its excited notes whenever an enemy approaches. Among the many unowl-like traits of this curious little exile from the woods is its cry, which has no resemblance to the ordinary hoot of an owl, but more nearly resembles the chattering of a cuckoo. This owl makes its home wherever it can in some abandoned burrow of a ground-squirrel or other animal, but, failing this, it digs a little cave-like hole of its own, which it furnishes with a bed of soft materials, whereon are laid about eight globular white eggs. The food of these owls consists almost entirely of insects and mice. Consult Coues, E., Birds of the Northwest' (Washington 1874); Sclater and Hudson, Argentine Ornithology) (London 1888).

BURROWS, William, American naval officer: b. near Philadelphia, Pa., 6 Oct. 1785; d. at sea, 5 Sept. 1813. He served in the war with Tripoli and commanded the sloop Enterprise in its successful action with the British brig Boxer off the coast of Maine. Both Burrows and the British commander were killed in the fight, and they were buried side by side at Portland. Congress struck a medal in honor of the victory and its hero..

BURSA, in anatomy, a sac containing a clear fluid between surfaces which move one upon the other. There are two varieties mucous, or simple cavities between the skin and bony protuberances, as at the knee, and synovial, or sacs between the muscles or tendons and bony protuberances.

BURSAR, or BURSARY, an endowment in one of the Scotch universities, corresponding to an exhibition in an English university, and intended for the support of a student during his ordinary course and before he has taken a degree in the faculty in which he holds the bursary. Each of the four universities of Scotland has a greater or smaller number of bursaries. As yet the University of Aberdeen is better provided than any of the others with this class of endowments. Bursaries are in the gift sometimes of the Senatus Academicus of the university to which they belong, sometimes of the town council of the city in which the university is situated and sometimes of private individuals. With regard to the manner in which they are bestowed, some are obtained after competitive examination and others are given by the patrons for special reasons. As the former method of bestowing them is found to be the more beneficial in its results, it is gradually becoming the prevailing one, as at Aberdeen it has always been. Bursaries which are in the gift of the Senatus Academicus are all bestowed in this way. In a monastery, the bursar was the one who held and disbursed the income. In the sense of subtreasurer, the term is still used in English universities and in Harvard University and elsewhere. In England it is also applied to candidates for the elementary school-teaching profession receiving maintenance from the state.

BURSCHENSCHAFT, boor-shen-shäft (Ger.), an association formed in 1815 among students in German universities for the liberation and union of Germany.

BURSERACEÆ (named after the botanist, Joachim Burser), a family of dicotyledonous plants, of which there are about 13 genera

BURSITIS, inflammation of a bursa, most commonly caused by injury. The well-known housemaid's knee is a good example of bursitis. See JOINTS, Diseases of.

BURSLEM, England, market town and municipal borough in Staffordshire, within the parliamentary borough of Hanley, in "The Potteries." It is the oldest of the six towns forming the potteries and is known as the "Mother of the Potteries." It is well built, chiefly of brick; has electric tramways, a fine town-hall, covered market, public baths, hospital and the Wedgwood Institute, comprising a free library, a museum and a school of art, erected in honor of Josiah Wedgwood, who was born at Burslem in 1730. The building is an excellent exemplification of the structural application of ceramics. It has extensive manufactures of china and earthenware, and carries on coal mining. Pop. 41,556.

BURT, Mary Elizabeth, American educator: b. Lake Geneva, Wis. She studied at Oberlin College and entered the teaching profession. For three years she was a member of the Chicago board of education. Later she undertook editorial work and lecturing. She edited Little Nature Studies for Little People'; 'Seed Thoughts from Robert Browning, etc.; has contributed frequently to periodical literature and is the author of 'Browning's Women' (1889); Literary Landmarks' (1889); The World's Literature) (1890); German Iliad (Siegfried)) (1892); Stories from Plato and Other Classic Writers' (1893), and collaborated in writing 'The Literary Primer) (1901); "The Boy General' (1901); Poems Every Child Should Know (1904); Prose Every Child Should Know' (1907); Adventures of Pinocchio (1908).

BURT, Thomas, English labor leader: b. Northumberland, 12 Nov. 1837. He began work in the coal mines at 10 years of age. He early became immersed in the labor movement; was secretary for the Northumberland miners from 1865-1913; has represented Morpeth as a Liberal since 1874; was parliamentary secretary of the Board of Trade from 1892-95, and in 1906 was made a privy councillor.

BURT, William, American Methodist Episcopal clergyman: b. Cornwall, England, 23 Oct. 1852. He was graduated at Wesleyan University in 1879 and at Drew Theological Seminary in 1881. He spent five years in churches at Brooklyn, N. Y., and in 1886 was appointed presiding elder of the district of Milan in the Italian conference. He was in Rome from 1890 to 1904, and there founded schools and a publishing house. In 1904 he was made a bishop. His work has been looked upon with disfavor by the Papal Curia because of the proselyting methods adopted. He has published 'Europe and Methodism (1909).

BURTON, Edwin Hubert, English clergyman and writer: b. London, 12 Aug. 1870. He was educated at Ware, Ushaw and Oscott; studied law 1888-93; solicitor, High Court of Justice, 1893. He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1898; was curate at Saint Mary and Michael's, London, 1898, when he was appointed

to the staff of Saint Edmund's College, Ware, becoming vice-president in 1902, professor of Church history in 1907 and Weld lecturer in ascetic theology in 1909. He is a fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society, the Royal Historical Society and of the East Herts Archæological Society. He contributed about 300 articles to The Catholic Encyclopedia,' to the Dublin Review, and is editor of The Edmundian. He has published 'Catalogue of Books in the Libraries at Saint Edmund's College, Old Hall, printed in England, and of Books written by Englishmen printed Abroad to the Year 1640 (1902); Life and Times of Bishop Challoner' (2 vols., London 1909); Meditations on the Passion by Richard Rolle, Hermit of Hampole, done into Modern English (London 1906); co-author of 'Biographies of English Catholics in the Eighteenth Century'; 'Lives of the English Martyrs' (Vol. I, London 1913).

BURTON, Ernest De Witt, American Biblical scholar: b. Granville, Ohio, 4 Feb. 1856. He was graduated at Denison University in 1876 and at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1882, and went to Europe for further study in Leipzig and Berlin. From 1882-83 he taught in the Rochester Theological Seminary and from 1883-92 in the Newton Theological Institution, first as associate professor and later a professor of New Testament interpretation, In 1892 he was appointed head professor of New Testament interpretation in the University of Chicago. Among his works are 'Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek'; 'Harmony of the Gospels for Historical Study, and Handbook of the Life of Christ (in collaboration with W. A. Stevens); 'Records and Letters of the Apostolic Age'; Handbook of the Life of Paul'; 'Constructive Studies in the Life of Christ' in collaboration with Shailer Mathews (1901); Principles and Ideals of the Sunday-School' (1903); Biblical Ideas of Atonement' (1909); Studies in Mark' (1904), and Some Principles of Literary Criticism and their Application to the Synoptic Problem' (1904). In 1892 he became associate editor of the Biblical World and in 1897 of the American Journal of Theology.

BURTON, John Hill, Scottish historian: b. Aberdeen, 22 Aug. 1809; d. 10 Aug. 1881. He was educated at the grammar school and Marischal College in that city. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1831. He never succeeded in gaining much practice and soon turned his attention to literature, contributing to the Westminster, the Edinburgh and North British Reviews; acted for a short period as editor of the Scotsman, and committed that journal to a free-trade policy. With Sir John Bowring he edited Bentham's works, as well as an illustrative Benthamiana, with the aim of making more widely known the opinions of the great apostle of utilitarianism and radicalism. His first original work of importance was the 'Life and Correspondence of David Hume' (1846), followed next year by the 'Lives' of Lord Lovat and Duncan Forbes of Culloden. In 1849 he published his 'Political and Social Economy; in 1852 he compiled 'Narratives from Criminal Trials in Scotland.' He commenced in 1853 the publication of his chief work, the 'History of Scotland,' with two volumes covering the period from the revolution

of 1688 to the extinction of the last Jacobite rebellion in 1746. This was afterward completed by seven volumes commencing with Agricola's invasion and ending with the revolution of 1688. A second edition of the complete history was published in eight volumes in 1873. A series of literary and historical sketches contributed to Blackwood's Magazine formed the basis of two of his best-known books, "The Scot Abroad' and 'The Book Hunter." His last important historical work was the History of the Reign of Queen Anne' (1880). In 1854 Mr. Burton was appointed secretary to the Scottish Prison Board, and he continued his connection with this department as a commissioner of prisons until his death. The success of his 'History of Scotland' brought him the appointment of historiographer royal for Scotland. Consult article in Blackwood's Magazine for September 1881, and the memoir by his widow prefixed to The Book Hunter.'

BURTON, Lewis William, American clergyman: b. Cleveland, Ohio, 9 Nov. 1852. He was first honor graduate in 1873 of Kenyon College, with A.B., later A.M. and D.D. from University of the South. He was graduated from the Philadelphia Divinity School 1877; ordained deacon 1877 and priest in 1878, in the Protestant Episcopal Church; was successively in charge of parishes in Cleveland, Richmond, Va., and Louisville. He was consecrated bishop of the diocese of Lexington (eastern half of Kentucky) 1896. He has published sermons, Episcopal charges and addresses and was author of 'Annals of Henrico Parish' in J. S. Moore's 'Virginiana' (1904). He traveled abroad in 1880 and was a member of the Lambeth conferences of the bishops of the Anglican Communion in 1897 and 1908. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society and of the Society of Colonial Wars; a trustee of Kenyon College and of the University of the South. He is Episcopal head of Margaret College, Versailles, Ky., and of Saint John's Collegiate Institute and Industrial School, Corbin, Ky.

BURTON, Marion Le Roy, American clergyman and educator: b. Brooklyn, Iowa, 30 Aug. 1874. He was educated at Carleton College and at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph.D. from the latter institution in 1907. He became assistant professor at Yale for one year and in 1908 was in charge of the church of the Pilgrims, Brooklyn. After a year's travel in Europe, he was inaugurated president of Smith College, Northampton, Mass., in 1910. He has written The Problem of Evil (1909); The Secret of Achievement' (1913); Our Intellectual Attitude in an Age of Criticism' (1913); Life Which is Life Indeed' (1914); 'First Things (1915); also various addresses and reports.

BURTON, Richard, American poet and journalist: b. Hartford, Conn., 14 March 1859. He was graduated from Trinity College, Hartford, and took a degree at Johns Hopkins University in 1887. He was managing editor of the Churchman 1889-90, literary editor of the Hartford Courant 1890-97 and professor of English literature in the University of Minnesota 1893-1902; now in charge of the English department of the University of Minnesota. He has published 'Dumb in June (1895); 'Memorial Day) (1897); 'Literary Likings' (1898);

Lyrics of Brotherhood' (1899); 'Song of the Unsuccessful' (1900); Life of Whittier (1900); Forces in Fiction (1902); Message and Melody (1903); Literary Leaders of America (1904); Three of a Kind (1908); 'Masters of the English Novel' (1909); A Midsummer Memory' (1910); The New American Drama' (1913); How to See a Play (1914).

BURTON, SIR Richard Francis, English traveler, linguist and author: b. Barham House, Hertfordshire, 19 March 1821; d. Trieste, Austria, 20 Oct. 1890. He was educated at Oxford with the intention of entering the Church, but in deference to his own urgent request his father obtained a commission for him in the East India Company's service. He joined the army in 1842, served for some years in Sind under Sir C. Napier, explored the Neilgherry Hills, published an important work on Sind and acquired a complete knowledge of the Persian, Afghan, Hindustanee and Arabic languages. Returning to England in 1851, he soon afterward set out to explore Arabia, disguised as an Afghan pilgrim, and published on his return a (Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Mecca' (1855) as the result of this daring adventure. His next expedition was into the Somali country in East Africa, from whence he proceeded to the Crimea, where he was chief of the staff of General Beatson, and organized the irregular cavalry. After peace was proclaimed, Burton set out in 1856 along with Captain Speke to explore the lake region of central Africa. The expedition was absent three years, and during that time the great Lake Tanganyika was discovered by Burton. Subsequently he made a journey in the Western States of North America and published an account of the Mormon settlement at Utah in his 'City of the Saints. In 1861 he married, and he received the same year an appointment as consul at Fernando Po. While fulfilling his duties there he explored the Bight of Biafra, visited the Kamerun Mountains and conducted a dangerous mission to the King of Dahomey. Afterward he was transferred to the consulate of Santos in Brazil, and here he explored his own province, visited the Argentine Republic, crossed the continent to Chile and Peru, returned home after exploring the Pacific coast and published his 'Explorations of the Highlands of the Brazil.' He was now (1871) made consul of Damascus but was soon recalled, and in the following year, after a journey to Iceland, an account of which he wrote, he was appointed consul at Trieste. While occupying this position he led two expeditions into Midian (1876-78), and in company with Commander Cameron he conducted an expedition into the gold-producing country behind the Gold Coast. He remained English consul at Trieste until his death. In his latter years his services to geographical science were acknowledged by the gold medals of the French and English Geographical societies, while in 1886 his services to his country were tardily recognized by the honor of K.C.M.G. Besides the books of travel already mentioned, he was the author of many others, such as Sind, or the Unhappy Valley (1851); Goa and the Blue Mountains' (1851); 'Falconry in the Valley of the Indus' (1852); 'First Footsteps in

East Africa (1856); (The Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa' (1860); Abeokuta, or an Exploration of the Kamerun Mountains' (1863); 'Narrative of a Mission to the King of Dahomey) (1864); The Nile Basin' (1864); "Vikram and the Vampire (1869); Zanzibar' (1872); 'Gorilla Land3 (1875); Ultima Thule, or a Summer in Iceland' (1875); Etruscan Bologna) (1876); 'Sind Revisited' (1877), and "The Gold Mines of Midian' (1878). In 188588 he published a remarkable literal translation of the Arabian Nights' entitled 'Ten Thousand Nights and a Night,' on which his reputation is firmly established. His manuscript translation, with notes, from the Arabic of 'The Scented Garden,' of great value to scholars, was burned by his widow, who deemed it an immoral work. Consult Lives' by Hitch(1887), Lady Burton (1893), Stisted (1897), Wright (2 vols., 1906).

man

BURTON, Robert, English clergyman and author: b. Lindley, Leicestershire, 1577; d. 1640. He was educated at Oxford, took orders and became rector of Seagrave in Leicestershire. His learning, which was varied and extensive, is copiously displayed in the Anatomy of Melancholy, by Democritus Junior,' first published in 1621 and repeatedly reprinted. He was a man of integrity and benevolence but subject to strange fits of hypochondriac melancholy which rendered his conduct flighty and inconsistent. He is reputed to have undertaken the composition of his Anatomy of Melancholy with a view to the dissipation of his morbid feelings. Among those who have been most deeply indebted to Burton is Sterne, as may be seen in his "Tristram Shandy.' See ANATOMY OF MELANCHOLY.

BURTON, Theodore Elijah, American statesman: b. Jefferson, Ohio, 20 Dec. 1851. He received his education at Ohio College and at Oberlin; entered the practice of law, which he later abandoned for the political field. In 188991 he was in Congress and again in 1895–1909. He was re-elected in 1909-11 but resigned to become senator. While in the House he rendered important services as chairman of the Committee on Harbors and Rivers. He served as delegate to the Republican conventions of 1904 and 1908, nominating William H. Taft to the Presidency at the latter. In 1913 he became chairman of the senatorial Committee on Canadian Relations and has also been president of the American Peace Society. His published works are 'Financial Crises and Periods of Commercial and Industrial Depression' (1902); Corporations and the State' (1911); Life of John Sherman' (1906).

BURTON, a special form of tackle, known either as top burton or sail burton. The former are used aboard ship to support the yards when these are rigged for hoisting heavy loads; the latter are used to hoist sails up to the yard where they are to be bent. They consist of a guide-block, fastened to the under purchaseblock and traveling on the hauling line. They help keep the tackle straight and prevent the sail from yawing as it is hoisted aloft. See TACKLE.

BURTON-UPON-TRENT,

England, a municipal and county borough in Staffordshire, 11 miles southwest of Derby, on the north bank

of the Trent, in a low, level situation. It is substantially built. Malting and iron-founding are carried on to a considerable extent, but it is chiefly celebrated for its excellent ale, of which vast quantities are made for both home consumption and exportation. For nearly three centuries Burton ale has been known and celebrated, but the latter-day development of the trade dates from the opening of the Midland Railway in 1839. There are about 30 breweries at work, giving employment in the various departments of the trade to about 5,000 men. The largest brewing establishments are those of Messrs. Bass & Co. and Messrs. Allsopp, the former of which covers considerably more than 500 acres of ground, brews 1,400,000 barrels of ale and stout annually and employs 3,000 men. Contrary to common usage, the brewers employ hard water obtained from wells instead of soft water. There are in all about 50 places of worship in the town, which also possesses a grammar school, girls' high school, almshouses, a dispensary and infirmary, a public library and reading-rooms, school of science and art, handsome public baths, etc. A bridge of 34 arches, built in pre-Norman times, was replaced in 1864. Pop. 48,266.

BURTSCHEID, bert'shid, Germany, southern suburb of Aix-la-Chapelle, and until 1897 an independent municipality of the Rhine province. It is noted for its thermal springs and has manufactures of iron, steel, needles and woolen goods. The woolen industry is the largest of all.

BURTSELL, Richard Lalor, American clergyman: b. New York, 14 April 1840; d. Kingston, N. Y., 4 Feb. 1912. He studied in Rome and was ordained to the priesthood in 1862. After returning to the United States and having charge of parishes in New York he was appointed "defender of the marriage tie," being the first to fill this office, which in 1884 was instituted in the Catholic Church in the United States. Having become connected with the movement headed by Rev. Dr. McGlynn, he was retired from his parish to one of less prominence in 1890. In 1904 he was elevated to the dignity of domestic prelate by Pope Pius X, and in 1905 was made rector of Saint Mary's Church, Kingston, N. Y.

BURU, one of the Dutch East India islands, in the Indian Archipelago, west of and belongs to the residency of Amboyna. It is oval in shape, 92 miles long and 70 broad, and an area of 3,400 square miles. It has several bays, of which Cajeli is the largest, and contains a safe harbor sheltered from the monsoons. Viewed from this bay the island has a very fine appearance. In the foreground the minarets and native houses are seen through the openings of the rich tropical vegetation; while lofty mountains, wooded to their summits, shut in the view. The island is watered by 125 streams, large and small. On the northwest side there are vast swamps swarming with crocodiles. The island contains some high mountains-Mount Tumahu having an altitude of 8.530 feet. Buru produces a variety of valuable woods, balsams, resins and odoriferous flowers. The chief article of export is cajeput oil, of which about $50,000 worth is exported yearly; most being sent to Java. The tree from which it is obtained (Melaleuca cajeputi) grows also upon

the islands of Amboyna, Ceram, Celebes and Sumatra; but the best oil is procured in Buru. The population (about 15,000) consists of Chinese in the interior, and Malays on the

coast.

BURWASH, Nathaniel, Canadian educator: b. Argenteuil, near Saint Andrews, Quebec, 25 July 1839, of a loyalist family, who left Vermont during the American Revolution. He was educated at Victoria College, Cobourg, and Yale University, and entered the Methodist ministry in 1860. He was professor in Victoria College, 1867-73; dean of faculty of theology in 1873, and has been president and chancellor of Victoria University, Toronto, from 1887. He was secretary of education for the Methodist Church in Canada, 1874-86, and devoted much time toward bringing about university federation in the province of Ontario. He has published 'Wesley's Doctrinal Standards' (1881); Handbook on the Epistle to the Romans (1887); Inductive Studies in Theology' (1896); 'Manual of Christian Theology' (1900); Edgerton Ryerson' (1902).

BURY, SIR George, Canadian railway official: b. Montreal, 6 March 1866. He was educated at Montreal College, entered the Canadian Pacific Railway service in 1883 as clerk in the purchasing department, rose to be general superintendent of the Central Division, Winnipeg, and in 1911 was appointed vice-president of the company and manager of their western lines. He was knighted in 1917.

BURY, John B., Irish scholar: b. 16 Oct. 1861. He was graduated from Trinity College, Dublin, in 1893 became professor of modern history in Dublin University, professor of Greek there in 1898, and Regius professor of modern history at Cambridge University since 1902. He has written History of Greece to Death of Alexander the Great' (1902); and has edited Pindar's Isthmian Odes'; and 'Nemean Odes'; Freeman's History of Federal Government in Greece and Italy; and Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall'; 'Life of Saint Patrick' (1905); The Ancient Greek Historians' (Harvard Lectures 1908); Constitution of the Later Roman Empire? (1909); History of the Eastern Roman Empire (1912); 'History of Freedom of Thought' (1913); and Freeman's "Historical Geography of Europe' (1913).

BURY, Richard de. See AUNGERVILLE, RICHARD; PHILOBIBLON.

BURY, England, a municipal and parliamentary borough, in Lancashire, 10 miles northnorthwest of Manchester. It is well situated on rising ground between the Irwell and the Roche, and, being much improved in recent times, now presents the appearance of a clean and well-built town. It has a handsome town hall and athenæum, a technical school and art gallery, Trevelyan Club, and Philips Hall, etc. Among the churches, Saint Mary's (the parish church) and Saint Thomas' are perhaps the finest, being highly ornate Gothic buildings with tower and spire. Bury was at one time' the seat of a woolen industry introduced by the Flemings in the 14th century. The staple manufacture is that of cotton, and it was here that John Kay invented the fly-shuttle. There are also large woolen factories, bleaching and printing works, dyeworks, foundries, etc. The

borough owns and operates the water supply, gas and electric undertakings. Sir Robert Peel was born at Chamber Hall in the vicinity in 1788; and a bronze statue of him adorns the town. Bury returns one member to Parliament. Pop. 59,040.

Of

BURY SAINT EDMUNDS, England, parliamentary and municipal borough in West Suffolk, situated on the Lark, 26 miles northwest of Ipswich. It contains two fine churches, those of Saint James and Saint Mary. Among other buildings a shire-hall, a guild-hall, a corn exchange, athenæum with library, etc. Agricultural implements are manufactured, and there is a large trade in agricultural produce. many benevolent institutions the principal is a free grammar school founded by Edward VI. Bury Saint Edmunds sends one member to Parliament. It is an ancient place, and derived its name from Saint Edmund, a king of the East Angles, who was buried here. The barons in John's reign met here and swore to obtain the ratification of Magna Charta. Bury Saint Edmunds contains the remains of an abbey, once the most wealthy and magnificent in Great Britain, of which all that remains is the noble Norman tower or Church Gate, one of the best specimens of early Norman architecture in England, and the western gate, decorated in style. Pop. 16,785.

In

BURYING-BEETLES, coleopterous insects of the family Silphide. The carrion or sexton beetles are useful in burying decaying bodies of birds, mice, etc., in which they lay their eggs. The larvæ are crustaceous, flattened, with the sides of the body often serrated, black and of a fetid odor. They undergo their transformations in an oval earthen cocoon. Necrophorus the antennæ have 10 apparent joints, and the rounded club is four-jointed. The genus Silpha, of which S. lapponica is a common species, differs in the third joint of the antenna being no longer than the second but shorter than the first. In Necrophilus the third joint is as long as the first. N. surinamensis has a yellow thorax with a central irregular black spot. Catops and its allies live in fungi, carrion and ants' nests, and are small, black, oval insects. There are between 800 and 900 species of the family, many of which are small and live in caves (see CAVE-DWELLING ANIMALS) or in nests of ants.

BURYING-PLACES, localities of sepulture of the dead. The custom of burying the dead in public places prevailed among the most ancient nations, including the Romans, who afterward, in the flourishing periods of the republic, burned their dead and kept the ashes in tombs, collected in urns. The ancient Germans buried their dead in groves consecrated by their priests. With the introduction of the Christian religion consecrated places were appropriated for the purpose of general burial; and it was regarded as ignominious not to be buried in consecrated earth. The deprivation of the rites of burial was therefore part of the punishment of excommunication. The Romans provided their gravestones, upon which were inscribed the name of the deceased, and the wish, Sit illi terra levis ("May the earth rest lightly upon him"). This custom was preserved by the Christians. The Egyptians, Greeks and Romans erected over the graves

of men of rank, or persons otherwise remarkable, pyramids, mausoleums or temples. After the introduction of Christianity little churches, called chapels, were erected over the dead. Early Christian martyrs were often buried in caverns, which by degrees were enlarged to spacious subterranean vaults. Subsequently others considered themselves happy if their bones were allowed to repose near the ashes of a martyr. As early as the 4th century the Christians built churches over the sepulchres of the holy martyrs; and in the belief that a place was sanctified by their ashes they anxiously sought out, on the erection of new churches in cities, or the transformation of heathen temples into Christian churches, the remains (relics) of the martyrs, and buried them under the altar, of the new church to communicate to it a character of greater sanctity. The Emperor Constantine, who died in 337, is supposed to have been the first person who ordered his tomb to be erected in a church. This was done in the Church of the Apostles at Constantinople, of which he was the founder, and therefore probably considered himself as peculiarly entitled to this privilege. He was soon imitated by the bishops, and later all those who had enriched the Church were distinguished by this honor. The Emperors Theodosius and Justinian, indeed, forbade the erection of sepulchres in churches, but in vain. Leo the Philosopher again permitted them to everybody. At present interment in churches is almost everywhere suppressed, or at least permitted only under certain restrictions. Even in Naples and Rome the general practice of erecting sepulchres in churches was forbidden in 1809, and the foundation of burial places without the city was provided for. The custom introduced by the communities of Moravian Brothers, who form their burial places into gardens, is now becoming general; and cemeteries, instead of exhibiting merely dull ranges of tombstones, are adorned with flower plots and ornamental shrubbery. The celebrated burying-place of Père la Chaise, near Paris, is one of the most beautiful and interesting spots in the world, See also BURIAL; CREMATION; CATACOMBS.

BUSACO, boo-sä'ko, a hamlet in the province of Beira, on the north side of the river Mondego. It is memorable for the battle, 27 Sept. 1810, between Wellington and Masséna. Wellington, with about 40,000 men on a retreat before Masséna, with a force of 65,000, availed himself of the favorable position of the sierra or ridge here for checking the pursuit.

BUSBECQ, or BUSBEQUIUS, Ogier Ghislain de, Flemish diplomatist and author: b. Comines 1522; d. 1592. After having studied in the most celebrated universities of Flanders, France and Italy, he entered the service of Ferdinand, King of the Romans, who in 1555 sent him as Ambassador to Constantinople. In 1562 he returned home, after spending several years as tutor and guardian to the sons of Maximilian II, was sent to accompany the Archduchess Elizabeth (who was to be married to Charles IX) on her journey to France. Busbecq lived there as steward to Elizabeth, and when she left France, after the death of her husband, he remained as Ambassador of Rudolph II. Two important works of his survive, Legationis Turcicæ Epistolæ Quatuor,