but this is, in fact, not a third mode of marking or expressing time; it is only an application of the civil day to nautical occurrences; but as a ship's journal, or daily account, is made up on each civil day at noon, it has been said that the nautical day ends at noon. This, however, is not so; for, though the day's occurrences on board a ship, or its journal, are made up or concluded every day at noon, yet the dates of these occurrences are all expressed in the civil time, as happening either at 1 A. M. or 2 P. M. &c. of the civil day."
From all this, and especially from the phrase "some have thought it proper" in the English edition of Bowditch, I conclude that the use of the nautical day was a purely American practice whose history it would be interesting to trace. Your episode furnishes a striking instance of the confusion likely to arise between the two modes of reckoning time, and perhaps helps to explain why the custom was allowed to lapse.
Adams, John, president, appoints | Amory, William, lieutenant of
envoys to France, 23; his speech
offends the Directory, 23; his
election disliked in France, 25,
26, 32; messages of, 38, 55, 245;
revokes exequaturs of French
consuls, 39; nominates Wash-
ington to command the army,
39; appoints officers, 50, 51; and
secretary of the navy, 54; an-
thorized to increase the navy,
55, 56; and to commission priva-
teers, 58, 59; author of navy reg-
ulations, 60; appoints generals,
60; instructions of, 63, 64, 66,
79, 106, 117, 132, 137, 156; his
correspondence, 67, 104, 107,
108, 122, 130; dismisses Phillips,
80, 81; addresses of Congress to,
86; relations with Guadeloupe,
87, 88; called upon to retaliate,
88; his policy as to prisoners, 89,
129; relations with San Domin-
go, 113, 114; opens trade with
San Domingo, 114, 115; retains
Truxtun, 121; promotes Talbot,
122; announces the death of
Washington, 137; his opinion of
Maley, 147; his speech to Con-
gress, 223; appoints envoys to
negotiate with France, 245, 246;
approves a peace establishment,
255.
Adams, John Quincy, 274.
Adams, U. S. frigate, 56; on the
Gaudeloupe station, 127, 133,
177, 193, 218; takes prizes, 128,
177; returns to New York, 178;
on the San Domingo station,
216; retained in the service, 252,
255, 257.
Adet, Pierre Auguste, French min-
ister to the United States, 16, 18.
Africa, British frigate, 21.
Aigle, French privateer, 201.
Algiers, 41, 42, 56, 221.
Alliance, U. S. frigate, 41, 49.
Alliance with France, 1, 2, 247.
Amour de la Patrie, French priva-
teer, 90.
Amour de la Patrie, French priva-
teer, 204.
Amphitrite, prize schooner, 216.
Antigua, 76, 128, 129, 149.
Archer, John, lieutenant, 101.
Armament of American ships, 57,
58, 99, 171, 214.
Army, 39, 60.
Atlantic, American armed vessel,
236, 237.
Augusta, U. S. brig, 133, 179, 187,
188, 199, 216.
Aux Cayes, 179, 188.
Bainbridge, William, lieutenant, in
command of the Retaliation, 72;
surrenders to the French, 73, 74;
saves American ships, 74; at
Gaudeloupe, 75, 91; returns
home, 75, 87; master command-
ant, in command of the Norfolk,
117; reports being chased by a
French frigate, 118, 119; on the
San Domingo and Havana sta-
tions, 120; returns to New York
with the Norfolk, 190; captain,
in command of the George Wash-
ington, 221.
Baker, Thomas, captain, 149, 173.
Balance, French privateer, 235.
Baltimore, U. S. ship, cruise of, 65,
68; on convoy duty, 71, 77, 79;
off Havana, 76; held up by a
British squadron, 77-80; in
Truxtun's squadron, 83; on the
Gaudeloupe station, 111, 128,
133, 193; Barron in command of,
121; takes prizes, 130, 193.
Barbadoes, 82, 127, 215.
Barlow, Joel, 37, 269.
Barney, Joshua, 49.
Barras, Paul Jean François Nico-
las, president of the French
Directory, 22, 23.
Barreaut, captain, in command of
the Insurgente, 74, 94; surren-
ders to Truxtun, 94, 98; his re-
port, 95-98; his orders, 99, 100.
Barron, James, lieutenant, 69.
Barron, Samuel, captain, in com-
mand of the Baltimore, 83, 121;
of the Constellation, 121; trans-
ferred to the Chesapeake, 121;
cruising, 217.
Barry, John, captain, 48; senior
officer of the navy, 49, 89; in
command of the United States,
63, 66; cruising, 66, 67, 69; sails |
for the West Indies, 67; returns,
68, 69; commodore, in command
of a squadron, 69, 72, 81, 86; his
squadron, 81; his station and or-
ders, 82; attempts to exchange
prisoners, 90, 91; sends a convoy
home, 92; mentioned, 107, 111,
124; returns to Philadelphia,
108; recruiting, 108, 109; re-
ceives cruising orders, 109, 110,
113; sails for France with en-
voys, 110; in command of the
Gaudeloupe station, 220; returns
home, 221.
Basse Terre, 38, 75, 91, 163, 200.
Bayonne decree, 264.
Bellamy, 27.
Benton, Thomas Hart, 274.
Berceau, French corvette, 177; her
action with the Boston, 210-
214; surrenders, 211, 212, 214;
her force, 211, 212; her losses,
211, 212, 214; taken to Boston,
215; is given up, 216, 250.
Berlin decree, 263, 267.
Blake, Joshua, midshipman, 147.
Bonaparte, Joseph, 247.
Bonaparte, Napoleon, first consul
of France, receives American
envoys, 247; ratifies the treaty,
250, 271, 277. See Napoleon.
Bonaparte, French privateer, 112.
Bordeaux, embargo at, 31, 36, 271.
Boston, U. S. frigate, built, 56, 116;
launched, 116; on the San Do-
mingo station, 116, 133, 178,
179, 187; captures the Flying
Fish, 116; attacked by pica-
roons, 178; returns to Boston,
179; cruising, 210; her action
with the Berceau, 210-214; her
losses, 211, 212; her force, 214,
215; returns to Boston, 215;
retained in the service, 252, 255,
257.
Bosworth, Nathaniel, lieutenant,
152.
Bradford, Gamaliel, 239, 240.
Brown, Moses, captain, in com-
mand of the Merrimack, 81, 92;
on convoy duty, 92, 207; takes
prizes, 112.
Cabot, George, 54.
Calhoun, John Caldwell, 274.
Calliope, American brig, 37.
Calvert, Thomas, lieutenant, 190.
Cape François, French commis-
sioners at, 35; privateer from,
65; opened to American trade,
114; cruising off, 116, 120, 190;
naval rendezvous at, 120, 124,
148, 180, 188, 191, 199, 208, 216;
news of peace brought to, 220.
Carmick, Daniel, captain of ma-
rines, 183, 184.
Carronades, 57.
Carthagena, 190, 192.
Cassius, French privateer, 18.
Cayenne, 75, 82, 123, 124, 127, 194,
195, 196, 211.
Chapman, Jonathan, captain, 66.
Charming Betsey, American
armed schooner, 226, 227.
Chesapeake, American armed ves-
sel, 233.
Chesapeake, U. S. frigate, built,
56; affair of the, 77; goes into
commission, 121; cruising, 217;
retained in the service, 252, 255,
257.
China, American armed ship, 159,
225.
Choate, Rufus, 274.
Cincinnatus, American ship, 38.
Citoyenne, French privateer, 201.
Claghorne, George, naval con-
Claims. See Spoliation claims.
Clay, Henry, 274.
Clement, Louis Marie, lieutenant;
on the Berceau, 212; report of,
213, 214.
Cleveland, Grover, president, 274.
Clinton, George, 15.
Columbus, French armed ship,
228.
Commerce, American ship, 37.
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