l alone would make one a mere al alone makes one perilously al alone would make us mere ideals must be reconciled and places and proportions. erish its own distinctive ideal tional agencies to do the same er concessions to the rights of all have the perfect working of nd produce the symmetrically ing of History. NCELLOR, Bloomfield, N. J. ndents, grammar masters and tten upon arithmetic, language, thods of teaching history and who wish to inform themselves nd advanced theory must still nd views chiefly of college pro-r the relatively small number of ographe, and books by persons in elementary school historyd familiar and much to be reablication by Professor Bourne iversity of a book entitled The Civics in the Elementary and the worthy as another attempt by a lege teacher to do what in the -done entirely well by one not teaching. t I have emphasized the imporof how to teach and what to civil government in elementary of this book includes the For in plain matter of fact, istory in the elementary school ance than in any higher school. tory teaching is worse done in Ithan in the high school or o aspects the need of a good nd subject-matter in elementary History is taught in our lower less effectively than any other I geography its natural ally in a just and broad conception of wever, is not quite what its title re told in the preface that the better to comprehend the nature as a way of portraying the exThis aim discloses both that the history and that it is based on ition that every subject contains these principles it follows that to teach history is to become a tionably any educated person who ear of studious and systematic d become a competent scholar in nately this is exactly what the nnot do, for want of time and a teacher needs is a manual and be followed. If this book were an Teachers Series and presumafor the practical teacher's actual ke this criticism of what is esry carefully considered and alto Schools, The Value of History, The Aim in Teaching Civice, The Program for History, The Facts of Most Worth, The School and the Library, and Methods. If these chapters had been considerably expanded and if the early chapters in the second part which summarize general history had been reduced, the text would have been more practically useful to progressive teachers. I note, however, in even these best chapters of the book relatively far too much space devoted to secondary schools and too little to elementary schools. It is my firm conviction that when history has come to its rights and when wise methods and topics have been discovered and illustrated, it will be relatively more important in the elementary than in the secondary school. As I foresee the future, political economy, psychology, commercial geography, sociology, commercial law, ethics, and civil government are the subjects that will crowd history out of the secondary school and down into the elementary school. Obviously Dr. John Fiske, 1842-1901. Whose last work," New France and New England," has just been published by Houghton, Mifflin & Co. with our present text-books and popular conceptions of these subjects the process will be slow but it is already beginning. I am indeed inclined to think that even civil government properly taught is within the comprehension of grammar school pupils. The style of the author is clear and interesting. There has been rather careless proofreading of the letter press. So great is the number of references, so encyclopedic is the review of the life of mankind, so balanced, just and liberal is the philosophy embodied in the treatment that the book deserves a place in the library of every general scholar and of every special teacher of history. It is a compact book with value in every page, a serious book of elevated tone. As an exposition of history this book by Professor Bourne is of the first rank in its field. [Longmans, Green & Co, > state of New York employs over thirty-one and trained teachers at a cost of nearly thirty-five n dollars a year for educational purposes, sixchs of which sum is raised by local taxation. people have come to recognize that the education next generation can no longer be entrusted to isappointed in other professions, or women who id nothing better to do, or to those who desire to teaching a stepping-stone to some other and more ive profession, and so have made the profession aching independent, with laws and rules of its 3 the object of this article to give the teachers a exposition of the laws establishing and regulating chools in this state, and their rights and duties inder. constitution of this state provides in Art. IX., legislature shall provide for the maintenance and rt of a system of free common schools; wherein › children of this state may be educated." he capital of the different school funds shall be tively preserved inviolate, and neither the state ny subdivision thereof shall use its property or in aid of any school or institution of learning 7 or in part under the control of any religious deation." Sections 3.4, Art. 9. empts have been made from time to time by diflegislatures to authorize institutions of a charior educational nature to share in the distribution › common school funds, but these attempts were 3 frustrated, the courts declaring such laws untutional. charter of New York city provides for the collecf taxes of such sums of money as may be necesfor the conduct of the schools, as called for by the t adopted by the board of estimate and apportionand the board of aldermen. Section 1059. raised for the maintenance of schools." Section 10 for educational purposes and are apportioned to ea each year to be applied to the payment of teache county on or before the twentieth day of January salaries only, according to the following rule: To ea city, town, or school district having a population of thousand inhabitants which employs a school super tendent, $800; and in case any city is entitled to m than one representative in the state assembly, $500 each additional member. In addition to local taxes state taxes are also lev The balance of the state school money is divided in all the school districts, $100 to a district, and the two parts, one part of such remainder is divided amo maining half is apportioned among the cities and co ties according to population. All of these moneys payable on the first of April of each year to the treas ers of the several counties and the chamberlain of N York city. How Schools are Built. The general dissatisfaction with the length of ti necessary to the building of a school in this city is d to the many legal technicalities involved in condem tion proceedings, all of which must be strictly compl with before the title to the land can be taken from t property owners. The report of the local school board as to the nec sity of a schoo! and their recommendation of a si therefore, is the first step necessary to the building a school. After the report approved by the board education, maps, in duplicate, are prepared and filed the office of the board, as well as in the county cler office, and the whole matter is then referred to the boa of estimate and apportionment for its approval. If t last named board authorizes the building of the scho the corporation counsel files notice in the county cler missioners to estimate the value three discreet and disinterested ents of the borough where the located," and if the owners have mmissioners they are required to dings, hold meetings for the purmy as to their value and report to in six months. has power to confirm the report commissioners with instructions confirmed the decision is final as the land owners, except that en to the higher courts, which to decide. nd is finally vested in the city, the e superintendent of school build-he board of education. Bonds board of estimate and apportionfor by public advertisement, and ing the school is awarded to the be continued.) Legal Decisions. dby R. D. FISHER. m Nebraska Public Schools. and restrain teachers from reading hools in the state of Nebraska the er 10, held that the reading of the Deity, and singing of sacred songs he state is prohibited by the consti appeal from the district court of ng is a reversal of the lower court he opinion, voicing, they say in their lual wishes or opinions, but the plain written. t to Teach Not Binding. ence Circuit court, has made an imof Miss Frank Taylor against the g. Last fall the board passed a resoion to employ Miss Taylor to teach blic school. Later the personnel of nd another teacher was employed. against the school board, claiming ling Judge Ely decided that inasract was entered into between the t recovery could not be bad. Against the City of Buffalo. of Buffalo are wincing under a direct a child, which charge stands out est Lawn Cemetery, where, graven :ds: LE STURDEVANT, May 28, 1902. ge 6 years. isoning at School No. 35. le child was killed by vaccination, the city for damages. of the authorities has attracted offino means have been found by which To remove the stone. The members nly resent the charge, but say it of the city continually discussing of Lucille Sturdevant are receiving secution of their suit against the of a Town-School Trustee. Washington School, Second Floor, Evanston, Ill. Rel gious Belief Against Compulsory Education Law. A peculiar religious belief has come into conflict with the compulsory education law of Indiana. Freeman Keyser, a believer, is "laying out" a fine in jail. Keyser was fined $10 and costs for not sending his child to school. He refused to pay the fine or costs. The truant officer being advised against arresting the mother for not sending the child to school has asked the court for a mandate to compel the mother to turn the child over to him each day in order that he may take it to school. The truant officer seems determined that the peculiar religion shall not suspend the operations of the compulsory education law and the people are watching this case with much interest. Keyser, who is in jail, said: "God knows that it is not my object to break the law. I respect the law and its institutions so long as it does not conflict with the commands which come from heaven. But all the prison walls in this country could nɔt induce me to send my children to the public schools. The schools are a part of a system of hell, which is established on earth, and I and my good wife will fight to the bitter end every attempt which may be made by Satan to seduce our precious little children. I am not opposed to education. Both of my little girls can read and write and have their daily lessons in the different school branches regularly." Distribution of License Money in School Districts. 1. It is the plain meaning of Sec. 28, C. 80, Comp. St., 1901, that license moneys accruing in the various portions of school districts included in the corporate limits of a municipality, are to be distributed among said districts in proportion to the number of persons of school age in the whole of each district. They are not to be distributed merely in those portions of each district which are within the corporate limits. Such construction is not repugnant to the state constitution. 2 A village treasurer who distributes license moneys among the school districts in whole or in part within the corporate limits, in a different manner from that fixed by law, does so at his peril. The fact that his term of office has expired does not relieve him of the duty, and a writ of mandamus may be issued after such time has expired. Kans. Treasurer vs. State as mal Sabool District No 1 of Chan 0. upon the attention of all concerned-particularly en a new system is to be installed or an old one best system is that which makes the heat of the ce assist in moving the air of the building. Foul ay be used to supply the fire, when once it is d, and fresh air admitted thru the ordinary aperThe question is how to carry out these arrange1. It is necessary, of course, to distribute the ers or radiators, or both, at points which afford most desirable and equable diffusion of the heat. cannot be done by placing the warm air pipes at de or end, altho the actual heating may be conto one portion. common mistake is to have the furnace too small. ld weather it then becomes necessary to "force" eater (which is hurtful to it), while the air is ded at too high temperatures and gases are likely to wen off. The air supply is often deficient, or taken impure sources, such as a cellar or basement in drains are laid or traps placed. If there are unound air ducts, they should be perfectly lined with -vious material. If practicable, avoid horizontal altho these are as often met with as any are recommended for large school buildings on acc of the better distribution of the heat. The advan of hot water is that the circulation continues for time after the fire is put out; it is regular in ac and gives the most even temperature of all. But i ranging this system much is also left to chance. size of the radiators and coils and their positions ou at least, to be determined before the sizes of the are decided. Troubles with hot water apparatus usually arise inattention to such details as these, and to the am of heat required after allowance is made for wind walls, and ventilation. Often half as much hea absorbed by these means as is supplied to the part lar room. The loss is by radiation, conduction, convection. Drafty corridors and rooms, nume windows, cold floors and roofs, take a large percen of the heat, and this loss should be carefully estim before trying to find out what amount of radiator face is necessary to warm the air to a certain perature. The rules followed are often mislead owing to the factors used being being uncertain the velocities of air currents being neglected. It should be remembered that steam beating quires more constant attention than the hot water, radiating surfaces cool rapidly when the steam in boiler is reduced, and the supply of heat must be ulated and kept under control. The architect's at tention should be given to the position of the radiat which should be well fixed below the window openi or against the outer walls, so that the warm air may diffused over the room. The air-ducts and flues sho be so placed that the air supply can be thoroly un control. Current progress in heating construction cons principally in the fact that detailed investigation careful planning are gradually taking the place of ual inspection and a general notion of the subject, the part of school boards. It is the only way to sec satisfactory results. Heating a school is necessarily economical problem. Answers to stated propositi must be in exact terms, or something is sacrificed. dispose of the whole matter simply by the provision surplus heat is perhaps the easiest way for the ti being; but the cost of this method is plainly shown the coal expense. If, on the other hand, there is little heat, there is la of comfort and who sale condemnation of concerned, from jani to school board. Betwe the upper and net millstones, the only s way is to be absolut right. The system lected must operate der all circumstances a satisfactory and e nomical manner. Th requirements emphas the advantage of findi out and holding to sci tific heating methods. The Annual Christm number of THE SCHO JOURNAL will be issu under date of Novemb any, New York, have issued a new mological supplies and books which nds of every teacher of natural only in perfect specimens and firstinstruments, and supplies. Special s or duty free importations for ums are furnished while the whole ns to have been called upon for speIl be promptly answered. any, New York, who have acquired tnam Company, have issued a very al works lately published by them. Eer of these books suggest all that ught and practice, whether for the college, or the private individual. nd their full catalog and price-lists n. ad, New York, are always to the physical apparatus that they superest in the science branches, not ot a sufficient outfit of apparatus, ed is totally inadequate and unsuited It is far wiser to get only what is e that this is of the best material make an investment of a large supd then to find out its worthlessness. the best at rational prices. The be found in the vast business that g with material many of the best nber of the leading physical and e states, in which the very highest iginal and far-reaching research. ratus are many new and valuab e intical work. rd, of the Bureau of Academic Cosa large variety of fabrics for stuThere are twenty-one kinds and fabrics at very reasonable prices, rade proves the worthiness of work. easurements can easily be taken at , with convenient methods of payinformation. the inventor of a simple hand loom at advantage in the New York va. The loom stands on an ordiuary as usual, a heddle bar holds the ld passing the shuttle to and fro 's simplicity makes it useful in the Wash-rags, covers, mats, slippers or made. The loom is simple in congether by the pupil. Design, color y are taught in a most pleasurable report a great The Densiогe iуpewriter business. The MacDonald Business College in Milwaukee has ordered sixty of the latest model and the business college of Indianapolis thirty-three. Mr. Vories, who is at the head of this college, was formerly superintendent of schools in Indianapolis. The Blickensderfer typewriter has one quality that makes it specially useful: it is a portable machine. On the train or boat, or wherever it may be, it is always ready for use without being cumbersome. The Blickensderfer has stood the test of the Soudan war and was constantly used by Mr. Lionel James, one of Reuter's special correspondents. Many of the leading teachers have it for their special use. The Ogden Manufacturing Company, makers of the wellknown door checks, who affiliated this spring with the Reading Hardware Company, Pennsylvania, have had a material increase in their business. The larger shops they now have make it possible to fill their orders more rapidly and to avoid delays which were almost unavoidable in the old factory at Newark. Mr. Ogden personally sees to the installation of the checks, which is an assurance of satisfaction. Spencerian pens have won their fame by their merit. The title has been identified with progress for a generation or more, and the care and attention paid to every detail of their manufacture show that it is the intention of the Spencerian Pen Company to keep up their well-earned reputation. This company also manufactures the Eclectic pen which they have brought up to the high standard of their other products. Peckham, Little & Co., New York, report that they have been having a very busy season, working day and night to keep up with their orders. Their special pads are a feature that they have been having large orders for. The Rolfe Shakespeare, edited by Dr. W. J. Rolfe, has been used in the large schools and colleges for many years. A very attractive edition in limp olive green leather has just been issued, giving us a book suitable not only for the school but also for the library. The text and interesting wood-cuts are preserved, and the notes, critical and explanatory, for which this edition is justly famous, remain intact. (The (Baker & Taylor Company, New York.) J. Fischer & Bro., New York, have issued in two books a series of action songs, humorous choruses, and musical tableaux for boys and girls. These volumes have met with a large sale and contain some very acceptable music and words, suited to young children as well as to the older ones. They are graded and some of the harder pieces will give every opportunity for careful work. In Indiana and neighboring states there is found a species of limestone from which an Indiana chemist extracts a mineral wool, fireproof, a non-conductor, and impervious to heat. cold, or water. At present the chief defect for its best results in a loom is the shortness of the fiber, -a defect however that it is hoped soon to remedy. The new material is said greatly to resemble genuine wool, and will be especially useful in the weaving of carpets, where wear and tear and fireproof qualities count for so much. Mr. Frederick W. Coburn, well known as a contributor to THE SCHOOL JOURNAL and Educational Foundations, author of "Rural School Buildings," and "School Decoration," published by E. L. Kellogg & Company, will start in the January number of the National Magazine a series of illustrated articles on 'Art Movements of To-day." He will show how present conditions in the United States are slowly preparing for a great democratic art, one worthy to find its place in the school community of the future. 66 |