Sir Guy Carleton abandoned all further operations for the season, and returned into Canada. Gen. Gates dismissed the militia upon the first certain intelligence of this fact, and this relieved the distresses of the army. Thus the northern campaign closed.

The humanity of Sir Guy Carleton in clothing the naked American prisoners in Canada, and dismissing them with kindness, as well as such supplies as were necessary to carry them home comfortably to their friends, is deserving of perpetual remembrance, and ought to be recorded to his eternal honor.

Another expedition forming under Gen. Howe now cliams our attention.

CHAPTER XII.

REVOLUTION CONTINUED.-EXPEDITION OF GEN. HOWE TO PHIL ADELPHIA.-EXPEDITION OF GEN. BURGOYNE INTO THE STATE OF NEW-YORK.-EXPEDITION OF SIR HENRY

CLINTON TO CAROLINA.

EARLY in July, 1777, Gen. Howe embarked about 1600 troops on board his fleet, (consisting of about 260 sail,) and on the 23d he put to sea.

General Washington made a movement with his army towards the Delaware, to be in readiness to cover Philadelphia; and at the same time expressed the strongest surprise that Gen. Howe should thus abandon Gen. Burgoyne.

General Howe caused a report to be circulated, that he was destined for Boston, and at the same time manoeuvered upon the coast with his fleet, to distract the motions of Gen. Washington, that he might make his descent upon Philadelphia, without being obstructed. When he concluded that he had gained his purpose, he entered the Chesapeake Bay, and landed his troops at the ferry of Elk.

General Washington penetrated his designs, as soon as he had entered the Chesapeake, and advanced to meet him. An action was fought at Chad's Ford, in which Gen. Howe was successful, and Gen. Washington retired to the high grounds to collect his forces, and renew the combat; but Gen. Howe, by his movements, eluded the combat, and moved on to Philadelphia, September 26th. Congress upon his first landing removed to Lancaster.

Pending these operations the Marquis La Fayette arrived in America, and tendered his services to Congress, as a volunteer in the American service, and Congress conferred upon him a commission of brigadier general in the army of the United States. The marquis joined the army,

and served at his own expence, and became not only a member of the family, but the intimate companion of the commander in chief. On the 31st of July, 1777, he made the first display of his zeal and talents as a soldier, at the battle of Chad's-Ford, and acquitted himself with great honour.

The Count Pulaski, a Polish nobleman, distinguished himself also in this action, and was honoured with the commission of a major general.

When General Howe had entered Philadelphia, and thus secured the object of the expedition, he ordered his fleet to move round into the Delaware, and thus secured his communication with the sea. He next detached a division of his army to co-operate with the fleet in dislodging the Americans from their forts on the Delaware, that they might clear the river and move up to Philadelphia.

During these operations, General Washington concerted an attack upon the main body of the British army, which was encamped at Germantown. This attack was well planned, and promptly executed; the British were completely surprised in their camp, at break of day, October 3d; about sunrise the action became warm, and the Ame ricans were successful at all points, until they attempted to dislodge a battalion of the British, who in their flight, had thrown themselves into a stone house; this occasioned a delay that broke the pursuit, and gave the enemy time to recover from their surprise, and rally to the charge; and the action became warm and bloody. A thick fog arose that covered the combatants, and caused some confusion; the British took advantage of this, and the Ameri cans retired, and thus abandoned the victory they had so fairly gained. October 4th, 1777.

The losses of the parties were about equally balanced; but it proved a lesson of caution to General Howe; he collected his army at Philadelphia, and took up his winter

quarters, where he was closely invested by General Washington, and his movements became very guarded in future.

The privations of the American army at this time were truly distressing; without clothes, shoes, stockings, or even breeches, or blankets, more than two thousand were marched through the snow, imprinting the roads with their bloodstained steps; yet all this was endured with a firmness worthy of these valiant sons of liberty.

The privations the American army endured through the winter of 1777-8, before Philadelphia, for the want of clothing, shoes, and blankets, as well as provisions, exceed all description, as well as belief; yet they were true to themselves, and their country, and the enemy were closely invested through the winter.

Sir Guy Carleton was removed from the command of the northern army, and the expedition now comtemplated against the state of New-York, was intrusted to the command of Gen. Burgoyne.

Congress appointed Maj. Gen. Schuyler, to the command of the American army, and he repaired to Fort Ticonderoga early in June, to put that post in a proper state of defence, to receive the enemy. Gen. Schuyler's force at Fort Ti, was estimated at about 10,000 men.

Gen. Burgoyne assembled an army in Canada of about the same number, consisting of British, and German troops, and supported by Gens. Frazer, Powel, and Hamilton, with the German Gens. Baron Reidesel and Spicht. This army might be truly stiled a well appointed British army, well supplied with every requisite for a successful campaign, particularly, a powerful train of brass field artillery, and the troops were all healthy, and in high spirits. To this army were attached several tribes of Indians, who were to take the field upon conditions of humanity, not to scalp the wounded, or the dying, nor their prisoners; but with a

bounty offered for every captive brought in by them, and delivered alive.

Gen. Burgoyne embarked his army upon Lake Champlain, and proceeded to Crown-Point, where he was joined by his Indians, on the 21st of June. On the 29th, Gen. Burgoyne issued a pompous proclamation, and commenced his operations against Fort Ti, whose garrison at this time was reduced to about three thousand men, in a bad condition, under the command of Gen. St. Clair.

On the 2d of July, Gen. Burgoyne approached Fort Ti, with the right wing of the British army, and Gen. St. Clair abandoned the fort, to save the garrison, and retired to Hubbardton, and from thence to Castleton, about 30 miles distance from Ti, where he made a stand, to collect the army from Mount Independence, &c.

Gen. Frazer, supported by Gen. Reidesel commenced a pursuit in the morning with the light troops of the British and Germans, and overtook the rear guard of the American army under Col. Warner, and commenced an attack on the 7th, which became sharp and bloody; the British were routed at first with loss; but finding that Col. Warner was not supported by Gen. St. Clair, they rallied to the combat, and with the bayonet charged, and dispersed the rear guard of the Americans, under Col. Warner, with the loss of about 300 men, and the American army retired from Castleton to Fort Ann.

Gen. Burgoyne pursued with his fleet, and destroyed or dispersed the American fleet, and landed at Skeensborough. Gen. Burgoyne detached Lieut. Col. Hill to dislodge the Americans from Fort Ann; the garrison marched out on the morning of the 8th and commenced an attack upon the detachment, which was sharply supported by both parties for about two hours, with apparent success on the part of the Americans; but a party of Indians appeared, and join