are also eighty-four forges, producing 3,586 tons of bar iron, andirons, chain cables, &c., to the value of $301,275, and employing a capital of $370,230; ten pig iron furnaces, yielding 8,500 tons of pig iron, to the value of $272,000, and involving a capital of $207,000; there are fiftysix iron foundries, yielding 5,273 tons of hollow-ware, &c., to the value of $476,450, and employing a capital of $382,639; forty-two machine factories, producing manufactures of that sort to the value of $363,860, and employing a capital of $196,380; six steam-engine and boiler factories, producing their manufactures to the amount of $16,700, and employing a capital of $7,000.

Besides these, are various establishments for the manufacture of hardware, comprised of ten scythe factories, annually making 127,632 scythes, to the value of $99,492; twenty-four axe factories, producing annually 220,590 axes, which are valued at $268,656; nine cutlery factories, yielding, in the value of the articles which they produce, the sum of $91,837; five factories for the manufacture of screws, producing 170,800 gross of those articles, to the value of $49,706; three establishments for the manufacture of butts and hinges, yielding 300,000 dozen of iron butts and hinges, to the value of $48,500; seven for the manufacture of latches and door handles, producing annually 40,100 dozen of latches and handles, which are valued at $169,500; seven for the manufacture of locks, yielding 56,200 dozen of locks, which are valued at $76,340; three for making tacks and brads, producing each year 190 tons of those articles, valued at $44,000; twenty-three factories for the manufacture of shovels, spades, forks, and hoes, producing an annual value of $29,468; forty factories for the manufacture of ploughs, where 12,453 ploughs are annually made, to the value of $50,435; and establishments for the manufacture of iron railings, safes, &c., wherein those products are yielded to the annual value of $21,700.

Beside the manufactures of iron, there is one copper factory, yielding annually 1,200,000 pounds of copper, which is valued at $275,000; fortyeight brass foundries, kettle and wire factories, producing in their manufactures the value of $1,126,494; twenty-three establishments for the manufacture of Britannia ware, yielding those products to the annual value of $145,157; forty-two for the manufacture of buttons, in which 698,500 gross of metal buttons, and 888,266 gross of other buttons are produced, the former valued at $377,330, and the latter at $51,432; one glass factory, the annual value of whose products is $10,800; and four chemical laboratories, the annual value of whose chemical preparations is $89,550.

Paper is likewise made to a considerable extent, there being within the bounds of the State, thirty-seven paper factories, using annually 13,541 tons of stock, and making 3,286 tons, or 166,160 reams, which are valued. at $1,186,302. There are, moreover, ten factories for the making of musical instruments, in which the annual amount of their products is $25,250; thirty-two clock factories, making annually 200,300 clocks, valued at $771,115; six for the manufacture of pins, in which 200,000 packs of pins are made each year, which are valued at $170,000; thirty-two shops for the manufacture of chronometers, watches, gold and silver ware, and jewelry, wherein those products are yielded to the annual amount of $206,770. There is also one brush factory, whose annual product is valued at $1,500.

The various articles required for ordinary and domestic use are likewise

manufactured by individuals throughout the State to a considerable extent. There are 139 saddle, harness, and trunk factories, the value of whose annual product is estimated at $547,990, and one where upholstery is annually made to the value of $2,623; 199 factories for the manufacture of hats and caps, where those are annually produced to the value of $915,806, and there are likewise here made 3,158 muffs, which are valued at $5,000; cordage to the annual value of $132,566, is here produced in thirteen factories devoted to this purpose; there is one card factory, which annually yields $12,000 worth of cards; one salt factory, where that product is yielded to the annual value of $15,000; 323 devoted to the manufacture of carriages and wagons, where those articles are annually made to the value of $1,222,091; four lead factories, producing this article to the yearly value of $75,600; four establishments for the manufac ture of sperm oil and candles, where those articles are yielded to the annual amount of 58,380 gallons of oil, valued at $39,900, and 34,885 pounds of sperm candles, valued at $8,608. 351,540 pounds of hard soap, and 3,756 pounds of soft soap, the annual value of both being estimated at $37,687, are produced in twenty-nine soap and tallow candle manufactories, which are devoted to this purpose. There are only three powder-mills in the State, producing 135,500 pounds of powder, which is valued at $15,125; seven manufactories of fire-arms, making 430 muskets, 4,045 rifles, and 14,000 pistols, the whole being valued at $155,825; 128 factories of chair and cabinet ware, producing a value of $318,201 yearly; 101 factories for the manufacture of tin, in which the value of $487,810 is yearly produced; thirty-seven comb factories, producing an annual value of $243,638; there are sixty tons of lead and other paints made, which are valued at $6,850; fifty tons of litharge, valued at $5,500; 1,832 tons of barytes, which are valued at $55,000; nine linseed oil mills, yielding annually 55,600 gallons of oil, which are valued at $39,120; one establishment for the manufacture of cotton gins, producing those articles annually to the value of $880; 114 flouring mills, manufacturing 63,730 barrels of flour each year, which are valued at $334,698; 187 tanneries, producing 535,036 tanned hides each year, the value of the leather which is manufactured, being $735,827. There are 360,379 pairs of boots annually manufactured within the State, and 6,800,372 pairs of shoes, the value of both being $1,741,920; 23,249,000 bricks, valued at $113,060; are also produced 26,162 straw hats, valued at $90,700; $609 worth of braid; 124,849 palm leaf hats, which are valued at $22,471; $83,890 worth of snuff, tobacco, and cigars; $330,023 being the value of the building stone that is quarried, and $64,276 being the value of the marble, curb and flagging stone made.

Besides the articles which we have enumerated, there are manufactured throughout the State, 27,500 casks of lime, which are valued at $27,273 ; the value of the iron ore mined is $44,500; the value of the whips made, is $3,931; blacking is produced to the value of $3,570 yearly; the value of the blocks and pumps is $23,510; mechanics' tools to the value of $154,980 are likewise manufactured; 526,111 gross of hooks and eyes are made, which are valued at $111,600; there is the value of $59,304 in wooden ware also made; 112,421 corn and other brooms produced, which are valued at $14,093; and 700 gross of steel pens, valued at $700; lumber to the amount of 21,977,955 feet is produced, and 206,463 cords of fire-wood are prepared for market. Ship-building has, moreover,

been prosecuted to some extent in the State, there being thirty-seven vessels annually built, comprising a tonnage of 7,226 tons, the whole being valued at $338,575; and there are, moreover, 454 boats built annually, which are valued at $22,770.

The consumption of oil, coal, &c., consumed in manufacturing, is considerable. It appears by the report, that there are consumed in the enterprise of manufacturing, 88,005 gallons of sperm oil, which are valued at $85,419; 43,053 gallons of whale oil, which are valued at $3,332, and 66,887 gallons of all other oil, which are valued at $43,860. The value of the coal which is consumed in the various factories, is also great. There are 24,770 tons of anthracite coal consumed, which are valued at $136,481; 4,432 tons of bituminous coal, which is mined in the United States, that are valued at $16,743, and 1,329 tons of foreign bituminous coal, which are valued at $9,071. The value of all the American products, excepting cotton, wool, and iron, which are consumed, is $721,315; and the value of all foreign products, excepting as above, which are consumed, is $303,258.

In considering the products of Connecticut, the next source of wealth to the State to which we would direct our attention, is the fishery. This profitable branch of enterprise is principally confined to that part of the State lying within the county of New London, and bordering Long Island Sound, and the Atlantic Ocean. The whale fishery was soon introduced into this part of the State, after it had obtained a firm footing in Massachusetts; and the adventurous mariners and fishermen of this section of the coast pushed their enterprises not only in the seal and whale fishery, but also in the shad, cod, mackerel, and other fisheries, with considerable success. There are now employed in the whale fishery, which is prosecuted in the particular part of the State to which we have alluded, 230 vessels, embracing a tonnage of 40,631 tons, producing 157,250 gallons of sperm oil, which are valued at $136,991; 2,600,528 gallons of whale and other oil, which are valued at $867,633; and 830,395 pounds of whalebone, which are valued at $299,694. There are, moreover, 143 vessels sent out from its shores, with a tonnage of 3,745 tons, taking yearly 19,106 barrels of mackerel and shad, which are valued at $198,127, codfish to the value of $12,027, and other fish to the value of $251,619.

We now come to the exhibition of the agricultural products of Connecticut, which are but small in amount when compared with the principal agricultural States of the Union. With the exception of the fertile tract which borders the Connecticut, the land yields but sparsely the products of tillage, and its industrious population look to other enterprises than the cultivation of the soil, as sources of their prosperity. In stock husbandry, there are within the bounds of the State, 31,108 Saxony sheep, 95,749 merino sheep, and 162,717 of all other kinds, the value of the whole being $315,004. There are 90,094 pounds of Saxony wool produced, 244,608 pounds of merino wool, and 514,486 pounds of all other wool, the value of all the wool being $306,290. The number of asses and mules is ninety-three, which are valued at $2,840; the number of horses 32,319, valued at $1,249,521; the number of neat cattle, 206,225, valued at $2,808,352; and the number of swine, 138,990, valued at $1,144,756.

The amount of cereal grains must, of course, bear a proportion to the measure of enterprise which is devoted to agriculture. There are but 1,570,825 bushels of Indian corn produced in the State, which are valued

at $1,183,159, and 32,338 bushels of wheat, which are valued at $38,633; 619,680 bushels of rye, valued at $495,080; 40,649 bushels of barley, valued at $26,835; 173,471 bushels of buckwheat, valued at $88,566 ; 1,358,266 bushels of oats, valued at $571,434; and 2,832,161 bushels of potatoes, which are valued at $1,115,367. Besides those products, there are 717,208 bushels of other esculents produced, which are valued at $181,387.

There are, moreover, eighteen tons of millet yielded in the State, which are valued at $249; 380,645 tons of hay, valued at $4,213,724; 60,600 pounds of flax, which are valued at $6,669; 2,009 bushels of fruit, valued at $294,026; and 4,521 pounds of hops, which are valued at $968. The State produces also a considerable quantity of tobacco, there being yielded annually 3,467,940 pounds of this product, which are valued at $243,805; there are likewise produced 606 pounds of raw silk, that are valued at $2,744; teazles to the number of 15,952,500, valued at $9,553; 6,031,481 pounds of butter, which are valued at $918,839; cheese to the amount of 5,286,020 pounds, which are valued at $344,451; honey to the amount of 110,331 pounds, and valued at $16,043; beeswax to the amount of 3,669 pounds, and valued at $1,441; charcoal to the amount of 4,122,263 bushels, and valued at $225,756; bark to the amount of 4,974 cords, which are valued at $21,800; beans to the amount of 8,719 bushels, which are valued at $11,155. There are 46,860 pounds of broom corn produced, and 2,729 bushels of broom corn seed, the value of which is $4,348. The number of shingles produced is 3,156,000, which are valued at $12,915; and the value of the miscellaneous articles that are manufactured and produced throughout the State is $4,472,300.

We have now concluded a statistical exhibition of the products of the State of Connecticut in their various branches, as shown by the accurate report which has been made under the sanction of the legislature, and when we consider the narrow extent of territory, and the comparative barrenness of the soil, we can hardly fail to be impressed with the fact, that the people of the State have directed their enterprises into the most available channels, and that they have secured the greatest benefits from the advantages which they possess. The general prosperity which here prevails, it will be easily perceived, is derived less from the natural resources of the State, than from the persevering industry which has applied itself to the most available objects of pursuit. Originally colonized from the bordering State of Massachusetts, its people possess all those persevering, industrious, and moral traits which characterized the earliest founders of New England. If they have not, from the want of local resources, been able to produce all the materials of labor, they have yet added to the solid value of these materials by their own industry, in converting them into new forms. Deprived, by the natural barrenness of their territory, of the motives to agricultural enterprise, they have ploughed almost every sea with the keels of their whaling ships, and reaped their harvest from the ocean. The architectural beauty of some of their principal cities, and many of their villages, gives evidence of their taste, and some of the most magnificent steamships which float upon the waters enter their ports. Although foreign importations were extensively prosecuted in the State, at an early period, yet this species of commercial enterprise has been more recently concentrated in the large cities; and the shipping that plies from her principal sea-port towns, not engaged in the whale fishery, is, in a

great measure, employed in the coasting trade. There is another circumstance which has contributed in no small degree to the prosperity of Connecticut, and that is, the modern system of rail roads which has been extended through the principal points of the interior, furnishing motives for travel, convenient channels of intercommunication, and safe avenues for the distribution of the products of the interior to their respective markets, as well as for the transportation of the various articles from abroad, to the numerous points in which they are required within its bounds.

Art. VI-COMMERCIAL SKETCHES OF SIERRA LEONE.

LOCATION AND POPULATION-MERCHANT SERVICE-ARTICLES OF IMPORT AND EXPORT-TRADING FACTORIES BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS-GERMAN HOUSES-AMERICAN CARGOES-TRADING WITH THE NATIVE KINGS-DANTAGA, OR ROYAL PRESENT-CURRENCY-AGRICULTURAL AND OTHER

PRODUCTS.

SIERRA LEONE is, it is well known, a colonial establishment of Great Britain, on the West Coast of Africa, consisting of a peninsula about twenty-five miles in length, North and South, washed by the Atlantic on the Northwest and South, and partly bounded on the East by a bay formed by the Sierra Leone River. It was founded as a colony as long ago as 1787. It had, in 1839, a population of 42,000, all black or colored, except about 100 Europeans. It is considered the most unhealthy situation in which Europeans have ever attempted to establish a settlement.

We give below some instructive and interesting extracts, derived from a work on the colony of Sierra Leone, preparing for press by Whitaker Shreeve, Esq., a six years' resident in the colony. The portions of the work which we lay before the readers of the Merchants' Magazine, treat of the commercial relations of Sierra Leone, its trade, imports, exports, customs, &c.

MERCHANT SERVICE.-Agreements with clerks are usually made in England, by the agent of the house, and are generally for three years, at a trifling salary, generally upon the following scale :-£40 for the first year, £60 and £80 for the second, and with board and lodging for the third, and a passage out. This very small allowance is soon found to be inadequate to the expenses incurred; and the termwhich is three years-is seldom completed. It would be much more to the interest of the merchant to allow a liberal salary-indeed, a man should be bribed to dare the climate; and, apart from other considerations, no less salary than £200 should be offered or accepted. The result of paltry remuneration is dissatisfaction with themselves and employers, and indifference to the business with which they are entrusted. I can honestly recommend the clerk, who is offered an engagement upon the present system, to sweep the streets of his native home rather than accept it, the proposition being £40 a year, for forty to one against his life, half of the chances against him arising from an approximation to starvation. And I can, with equal honesty, also recommend the merchant to pay liberally, or his interest will not be attended to; fair remuneration will secure attention. It is too much the custom for employers in the colony to send their newly-arrived clerks to superintend the loading and discharging of vessels at the town, and up the rivers and creeks. This occupation requires a constant exposure to the sun, or malaria from the mangrove bushes and decayed vegetation, from all of which he is liable to become attacked by fever, and the probability is that he never survives; and, should he battle it out, he is wrecked and debilitated for months, and is rendered of little service to himself, and none to his employer. No clerk should consent to go up the rivers or creeks until he has become seasoned to the climate by