Special facilities also exist at Berkeley for the study of economic problems at first hand. San Francisco is the banking center of the Coast; and the banking system here is peculiar because of the actual circulation of gold coin, direct Oriental and European exchange, and crop movements practically continuous throughout the year. San Francisco is also the terminus of three great railways. The distance of California from the Middle West has given great importance to questions of transportation, and rate questions are subjects of constant interest. Mention may also be made of the completeness of labor organization in some parts of California and of its absence in others, of problems of seasonal labor, of the presence of newly opened oil fields, free as yet from control of the trusts, of irrigating plants, lumbering on a large scale, experiments in co-operation, and the like.

To those interested in social work the high level of income in San Francisco and the consequent importance of preventive or constructive charity also affords matter for investigation.

The Major in Economics.-The courses prerequisite to a major subject or to a group elective in the department of economics are Economics 1A-1B and either Political Science 1A, 1B, or History 1A-1B. A reading knowledge of French and German is eminently desirable for advanced work in economics, and will ordinarily be required of students in the College of Commerce or students whose major is economics.

Honors in Economics.-Students in the honors group may receive honors in economics at graduation either

1. Upon the intelligent completion of a course of reading in some general field, or,

2. Upon the basis of a thesis showing ability to do original work.

In either case, candidates for honors must prepare a programme at the beginning of their candidacy in consultation with a committee which the department will appoint to supervise their work. On approval of this plan of study, the student will proceed to its completion in close co-operation with his committee, attending conferences and making such reports of progress as may be asked for. Students are advised against too narrow specialization. In most cases, the junior year will be spent in preliminary reading. In the senior year, those students who desire to take honors on the basis of reading alone will make that reading more intensive, and will prepare for a final oral examination in which their attainment will be tested; while those who desire to engage in research will prepare a thesis embodying their results.

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Honors students will be allowed much freedom in their studies. justify this, the work which they do must be consistently of high quality. The department will recommend the exclusion from the honors groups of all students who do not maintain each half-year an average of at least sixty per cent of first and second grades in all their courses and who do not complete their courses in economics with high credit.

Candidates will enroll in Course 198A-B or 199A-B. They must fulfill the requirements for a major in economics and must include in their studies a course in Advanced Theory, a course in Economic History and a course in Statistics.

Teacher's Recommendation.-Candidates for the teacher's recommendation with economics as a major are required to take courses 1A-1B, 3A,

101, and 18 units of major work. They are strongly recommended to take 107, 118, and either 112 or 145, and to consult with the department early in their course. Candidates expecting to teach bookkeeping must arrange their work with the Professor of Accounting.

LOWER DIVISION COURSES

1A-1B. Principles of Economics.

Professors PLEHN, HATFIELD and HUTCHINSON, Associate Professors DAGGETT and PEIXOTTO, Assistant Professor CROss, and Dr. MACAULAY.

A systematic review of the leading principles of economics.

3 hrs., throughout the year. Two divisions for lectures: Tu, 9 and 1, and two periods a week of section work to be arranged. Prescribed for all students in the College of Commerce. Prerequisite: at least sophomore standing.

3A. Introduction to Economic Geography.

Professor HUTCHINSON.

The relations between geography and economics.

3 hrs., second half-year. M W F, 10. Prerequisite: Geography 1a.

3B. The Geography of International Trade. Professor HUTCHINSON. The economic geography of the chief modern commercial nations. 3 hrs., first half-year. M W F, 8. Prerequisite: course 3a.

4. Elementary Stenography and Typewriting. Mr. ARMSTRONG. Recitations four hours a week, each recitation requiring outside preparation; and in addition five hours a week of typewriting under the instructor's supervision. Exclusively for students in the College of Commerce and for students preparing for the teaching of commercial work in the high schools. A lower division elective. Not open to special students.

9 hrs., either half-year; 3 units. First half-year: M Tu Th F, 1-3; second half-year: M Tu Th F, 3-5. A laboratory fee of $10 will be charged.

5. Intermediate Stenography and Typewriting.

Mr. ARMSTRONG.

A

9 hrs., either half-year; 3 units. First half-year: M Tu Th F, 3--5; second half-year: M Tu Th F, 1-3. Prerequisite: course 4. laboratory fee of $10 will be charged.

6. Advanced Stenography and Typewriting.

Mr. ARMSTRONG.

Prerequisite:

9 hrs., second half-year; 3 units. M Tu Th F, 3-4. courses 4 and 5. A laboratory fee of $10 will be charged.

14A-14B. Principles of Accounting.

Professor HATFIELD and Mr. STAEHLING. While this course is a prerequisite for advanced work in accounting it is also designed to meet the needs of those who do not expect to become professional accountants, and to furnish such an understanding of accounts as will be of service to the business man, the lawyer and the public official.

4 hrs., throughout the year; 3 units each half-year. Recitations, two sections: A, Tu Th, 8; B, Tu Th, 1. Laboratory periods, eight sections: I, W, 3-5; II, Th, 10-12; III, Th, 2-4; IV, F, 2-4; V, M, 10-12; VI, M, 1–3; VII, Tu, 10-12; VIII, Tu, 2-4. Prerequisite: at least sophomore standing. Students enrolling in this course may take an extra laboratory period each half-year with one additional unit credit.

UPPER DIVISION COURSES

FREE ELECTIVE COURSE

*28. Advertising. Assistant Professor BROWN. The principles governing the choice of media, the frequency of appeal, the amount and nature of the matter, and the choice of methods of appeal, with emphasis upon experimental methods of measuring the effectiveness of advertising. Weekly lectures, investigation and criticism of advertisements, and one hour of conference.

2 hrs., second half-year; 2 units. Lecture, Th, 7:30 p.m. Conference hours to be arranged. Prerequisite: course 1A-1B.

MAJOR COURSES

101. Economic and Commercial History.

Assistant Professor CROSS.

A general survey of some of the most important events in the economic history of the world prior to 1850.

3 hrs., first half-year. M W F, 9. Prescribed for students in the College of Commerce.

104. Industrial History of the United States with Special Reference to the Tariff. Associate Professor DAGGETT.

A broad discussion of economic conditions in the United States from 1789 to 1915.

3 hrs., second half-year. M W F, 9. Prerequisite: course la-1B.

*105. Factors of Industrial Efficiency.

Modern competitive production. Limited usually to seniors in the College of Commerce and seniors whose major is economics. The consent of the instructor must be obtained before enrollment.

2 hrs., first half-year. Tu Th, 10.

*Not to be given, 1916-17.

*106B. American Commercial Policy.

Associate Professor DAGGETT.

With special reference to the economic effects of the tariff.

2 hrs., second half-year. Tu Th, 11. Prerequisite: course 1A-1B.

107. Modern Industrialism.

Assistant Professor CROSS. The rise and development of the modern industrial system with special reference to the workings of competition in the nineteenth century. 3 hrs., second half-year.. M W F, 9. Prerequisite: course 1A-1B.

108. Money and Banking.

Assistant Professor CRoss.

3 hrs., first half-year. M W F, 10. Prerequisite: course 1A-1B.

108c. Foreign Exchange.

Assistant Professor CROSS.

Methods of making international payments; bills of exchange; arbitrage, bank drafts, cable orders, shipment of specie, etc.

3 hrs., second half-year. M W F, 10. Prerequisite: course 108.

109. Introduction to Public Finance.

Professor PLEHN.

The theory and methods of taxation; the expenditure and administration of public funds; public debts.

3 hrs., first half-year. M W F, 2. Prerequisite: course 1A-1B.

110A. Elementary Statistics. Assistant Professor BROOKS. The history, theory, and methods of statistics. Statistical methods used in research and in the presentation of facts in economic, social, hygienic, biological and other fields where such methods have a practical or a scientific application. A knowledge of higher mathematical analysis is not required.

3 hrs., second half-year, including one laboratory period. Tu Th, 11, and a laboratory period to be arranged.

110B. Statistics in the Service of Business.

Dr. MACAULAY.

3 hrs., first half-year, including one laboratory period. Tu Th, 11, and a laboratory period to be arranged. Prerequisite: course 110A. Class to be limited at the discretion of the instructor.

*110c. Advanced Statistics.

Assistant Professor BROOKS.

A mathematical treatment of frequency curves and the theory of correlation.

2 hrs., second half-year. Tu Th, 10. The consent of the instructor must be obtained before enrollment.

*Not to be given, 1916-17.

111A. Economics of Insurance.

Assistant Professor BROOKS.

An elementary course in the principles of insurance. Mathematical treatment will be avoided, so far as possible.

2 hrs., first half-year. Tu Th, 11.

111B-111c. Actuarial Science.

The mathematical theory of insurance.

Assistant Professor BROOKS.

3 hrs., throughout the year. Tu Th S, 10. The consent of the instructor must be obtained before enrollment.

NOTE. Students who wish to prepare themselves for actuarial work should consult with the instructor concerning the best choice of their mathematical courses.

111D. Property Insurance.

Assistant Professor BROOKS,

Fire, marine, burglary, automobile, plate glass, boiler, fly-wheel, etc.

3 hrs., first half-year. M W F, 9.

111E. Social Insurance.

Assistant Professor BROOKS.

Health, unemployment, workmen's compensation, industrial and old age insurance.

3 hrs., first half-year. M W F, 10.

111F. Special Problems in Social Insurance.

Mr. LESLIE.

2 hrs., second half-year, to be arranged. Limited to a small number of students whose records indicate ability to do advanced work. The consent of the instructor must be obtained before enrollment.

111G. Life Insurance.

Assistant Professor BROOKS.

History of life insurance; forms of company organization and management; surplus; taxation. Mathematical treatment will be avoided. 3 hrs., second half-year. M W S, 10. Prerequisite: course 111a.

112. History of Economic Theory.

Dr. MACAULAY.

A critical review of the leading systems of economic thought since the sixteenth century.

3 hrs., first half-year. M W F, 10. Prerequisite: course 1A-1B.

*1134. Labor, Problems.

The labor problems of modern industry with particular reference to America since the rise of the big corporation.

3 hrs., second half-year. M W F, 10. Prerequisite: course 1A-1B.

* Not to be given, 1916-17.