tion of public works, recognition of unions and settlement of disputes by arbitration. Thousands of men have been lifted to a living wage, and relieved of the fear of capricious dismissal. (6) Greater regard for the safety, health and comfort of the public in the operation of trams. (7) Economies through co-ordination of departments and industries, lower rates of interest, better paid and more efficient employees, etc. (8) The appointment of expert managers who operate the roads, not for private profit but for the public service, and who have obtained a high degree of economy and efficiency, and in spite of increased wages, shortened hours and reduced fares, have made large profits for the people. (9) A policy of keeping capital down to structural value, writing off full depreciation, and clearing off loan capital within a moderate period. (10) Full publicity of costs and values and all the inside facts of the business, making a solid foundation for the regulation of rates and capitalization and for true estimates of structural value in case of public or private purchase. (11) A flexibility and progressiveness much greater than the British cities secured under the leasing system or the franchise for a limited term. The public which wants the improvements has now the direct and complete control and can have the improvements it wants when it wants them. Every citizen is a critic and every member of council, and all the critics are part owners who have much more weight with the management to secure improvements in the service they suggest, than the common people had or have with the private managements. (12) Diffusion of benefit and prevention of the evils that grew out of the control of public service monopolies in private interest and the consequent antagonism of interest between the owners and the public. (13) An increase of social and political efficiency through identification of the interests of former company owners with the interests of the general public, the widening of the sphere for civic activity and the development of civic pride and patriotism. A civic co-partnership or co-operation of all for the common benefit is regarded in England as a superior relationship to the co-operation of a few for the exploitation of the rest. Better institutions do not change at once the habits and characters of men, but in the long run they develop a new type of character adapted to and in harmony with the new institutions. Great Britain is already realizing in some degree the advantages of the new civic spirit, which is due in part at least to the development of public operation of public utilities. (14) A care for the cleanliness and beauty of grounds, buildings and cars, which in the best systems has gone so far in the recognition of the esthetic element in business as to abolish advertisements from the cars. (15) A change of fundamental aim and purpose from private profit to public service; from dividends for a few to benefit for all; from management in the interest of part of the people to management in the interest of the whole people. (16) An improvement in the attitude of remaining private managements toward the public and in the service they render, owing in large part to the stimulus of municipal example, the pressure of public opinion enlightened and educated by the results of municipal operation, and the fear of compulsory purchase in case of serious dissatisfaction.
The cities and towns that have not municipalized their street railways have nevertheless received large benefits from the growth of municipal operation. They are not satisfied, however, with reflected benefits, and continue to municipalize the tramways as the leases fall in or the franchise terms expire. The general opinion in Great Britain appears to be that even a company tramway so well conducted as to escape complaint or positive dissatisfaction would still be inferior to a well-managed public system for the reasons already stated in the earlier part of this examination. The history of the municipal ownership movement in Great Britain proves that the people want direct. continuous, and complete control of the public streets and all monopoly uses of them. And they want the profits of the public service monopolies to be devoted to lowering fares and charges, relief of rates, improvement of service and paying off the capital.
Accidents: payment of medical expenses
of tramway employees, 574.
Accident benefits: to workmen, 91-8; re-
quired by law, 91-2; of trade unions, 93.
Accounts: audit of gas, by cities, 147-8;
systems and audit of, gas works, 215-16;
electric works, 346; tramways, 451-3;
electric works, kept separate from
others, 317; reliability of municipal,
658, 665-6.
Advertising on tramway cars: 468, 704;
abolishing of, in Glasgow, 728.
Air: mixed with gas, 189.
Alexander, Hugh: Convener of Glasgow
tramways Committee, election to coun-
cil, 23.
Ammoniacal liquor: made by gas works,
224.
Amendment power of Parliament over
charters: gas companies, 132; electric
companies, 265; tramway companies,
Annuities: issued by Glasgow for pur-
chase of gas company, 636.
Appraisal: gas plants, 185; electric
plants, 314; tramway plants, 464-5.
Area of supply: gas works, population of,
129-30, 135-6; electric works, 203, 269-71:
tramways, 416, 424.
Assessments,
works, 519.
special: public service
Assets: gas works, 233-8; electric works,
370-5; Manchester tramways, 396; tram-
ways, 499-505.
Audit of accounts: gas works, 147-8,
215-16; electric works, 282-3; tramways,
411, 481-3; public service works, 630;
reliability of municipal, 658, 690.
Avebury, Lord: remarks at London hear-
ing, 678 et seq.
Badges and uniforms: gas employees,
204; electric, 333, 565; tramway, 473, 574.
Baker, J. Allen: remarks at London
hearing, 618 et seq.; reports on Amer-
ican and English tramways, €62.
Battersea. Eng.: electric supply in, 688-9.
Beal, Alderman: attitude of, as company
and city tramway manager, toward
profits, 715-16.
Belfast Tramway Co.: see also tramways;
extensions, 704-5; reductions in fares,
706-9: traffic, 709-10.
Bellamy, C. R.: statement as to gain to
Liverpool tramway employees through
municipal ownership. 739.
Bemis, Edward A.: remarks at London
hearings, 655 et seq.
Benefits D workmen: sick and death,
88-9: pensions, 89-91; accident, 91-8;
death, 97.
Benefit associations of employees: gas
works, 558; electric works, 566; tram-
ways, 575.
Bibliography on history and legislation:
gas works, 113-15; electric works, 248-50;
tramways, 383-7; on taxation of gas,
electric and tramway undertakings, 316,
Bicycles used by employees: gas works,
5.9; electric works, 568; tramways, 573
Eilis: collection of, by gas works, 215;
electric works, 345-6; not liens on prop-
erty, 215, 345.
Bills, private: Parliamentary charges on,
518-23.
Birmingham Gas Light and Coke Co.:
history and municipalization of, 116-18.
Birmingham and Staffordshire Gas Light
Co.: history and municipalization of,
116-18.
Birmingham municipal gas works: see
also Gas Works: Councillors, 8; labor
councillors, 61; Gas committee: member-
ship of, 11-12; length of service on, 13;
National politics and council commit-
tees. 14; Rate-payers' association, 17;
Unions of employees: 41, 47-8; Wages:
Ininimum standard required in con-
tract work, 63; minimum wage, 67-8;
wages paid, 99, 100, 101, 112; higher,
promised by candidates, 555; payment
for overtime, 556; vacations with pay,
557, 592-3; work and, of employees, 585-
93; Gas workers' contract, 75; Benefits:
mutual sick and death, 88, 89; sick leave,
557; local benefit associations, 558; Pen-
sions, 89, 151-2, 558; Hours of labor,
102; Date of origin of company and
rounicipalization, 115; Changes in owner-
ship, 116-18; Public sentiment toward,
128, 129; Population and area supplied,
129-30: Competition with electric works,
130: Powers:
issue securities for
works, 130; of city to tax for works,
130. 131: procedure to construct or
acquire works, 131-2; to construct works
on property owned, 133; to purchase
plants, 133: no right of eminent
domain, 133; power to lay mains in
streets, 133-4; to operate plants, 134-5;
Purchase of plants, 135; Area to be
served, 135-6; Extensions of mains, 137;
Prices: 138; changes in, 1900-06, 213, 214;
at municinalization, 214; charges and
rents, 209-12; for connections. 212;
street lighting, 225; Service: statutory
provisions on. 139-40: tests by other than
city authorities, 140; interruptions of,
195: Issuance of bonds, 142: Use of in-
come. 143-1; Sinking funds: 145; charges
to, 219, 220; Accounts: audit of, 147-8,
630; system and audit of, 215-16; pro-
vision for charging items to proper, 216;
not charged with gas used, 217; charged
with taxes, insurance, rents, etc.. 216-17;
sundry expenses not charged, 220; sun-
dry credits not made, 221; Taxes: ex-
penses for public lighting charged to,
154; payments in aid of, 219; income tax
assessment, 531, 532; income tax pay-
ments, 533; local taxes, 547; Control by
other than city authorities, 159; Pro-
cess used and daily capacity, 162;
Purification. 162; Description of plant,
163-5; Distribution system: 181; Holders
and mains, 183; Meters and services:
183-4; tests of meters, 187-8; Apparatus
rented, 184; Appraisal of plant, 185;
Output, 186; No free service, 186; Con-
sumption, 186, 187; Means to extend
business, 188-9; Air mixed with gas,
189; Candle power tests, 189-91; Candle
power, 190-1; Calorific value, 191; Purity,
192; Chemists and laboratories, 192;
Engineering tests, 193; Pressures and
tests, 193-5; Extensions: making of, 195,
196-7; are adequate, 195; made during
year, 196; petitions for, 196; beyond city
limits, 197; payment for, 212; Street
Work done by contract, 197; restoration
of street service after opening, 198; per-
mits for, 199; use of water in puddling
ditches, 198; care of trenches, 198; Ser-
vices: improvement of, prior to paving,
199; maps of, 199; pipes run only when
required, 206; record of, by date in-
stalled, 207; Underground structures:
determination of location of, 199; pro-
tection of, 205; Materials: placing of
orders for, 200, 201; advertisement of
contracts, 200; supplying by public
officials, 200; local dealers favored, 200;
Condition of equipment, 201, 202; Con-
dition of plant, 202; Ventilation, 202;
Business offices, 202; Handling of com-
plaints, 203, 204; Badges and uniforms,
204; Attendance of employees at fires.
205; Reports of operation to manager,
205; Tools and their care, 206; Attention
to orders to turn on gas, 206; Regula-
tions on entrance into consumers'
houses, 207; Inspection of work in con-
sumers' houses, 207; Collection of bills,
215; Depreciation: charges for, 217;
charging of, 637, 638; Reserve fund, 218,
643-4; Storeroom account. 222; Interest
rates less than of companies, 222; Li-
abilities: cancelled, 222; analyzed, 234,
239, 240-1; Records kept of expenditures
for construction, 222-3: Coal used, 223;
Water used, 223; Enrichers, 223; By-
products, 224; Lamps: public lighting.
225; ownership of posts, 225; care and
maintenance of, 225; Budgets, 225-6;
Capital: amount and issue of loan, 227;
securing of working, 230; cash, raised,
232-3; Assets: 234; analyzed. 234, 235;
determination of value of, 238; Profits:
analysis of revenue accounts, 242, 243,
244; profit and loss account, 245; disposal
of net, 246; Employees: morale and dis-
cipline of, 204; selecting and discharg-
ing, 554; length of service of, 554, 555;
cannot hold office, 555; number of, 556;
payment of, 559: settlement of griev-
ances, 593; Official organization of
works: 552-5; chief executive officer and
length of service, 552, 553; head of en-
gineering service, 553; titles and salaries
of 10 highest paid subordinates, 553;
Political conditions in works, 555; Gen-
eral labor matters. 555-60; age restric-
tions, 555; distribution of positions
among needy, 555; surety bonds
quired. 557,558; technical instruction and
attendance at technical meetings, 558,
559; welfare work, 559; bicycles used,
559; Number injured or killed, 560;
Payment for goodwill at purchase of
plant, 636.
Birmingham Municipal Tramways: see
also tramways; hours and wages, com-
pany and city, 711-12; political condi-
tions, 716.
Board of Trade: supervision of gas works,
133, 148; electric works, 286-7, 288-90;
tramways, 448, 449-50; action in case of
non-use of powers of municipalities,
653; granting powers of operation to
public service works, 679-80.
Bonds: statutory provisions on issue of,
by gas works, 142-3; electric works,
278-9; tramways, 437-8.
Bonds, surety of employees: tramways,
77, 574; gas works, 557-8; electric works,
565.
Bonuses: granted to workmen of City of
London electric co., 610-12.
Borrowing: by public service undertak-
ings, 632-3.
Bristol Tramway Co.: see also tramways;
extensions, 704-5; reductions in fares,
706-9; traffic, 709-10; capitalization in ex-
cess of assets, 717; right of city to pur-
chase, 717.
Brush Electrical Engineering Co.: history
of, 256-7.
Budgets: of gas works, 225-6; of electric
works, 360.
Buses, motor: competition with trams, 661.
By-products: of gas works, 223-4.
Calorific value: of gas, 191-2.
Candle power: statutory provisions on,
139-40; of gas supplied, 189-91, 190-1.
Capital: Share, of gas works, 226-33;
electric works, 360-2; tramways, 491;
companies, 631-2; Loan, of gas works,
226-33; electric works, 362-4; tramways,
491-4; repayment by municipalities,
634-6; Working, of gas works, 230-2;
electric works, 364-8; tramways, 494-7;
Cash, of gas works, 232-3; electric works,
368-9; tramways, 497-8; Capital ac-
count. Manchester tramways, 1876-96,
396; Raising of, by tramways, 493; Pref-
erence, of companies, 631; Ordinary,
of companies, 631; Subscribed capital,
632; Capital outlay, 637; Excess, Lon-
don tramways, 650: Difficulty of
securing, by companies because of un-
certain tenure, 683; of tramways in ex-
cess of assets, 717-18.
Cars. tramway passenger: 460-1; con-
dition of, 467; advertising on, 468; work-
men's cars, company and city, 712-13.
Car service, tramways: 466, 467.
Car sheds, tramways: 461-2.
Central Electrical Supply Co.: see
also Electric Works; Wages: of fire-
men, 110, 111; fitters, 112; all work-
men, 607; Does not distribute current,
250; Organization, 258, 265; Sentiment
toward, 258, 259; Charter perpetual, but
subject to Parliament. 265; Powers: to
acquire works, 265, 266; to lay mains
in streets, 266; of city to purchase,
267-8, 269; Area to be served, and
population, 271; Statutory provisions:
plant and equipment, 271-3, 274; exten-
sion of mains, 274-5; prices, 275-7; ser-
vice, 277-8; issue of securities, 278-9;
audit of accounts, 283; publicity of
records, 283: Supervision: by central
authorities, 286-90; by city, 290-1; Year
covered by investigation, 292, 339: Gen-
erating stations, 306-7; Distribution
system, 307, 310; Methods of supplying
current, 312;
Steam plant, 312;
Dynamos, 313; Appraisal of plant, 314;
Meters, services, consumers, 315; Cur-
rent generated. 315; current sold and
consumed, 316; Daily capacity, 316;
Owns all conduits used, 317: Plant
adequate, 329; condition of plant and
equipment, 331; Prices, 341, 342; changes
in prices, 1900-6, 345; Accounts: system
and audit of, 316; proper charging of
items to, 317: audit of, 630; Deprecia-
tion: funds, 349; charging of, 638, 642;
Reserve fund, 355; Storeroom account,
357: Interest rate compared with city's,
357: Sinking fund unapplied, 357; Ex-
penditures: records of, on construction
work, 357; analyzed, 379, 380; Budget,
360; Capital: share, 360, 362: loan, 362,
363-4; working, 268; cash, 368-9: Assets:
370;
375;
and outlay analyzed, 370,
Liabilities; 370; and funds analyzed,
376; Revenue account, 378; Profit and
loss account, 381; disposal of net profit,
382; Taxes: local, 548; income tax as-
sessment, 531, 532; income tax payments,
533: Workmen, hours, wages, and
holidays, 607; Owned by St. James and
Westminster electric companies, 636.
Central Tramways Co.: sale of, to Dublin
United Tramways Co., 412.
Chamberlain, Joseph: advocated munici-
pal ownership in Birmingham, 116-17.
Charleton, Charles: remarks at London
hearing, 678 et seq.
Chemical works: of Glasgow, 128.
Chemical laboratories: of gas works, 192.
Chemists: employed by gas works, 192.
Cities, British: See individual plants
located in; Labor and Politics in, 1 ff;
Suffrage in, 1-7: Councillors, 7-10;
Council committees: 11-14: effect of
national politics on membership of,
13-14: Citizens' associations, 14-17;
Municipal employment, 17 ff.; Commit-
tee control of works of, 17: Unions of
employees: 36; methods of dealing with,
36: causes for disagreements with, 64:
Wage standards in, 99; Slowness of
business interests in, to adopt inven-
tions. 662-3; Public-spirited business
men in, 663-4; density of population, 719
Citics. United States: promptness of
business interests in, to adopt inven-
tions, 662-3: lack of public-spirited
business men in, 662; density of popula-
tion. 719 note.
Citizens' associations: 14-17; opposition to
municipal activities of Glasgow, 730-1.
City and Suburban Gas Co. (Glasgow):
history and municipalization of, 119-21.
Clark, W. J.: remarks at London hear-
ing, 681 et seq.
Clark, Walton: remarks at London hear-
ings, 650 et seq.
Clerks, Association of Municipal Corpo-
ration: influence on securing powers by
companies, 665-5; opposition to private
ownership, 680.
Coal used: gas works, 223; electric works,
358; tramways, 490.
Coke: made by gas works, 224.
Commons, John R.: report on Labor and
Politics, 1 ff., 550 ff.; remarks at Lon-
don hearing. 683 et seq.
Companies, private: see individual com-
panies; loan debts of, 632; constitution
and management of, 628-9.
Companies' Acts, 1862-1900: Companies in-
corporated under: 629; share capital of,
631-2.
Competition: between gas and gas and
electric works, 129, 130; of electric
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Construction, powers of: gas works, 133,
229; electric works, 266; tramways, 418,
419.
Consumption: gas, 186, 187; electricity,
315-17.
Contracts: With workmen, 69-82; breach
of, by an employee formerly a criminal
offence, 69-70; Statutory provisions: on
letting of, for gas works, 140-1; electric
works, 278; tramways, 436; on per-
formance of public work by, gas works,
140; electric works, 326; Street work
done by. gas works, 197-8; electric
works, 326; tramways, 470; Advertise-
ment of, by gas works. 200; electric
works. 328; tramways, 471-2; Of elec-
tric companies for public lighting,
358-9.
Co-partnership: see Profit-sharing.
Corruption: by private interests opposing
municipal ownership, 653-4.
Councils, city: committees of, 11-14; con-
trol of, by municipal employees, 690-1.
Councillors: 7-10; three. merabers of
board of directors of Sheffield gas co.,
45; labor, 61-2; may hold other public
office, 552, 560, 569.
Crawford, Norman McD.: report on tram-
way engineering matters, 453 ff.
Current, electric: methods of supplying,
311-12; consumption of, 315-17; orders
to turn on, promptly attended to, 336;
used in works not charged, 347; gen-
erated, bought and used by tramways,
466.
Dalrymple, James, Manager Glasgow
tramways: contract, 17-18; appointment,
Damages for injury: by gas works. 148,
149-51: electric works, 283; tramways,
445, 579; cities favored by legislation
as to suits for, 694.
Davies, Dixon H.: letter opposing mu-
nicipal trading, 694 ff.
Debts, loan: of private undertakings, 632;
municipalities, 632-3, 634-6.
Deficits: power of cities to tax for, 130.
Deposits by customers: gas works, 138-9;
electric works, 340, 341.
Depreciation: of tramways, 433: Glasgow
municipal tramways, 1904-5, 483-5; pro-
vision for. all works. 637-42: London
C. C. and London United tramways,
666.
Depreciation funds: see also Reserve
Funds; Statutory provisions on, 144-5;
Payments to, by gas works. 217-20:
electric works, 347-9: tramways, 483-7;
need for, by Newcastle Supply com-
pany, 668.
Direct employment: No statutory pro-
visions on doing public work by, 140;
Street work done by, gas works, 197-8;
electric works, 326: tramways, 470.
Discounts: Gas works: statutory pro-
visions on, 138-9: allowed by. 209-10;
Electric works: statutory provisions on,
275-7; allowed by, 340, 341.
Disfranchisement: of workmen in county
of London, 2-3; voters receiving aid from
Board of Guardians, 3-4; wage earners,
5; classes disfranchised, 6; of municipal
employees, 666, 691.
Distribution systems: gas works, 181-4:
electric works, 307-12; tramways, 458-9.
Dividends, statutory provisions on: gas
works, 146-7; electric works, 281-2;
tramways. 440.
Donald, Robert: remarks at London hear-
ing, 648 et seq.
Drafting rooms: gas works, 206; electric
works, 335; tramways, 474.
Droylsden Gas Co.: purchase of, by Man-
chester, 116.
Dublin and District Tramwaymen Union:
Dublin Southern District Tramways Co.:
history and consolidation with Dublin
United Tramways Co., 412-13.
Dublin United Tramways Co.: see also
Tramways; Organizations of employees,
51, 577; not opposed to, 577; Surety bonds
required of employees, 77, 574; Work-
men's contract. 80; Wages: 107, 108,
109, 625-7; of firemen, 110, 111; fitters,
112; payment and fixing of, 574, 576;
equal to union rates, 576; Hours of
labor, 107, 108, 109, 625-7: no legal
maximum of, 573; Date of beginning
operation, 388; Early history and
changes in ownership, 412-13; Sentiment
toward, 414; Competing tramways, 415;
Population: of city, 416; of area of
supply, and mileage, 424; Incorporation:
date and place of, 417; method of. 418;
duration of, 418; Parliament, power to
amend charter, 418; Powers: to build
on property owned, 418; to lay tracks
in streets, 419; of operation, 419; pur-
chase of plants, 418, 420-2, 423; no right
of eminent domain, 418; Statutory
provisions: size and location of plants,
424: nature of plant and equipment,
424-5, 426-9; extensions and improve-
ments, 429; fares, 429, 430. 431, 433-4,
435; service and inspection. 435-6;
issuance of stock, 436; bonds, 438; divi-
dends, 440; compensation for franchises,
440, 443; audit, 444; publicity of reports
and records, 445; enforcement of, 446-7;
Supervision: by central authorities,
447-50; local authorities, 450-1, 452; re-
sistance to, 452; Year covered by in-
vestigation, 453, 475; Generating sta-
tions, 455, 456; Substations, 457-8; Un-
derground and overhead equipment,
459; Horses, 460; Passenger cars: 460,
461; condition of. 467; advertising in,
468; Car sheds, 461, 462; Repair shops,
462; Track and paving, 462-3; Mileage,
464: Appraisal of plant. 464-5; Current
data, 466: Passenger data, 466, 476-7,
709-10; Car service, 466-7; Transfers, 467;
Care of equipment, 472, 473, 474; Engin-
eering tests. 468; Extensions, 468, 469,
470. 704-5: Street work, 470, 471; Sup-
plies, purchase of, 471, 472; Badges and
uniforms. 473, 574: General matters, 473,
474; Fares: 475, 476; reductions in, 706-9;
Traffic receipts, 478; Freight service, 479;
Express service, 479. 734-6; Mail service,
480; Accounts: system of, 481, audit,
482, 630; charging of particular items,
482, 483; services not credited, 489; De-
preciation and reserve funds, 486-7;
charging of depreciation, 640: Store-
room account. 490; Interest rate com-
pared with city's, 490; Coal used, 490;
Water used, 491; Capital: share, 491-2;
loan, 492; raising of, 493-4; working,
496, 497; cash, 497-8; Assets: 499; and
outlay analyzed, 499, 504-5; Liabilities:
499; and funds analyzed, 506, 507; Rev-
accounts, 509; Expenditures
analyzed, 510, 512-13; Profit and loss
account, 514, 515; Taxes: income tax
assessment, 532; payment, 533; local,
548; Official organization: 569 ff.; hold-
ing of other offices by councillors, 569;
chief executive officers, 569; head of
engineering service, 570; Employees:
selecting and discharging, 570, 571;
length of service and promotion, 571;
no citizenship or age restrictions, 571;
Free service, 572; Labor matters:
572 ff.; overtime, vacations and sick
leave, 573, 574; payment of medical ex-
penses of injured employees, 574; free
service to employees, 575; benefit asso-
ciations and welfare work, 575; laws
relating to labor enforced, 577; em-
ployees generously treated, 577; tech-
nical instruction and attendance at
technical meetings, 578; Number in-
jured or killed, 578, 579; Settlement of
claims for damages. 579; Workmen,
hours and wages, 625-7; Workmen's cars
and fares, 712, 713.
Duration of incorporation of companies:
gas, 132; electric, 265; tramways, 418.
Dynamos: electric works, 313; tramways,
456.
Edinburgh Tramway Co.: see also tram-
ways; extensions, 704-5; reductions in
fares. 706-9; traffic, 709-10.
Electric works: See also individual elec-
tric works; Reports on: Labor and
Politics, 1 fi., 560-9, 593-4; 603-12;
History and Legislation, 248 ff.; En-
gineering Matters, 292 ff.; Financial
Matters, 339 ff., 628 et seq.; Taxation,
516 et seq.; Organization of employees
in, 52-6; Wages in, 110-11; Competition
with gas works, 130; Financial powers
of municipalies as to, 264-5; Public sup-
ervision of, 265-91; Assessment for in-
come tax, 527; Valuation for taxation,
543-5; Owned and operated by limited
companies, 629; Cost of operation and
price of output of public and private,
compared, 673-5.
Electrical Trades Union: organizations
of, 52; official organ of, and socialistic
propaganda, 53-5; sick benefits of, 88.
Eminent domain, power of: gas works,
133; electric works, 265; tramways, 418.
Employees: Organizations of, 36 ff.; Stat-
utory provisions as to pensions, 151-3;
Morale and discipline of: gas works,
201; electric works, 333-4; tramways,
473; Gas works employees, 556; Electric
works, 563; Tramways, 572, 577; see also
Employees, municipal.
Employees, municipal: wages, 38, 39;
organizations of, 41-2; sce also Em-
ployees.
Employers' liability: Negligence of em-
ployees does not affect, 91; Legislation
on: 91; gas works, 149-51: electric
works, 283; tramways, 415; Contract to
relieve of, void, 93; Agreements as to,
permitted if not unfavorable to work-
men. 93-4.
Employment of workmen: gas works,
554-5; electric works, 561-2; tramways,
570-1; Glasgow tramways, 727-8; see also
Municipal Employment.
Engineers: Amalgamated Society of, 52,
55-6, 112; Northern United Association
of, 54: salaries under public and private
ownership, 663.
Engineering matters, reports on: gas
works, 162 ff.; electric works, 292 ff.;
tramways, 453 ff.
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