probable cost of about 12,0007.), the various departments must necessarily be cramped. Many more teachers in special subjects are wanted; and the need of a professorship or at least a readership in hygiene is pressing. A new lecture-room is wanted in the department of human anatomy, which at present shares a room with physiology. A considerable sum is also needed for instruments, fittings, attendants, and libraries.

The school of engineering needs provision in metallurgy, mining subjects, and naval architecture; of the latter, in the greatest shipbuilding country of the world, but one chair-at Glasgow-exists. New workshops and engine-rooms are also greatly needed. The present workshops date from 1878, and are far too small for the demands on them. The provision of a sum of money which can be expended by the professor on the encouragement of research is much needed.

The department of agriculture is fairly well staffed, but at present is obliged to carry on its indoor work in four rooms in the basement of the chemical laboratory. The amount of research carried on by the staff has fully justified them in establishing the 'Journal of Agricultural Science,' which appeared for the first time in 1904. This is the only periodical in the country devoted entirely to scientific agriculture. A laboratory for agriculture is a most pressing necessity; a site is available, but at present there is not sufficient money for the building, which, including provision for maintenance, would cost 20,000l. The Drapers' Company has promised a conditional 5000l. towards this sum. The lease of the experimental farm expires in 1909; and some new arrangement by which the University can acquire a farm of from thirty to forty acres near Cambridge will then be imperative.

Besides numerous smaller needs, there are two of primary importance which have not yet been mentioned. The first is that for the provision of examination rooms. The University examinations are at present held in the Guildhall, the Corn Exchange, and other hired rooms, often badly lighted, badly heated, and badly ventilated, and in no case well adapted to the purpose of conducting examinations. The hiring and arranging of the rooms costs the University at least 450l. a year.

The other great need is some adequate provision for

that priceless national treasure, the University library. Mr. J. W. Clark has himself inaugurated an appeal on its behalf. The list of donors which he is already able to print is headed by his Majesty the King; and a sum of over 18,000l. has already been collected. This sum includes a donation of 5000l. from the Goldsmiths' Company, and 27001. assigned by Lord Rayleigh from the Nobel prize; to the remainder, resident masters of arts have largely contributed. When it has been shown by their contributions how keenly the residents feel on the subject of the library, it is hoped that some generous measure of help may be forthcoming from hands more able to give it. The library is the mainspring of university activity; and its well-being and good organisation are important to all departments alike. Every member of the Senate, and every other person entitled to use the library, have access to the shelves; and no serious student, whether a member of the University or not, is refused.

But, in its restricted area, the library cannot expand further; and the result is congestion and inevitable disorder. The furniture and fitting up of the rooms recently rendered available for the library will cost some 15,000l. Towards this expenditure the Financial Board has been able to grant only 5000l., spread over three years. The cost of furnishing a reading and reference room is estimated at from 800l. to 1000l. Further, an increase of the staff is urgently needed. The library grows at the rate of about eleven thousand books per annum; and there are considerable arrears of cataloguing to be overtaken. The magnificent gift of Lord Acton's library, for which the University is indebted to Mr Carnegie and Mr John Morley, has involved considerable outlay. The number of volumes presented is about fifty-nine thousand; the binding, cataloguing, printing of titles, and the provision of bookcases will cost about 80007., to which the University has contributed 69007. Gifts such as these are of priceless value to Cambridge; but they entail heavy expenditure. Additional assistants, moreover, are needed to look after them; and every new room added to the library increases the cost of maintenance. Altogether, it is estimated that a sum of 21,2001. is required for present use; and that 38007. a year is required for additions to the staff, the purchase and binding of books, and for the additional expense

entailed by the Acton library. This annual income, if capitalised, represents a sum of 126,7007.

Modern education is a costly thing; and when, in 1904, the heads of departments in the University made an estimate of the outlay necessary to place their several provinces in a state of efficiency, their deliberate and responsible calculations showed that a sum of 270,000l. was required for building and equipment, and an additional annual income of 38,000l. for the increase of salaries on the very moderate scale suggested, and for maintenance; in all, say a capital sum of a million and a half. Even this estimate takes no account of the desirability of providing pensions for professors who have reached the age of seventy. As the published list of benefactions shows, Cambridge has reason to be grateful to her recent benefactors. But to raise an endowment comparable to that of 1,400,000l. which the Johns Hopkins University received from private munificence seems in this country to be hardly within the bounds of possibility.

Had an appeal such as that issued by Cambridge been made in the United States, there is little doubt that it would have met with a prompt response. There is in Montreal a university, officered largely by Cambridge men, and equipped with a princely magnificence of which Cambridge dares not even dream. Dr Ewing's comment is pertinent. It is good,' said he, to see the colonial daughter sitting down to so lavish a table; but is it well that the alma mater at home should be left looking wistfully at the crumbs?' Nearer home, Mr Carnegie has shown what a large-minded liberality can do for the Scottish universities. A great benefactor who would free the University of Cambridge from a sordid struggle, in which every pound spent on development has to be laboriously begged, would earn enduring fame in the annals of British education. It has been the earnest desire of the authors of this paper to show that the University is not unworthy of such generosity; that she has displayed great courage and great self-denial in facing modern conditions; and that her reputed wealth is a fiction, while her poverty is a grim fact.

Art. XI.-PASCAL'S APOLOGIA.

1. Blaise Pascal: Pensées. (Les Grands Écrivains de la France.) Three vols. Edited by Léon Brunschvicg. Paris: Hachette, 1904.

2. Blaise Pascal: Pensées et Opuscules. By Léon Brunschvicg. Third edition. Paris: Hachette, 1904.

3. Pascal. By Émile Boutroux. Paris: Hachette, 1903. 4. The Religions of Authority and the Religion of the Spirit. By Auguste Sabatier. With a Memoir by Jean Réville. London: Williams and Norgate, 1904.

5. Angélique of Port-Royal, 1591-1661. London: Skeffington, 1905.

By A. K. H.

6. Problems and Persons. By Wilfrid Ward. Longmans, 1903.

London:

7. Reason and Revelation: an Essay in Christian Apology. By J. R. Illingworth. London: Macmillan, 1902.

8. Descartes: his Life and Times. By Elizabeth S. Haldane. London: Murray, 1905.

'THE first book which filled my young heart with passionate ardour,' says M. Sabatier in the personal note preceding his 'Esquisse d'une Philosophie de la Religion,' 'was that of the "Pensées," undoubtedly because in these, where the mind of Pascal reveals itself in flaming words, I felt myself sharing the struggle between reason and faith, science and conscience, of which I had then become painfully conscious.' Such, we take it, is the experience of many minds in the present day, which accounts for the peculiar attraction of Pascal's 'Pensées' and the spell they still exercise over those who think. Hence the reappearance from time to time of new editions, critical commentaries, learned monographs, or such works as the superb reproduction of the original manuscript of the Pensées' in phototype, and the new edition in the collection of 'Les Grands Écrivains de la France,' by M. Léon Brunschvicg.

Some few books stand the test of time in spite of their imperfections; and this is one of them. Disjointed, fragmentary, 'mere memoranda,' this collection of loose thoughts, edited in the first instance in a garbled version by the Port-Royalists, headed by the appropriate motto, Pendent opera interrupta,' still maintains its high position unquestioned in the literature of France. In the

introduction to the latest edition, M. Brunschvicg tells us that his object is to give us the 'Pensées' in the logical order in which Pascal would have placed them if he had lived, so far as the plan can be discovered by a careful study of the original manuscript and other remains. This method is the very opposite of that adopted by his immediate predecessor, M. Michaud, who conscientiously reproduces the fragments in the beautiful disorder' in which they were found among Pascal's papers. The friendly tone of these two editors, starting from opposite standpoints, but inspired by the same loyal desire to present Pascal's thoughts intact, is beyond praise.

M. Brunschvicg, moreover, does justice to all his fellowworkers in the same field, and is remarkably free from carping criticism where he differs from them. He has even a kind word for the manipulation of the text by the Port-Royalists, draws attention to the claims of Bossuet (as a mathematician in sympathy with Pascal) to be the author of the 'textus receptus' generally in use, and judiciously refers to the revolution in Pascal criticism since Cousin. He carefully cites the fact that it was Faugère, not Cousin, who, in his laudable efforts to restore the true text, went back to the autograph, Cousin having apparently consulted only the two authorised copies. He speaks with due respect of M. Havet as a commentator, though he finds fault with him for the hypercritical tone of some of his notes. His own 'apparatus criticus' is admirable.

Not all will accept as final the present arrangement of the 'Thoughts,' as given in the two works placed at the head of our list, though it is true that on it were based the lectures of M. Boutroux at the Sorbonne some time ago. But, on the whole, we have here a valuable summary of recent criticism and comment, with a good deal of biographical and bibliographical matter, which will be welcomed by all students of this most interesting but puzzling relic of religious thought.

.

The Pensées' are the unfinished product of one of the most original men of genius, the outcome of a mind singularly lucid, and therefore, in accuracy of expression, approaching almost geometrical precision, and yet aglow with a fire of impassioned eloquence rarely met in such combination. Pascal speaks with the authority of a