their presence injures the price of wool.

BURDON-SANDERSON, SIR John Scott, English physician: b. Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne, 21 Dec. 1828; d. 23 Nov. 1905. He was graduated at Edinburgh University in 1851 and afterward studied at Paris, settling in London as a practising physician in 1853. In 1856, while medical officer for Paddington, he first gave proofs of the eminence to which he was to attain. In 1870 he gave up his hospital appointments and a valuable private practice to devote himself exclusively to scientific research. He held the appointments of professor of practical physiology and histology at University College, London, 1871-77; was Jodrell professor of physiology, 1874-82; Wayneflete professor of physiology at Oxford, 1882-95; and regius professor of medicine at the same university, 1895-1903. He is regarded as the virtual founder of the medical school at Oxford. His methods of research into the diseases of animals occasioned the violent opposition of the anti-vivisectionists. He accomplished much in the way of elucidating the true character