roman. 304. Rahmenerzählung. 320. Schelmenroman. 73. 321. Schwank. 322. Seeroman. moralphiloso- 323. Selbst-biographischer R;-bio graphie. 227. 324. Sensationsroman. 303. Psychologischer-R;-Situations- 325. Sentimentaler R; Sentimentalitäts 305. Räuberroman. 306. Realistischer R; Realroman. (Kör ting.) 307. Reise fabulistik feuilleton; -roman. 308. Religiöser R. (Rohde); 329. Staatsroman. (Riemann.) 299. 330. Stoffroman. 107. 309. Revolution, R. der. (Mielke.) 331. Tendenzroman; Tendenziöser R. 332. Theaternovelle. und Räuberroman. 311. Robinsonade. 312. Roman. 334. Trans atlantischer R; - ocean roman; volkstümlicher R. 339. Wundermärchen. 340. Zauberroman. (Hildebrand.) 92. 341. Zeitgeschichtlicher R;-roman. (Mielke.) 38. Mrs. Radcliffe);-roman. 59. 342. Zeitungsroman. (Mielke.) 248. ITALIAN AND SPANISH 343. Amatoria, Novela; R. d' Amore; | 356. Historia; Novela Historica; HisHistoria amorosa. torieta; Historion. 344. Analitico, R. 345. Brevo, Racconto. 357. Idilio; Idillio. 358. Impressionisto, R. 346. Caballeria, - Novela de; - Libro 359. Intimo, R. de; R. di Cavalleria. 360. Istoria; R. Istorico. 347. Campagnuol (a; o), Novella; Rac- 361. Legendario; Leggenda; Leyenda, IV. NOTES ON THE HISTORY OF NOVELISTIC CRITICISM No volume devoted to this subject has appeared, so far as the present writer is aware. The following works are helpful, as giving the general background of the development of criticism, or as containing specific reference to the novel. (Works not identified in these Notes will be found listed in the Bibliography.) Brunetière: L'Évolution de la Critique. Roman Naturaliste.— Borinski. — Braitmaier. Dunlop. See the extended, though poorly arranged bibliography prefixed to the text. (Bohn edition.) — Gayley and Scott. -Hamelius: Die Kritik in der englischen Litteratur des 17ten und 18ten Jahrhunderts. (Leipzig, 1897.) – Haym. — Körting. — Maigron. - Moulton Library of Literary Criticism. - Raleigh. — Riemann. Rocafort. Saintsbury History of Literary Criticism. (Referred to as "S" in the following pages.) - Spingarn: History of Literary Criticism in the Renaissance. (N.Y., 1899.) — Warren. - Wylie: Evolution of English Criticism. (Boston, 1894.) : The following notes are a slight introduction to a vast field. Criticism of immediate interest to the student of the novel is found in works on the general history of literature, in æsthetics, in works on the epic and drama, etc., etc. Indexes to periodical literature show an accumulation of material it would take years to assimilate. Much of the best criticism is found in biographies of the novelists. It may be noted that the novel itself has often been a mode of criticism, since the beginning. Kastner and Atkins say of Anatole France, "The critical spirit pervades the whole of his thought, so much so that his novels are almost as much of criticism as romance." Individual novels, especially parodies, are frequently criticisms of other novels, or schools of novelists. GRÆCO-ROMAN PERIOD Aristotle. The Poetics influenced the theory of the novel, to some extent, in the Renaissance and the 18th century. Cf. S., II., p. 58. Plato. Use and exposition of didactic allegory. — His treatment of the social effect of fiction influenced Renaissance defenses of poetry. The romances themselves were the product of a critical spirit. See also Dunlop, I., pp. 36; 96; 105. THE MIDDLE AGES-TO 1400 (Warren.) — “The "From the 5th to the 15th century . . . humanity was obliged to do as well as it could without the solace of novels.” Middle Ages were not critical." (S.) Defense of realism in Boccaccio, Chaucer, etc. Religious application of fiction, as in the Gesta Romanorum. Critical consciousness in the saga and verse romance. On the relations of epic and romance, see Ker, and Saintsbury's Flourishing of Romance. Eustathius. — Hysmenia and Hysmene. A caricature of Tatius. (Rohde Dunlop.) Photius. — Myriobiblion. (9th century.) Abridgments and fragmentary criticisms of Greek and Latin romances. (Dunlop.) THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY Caxton. - Critical work as editor, translator, expositor, and defender of romance. His preface to Morte d'Arthur is "memorable as marking the beginning of prose fiction." (Raleigh.) Martorell. - Tirante el Blanco. (cir. 1450.) Is a "predecessor of Don Quixote and . . . no less a parody on the genuine romances of chivalry." (Warren.) Sannazaro.- Arcadia. On its critical significance, see Garnett, and Warren. THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY The numerous critical treatises scarcely touched prose fiction, though discussing many matters related to it, such as the use of vernacular, epic theory and technic, allegory, etc. Pastoral romance continued to represent classical scholarship and artistic motive. Picaresque fiction was a critical as well as creative reaction from the older romance spirit. ENGLISH "A singular scorn for the older romances is displayed by the men of the later 16th century." (Raleigh.) Ascham. The Schoolmaster. Severe criticism, from a Protestant and English point of view, of Morte d'Arthur, and the Italian novelle. See below, 18th century, English, Warton. Lyly. The Euphues embodies a theory of poetical prose. See also its prefaces and dedications. Painter. The Palace of Pleasure. (1566.) The preface gives some expo sition and defense of the novella. Sidney. Arcadia. Burlesque of pastoral romance and romance of chivalry; the author's disdain for the work. Defense of Poetry. Much that is essentially applicable, though not applied, to prose fiction. FRENCH Brugis. (Belgian.)—Nonis Aprilis. (1523.) Satirical attitude toward romance of chivalry. See Goedeke: Grundriss zur Geschichte der deutschen Dichtung (1884), I., p. 340. ITALIAN See S. on Castelvetro (II., p. 84), and on Cinthio and Pigna (II., p. 214). Giraldi. Discorsi intorno al comporre dei Romanzi. (1554.) SPANISH For the critical relations of early picaresque fiction, see Chandler and Warren. THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY ENGLISH Some of the tendencies suggested by the following references are: Indifference toward romance on the part of scholars; gen |