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viction within two years from the last conviction for that offence not less than one pound. Provided that an indicator shall not be deemed false if it complies with the requirements of this section.

(3) If any one engaged as a worker in a factory, having received any such particulars, whether they are furnished directly to him or to a fellow-workman, discloses the particulars for the purpose of divulging a trade secret, he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds.

(4) If any one for the purpose of obtaining knowledge of or divulging a trade secret solicits or procures a person so engaged in a factory to disclose any such particulars, or with that object pays or rewards any such person, or causes any such person to be paid or rewarded for disclosing any such particulars, he shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds.

(5) The Secretary of State, on being satisfied by the report of an inspector that the provisions of this section are applicable to any class of non-textile factories, or to any class of workshops, may, if he thinks fit, by Special Order, apply the provisions of this section to any such class, subject to such modifications as may in his opinion be necessary for adapting those provisions to the circumstances of the case. He may also by any such order apply those provisions, subject to such modifications as may, in his opinion, be necessary for adapting them to the circumstances of the case, to any class of persons of whom lists may be required to be kept under the provisions of this Act relating to outworkers, and to the employers of those persons.

Again, under Section 117 every Act for the time being in force relating to weights and measures is to extend to weights, measures, scales, balances, steelyards, and weighing-machines used in a factory or workshop in checking or ascertaining the wages of any person employed therein, in like manner as if they were used in the sale of goods, and as if the factory or workshop were a place where goods are kept for sale, and every such Act is to apply accordingly, and every inspector of, or other person authorised to inspect or examine weights and measures, is to inspect, stamp, mark, search for, and

examine the said weights and measures, scales, balances, steelyards, and weighing-machines accordingly, and for that purpose is to have the same powers and duties as he has in relation to weights, measures, scales, balances, steelyards and weighing-machines used in the sale of goods.

'Particulars' elsewhere than in Textile Factories.-The Secretary of State, on being satisfied by the report of an inspector that the provisions given above are applicable to any class of non-textile factories, or to any class of workshops other than men's workshops, may, if he thinks fit, by Special Order, apply those provisions to any such class, subject to such modifications as may in his opinion be necessary for adapting those provisions to the circumstances of the case. He may also by any such Order apply those provisions, subject to such modifications as may, in his opinion, be necessary for adapting them to the circumstances of the case, to any class of persons of whom lists may be required to be kept under the provisions of the Act relating to outworkers (see p. 194), and to the employers of those persons.

By an Order made in 1898, the provisions set out above were applied without modification to the class of textile workshops in which is carried on the preparing, manufacturing, or finishing, or any process incident to the manufacture of cotton, wool, hair, silk, flax, hemp, jute, tow, China grass, cocoanut fibre, or other like material, either separately or mixed together, or mixed with any other material or any fabric made thereof, provided that print works, bleaching and dyeing works, lace warehouses, paper mills, flax scutch mills, rope works, and hat works are not to be included.

Since 1898 various Special Orders have been made, all of which modify the provisions set out above. The substantial modifications contained in the eighteen Orders now in force are set out in Appendix VII. (b).

The following industries, in all cases so far as carried on in factories and workshops, and in some cases so far as regards outworkers also, are now subject to the obligation to furnish particulars.' They are mainly non-textile industries, and

are additional to the textile industries, whether carried on in factories or workshops, already mentioned.

Making of pens.

Making of locks, latches, and keys.

Making of iron and steel cables and chains.

Making of iron and steel anchors and grapnels.

Making of cart gear (including swivels, rings, loops, gear, buckles, mullin bits, hooks, and attachments of all kinds.

Making of felt hats.

Making or repairing of umbrellas, sunshades, parasols, or parts thereof.

Making of artificial flowers.

Fustian cutting.

Making of tents.

Making or repairing of sacks.

Making of rope or twine.

Covering of racquet or tennis balls.

Making of paper bags.

Making of boxes or other receptacles or parts thereof made wholly or partially of paper, cardboard, chip, or similar material.

Making of brushes.

Relief stamping.

Warehouse processes in the manufacture of articles of food, drugs, perfumes, blacking, or other boot and shoe dressings, starch, blue, soda, or soap.

Making of nets other than wire nets.
Pea-picking.

Mixing, casting, and manufacturing of brass and of any articles or parts of articles of brass, and the electro depositing of brass (including in the term brass any alloy or compound of copper with zinc and tin), except when carried on as a subsidiary process in shipbuilding yards or in marine locomotive or other engine-building works, or in general engineering works or in machine tool works. Making, altering, ornamenting, finishing, and repairing of wearing apparel.

Manufacture of cartridges.

Manufacture of tobacco.

Bleaching and dyeing.

Printing of cotton cloth.

Making of iron safes.

Making up, ornamenting, finishing, and repairing of table linen, bed linen, or other household linen (including in the term linen articles

of cotton or cotton and linen mixtures).

Making of curtains and furniture hangings.

Processes incidental to the making of lace.

Making of files.

Manufacture of toy balloons, pouches, and footballs from india

rubber.

Laundries.

Manufacture of chocolates and sweetmeats and any work incidental thereto.

Non-textile factories and workshops which are shipbuilding yards so far as concerns the work of persons employed in the building or repairing of a ship.

Non-textile factories and workshops in which iron or steel founding is carried on, so far as concerns the work of all persons employed as moulders.

CHAPTER XIII

THE GENERAL PROVISIONS OF THE FACTORY ACT

THE provisions of the Factory Act set out in Chapter XI. do not apply directly to male persons above the age of 18 years, but in so far as their labour is dependent on the work done in the same factory or workshop by women and young persons, these male persons may be indirectly affected by these provisions. The limitation of the working day for women has in many instances brought about a limitation of the working day for men. The men fought the battle of hours behind the women's petticoats.' In certain other matters this phrase is even more expressive of the position of the adult male worker. Many of the general provisions of the Factory Act apply to workshops in which men are working with women or young persons or children, but do not apply to workshops conducted on the system of not employing any woman, young person, or child therein' (Section 157). It should be noted that men's factories are not specially treated but only men's workshops. In the present chapter the general provisions of the Factory Act are dealt with, and provisions which do not apply to men's workshops will be specially noted to that effect.

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GENERAL PROVISIONS AS TO HEALTH

Factories other than Domestic Factories (Class A).—(1) Under Section I a factory must be kept in a cleanly state, and for that purpose all the inside walls of the rooms, and all the ceilings or tops of those rooms (whether those walls, ceilings, or tops are plastered or not), and all the passages

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