COVILHAO, kō-vēl-youn, Portugal, town in the modern district of Castello Branco, and formerly in the province of Beira, on the southeast slope of the Serra da Estrella, some 25 miles southwest of Guarda. In the neighborhood there are noted sulphurous baths. The town contains dyeworks and important cloth factories. Pop. about 16,000.

COVILLE, Frederick Vernon, American botanist: b. Preston, N. Y., 23 March 1867. He was educated at Cornell University and was instructor in botany there 1887-88, and assistant botanist in the United States Department of Agriculture 1888-93. Since the last named year he has been chief botanist of that department, as well as curator of the United States National Herbarium. He has published 'Botany of the Death Valley Expedition'; 'Our Public Grazing Lands'; 'Experiments in Blueberry Culture; The Formation of Leafmold' and many other papers relating to systematic, geographic and economic botany.

COVINGTON, Ga., city and county-seat of Newton County, 40 miles east of Atlanta, on the Georgia and the Central of Georgia railroads. It is the seat of Emory College (Methodist) and has a public library, courthouse, etc. Its cotton interests are extensive and it has also cotton and oil mills, ice plant, fertilizer works and marble yards. The city owns the electric plant and the waterworks. Pop. 2,697.

COVINGTON, Ind., the county-seat of Fountain County, situated in the northwestern part of the State, on the Wabash River, the Wabash and Erie Canal, and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and Saint Louis and the Wabash railroads, 72 miles northwest of Indianapolis. It exports live stock and agricultural produce, and has several iron foundries. There is a canning factory, and the city has a Carnegie library and municipal waterworks and electriclight plant. Pop. 2,069.

COVINGTON, Ky., city and county-seat of Kenton County, on the Ohio River opposite Cincinnati, with which it is connected by a handsome suspension bridge, 2,250 feet long, and costing $2,000,000. It is the northern terminus of the Kentucky Central Railroad and is also on the Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railroad. It is a residence town for Cincinnati business men and is the see of a Roman Catholic bishop. Covington occupies an area of about 54 square miles on a beautiful plain partly surrounded by hills and resembles Cincinnati in its general arrangement. The city has many fine residences, a public library, city hall, race track, and a Federal building noteworthy as a specimen of modern Gothic; and among charitable institutions, a hospital for contagious diseases, Catholic and Protestant orphan asylums and a home for aged women. Covington is an important centre of Roman Catholic influence, the cathedral, a type of flamboyant Gothic, being one of the finest ecclesiastical structures in the State. Connected with this denomination there are also a BeneIdictine priory, a convent, a hospital, foundling asylum, Notre Dame Academy and La Sallette Academy. The facilities for transportation, both by rail and water, placing the city in communication with a wide territory possessing valuable natural advantages, have contributed

to the city's commercial importance. Its industrial interests are also important and include extensive pork-packing establishments, distilleries, breweries, cotton factory, ironworks and manufactures of vinegar, furniture, stoves, tinware, bricks, tile, pottery, rope, contractors' machinery, metal signs, automobile trucks, X-ray machines, circus tents, pianos, cordage, etc. The United States census of manufactures for 1914 reported in the city 161 industrial establishments of factory grade, employing 3,736 persons, of whom 3,199 were wage earners, receiving annually a total of $1,815,000 in wages. The capital invested aggregated $7,778,000, and the year's output was valued at $8,205,000: of this, $5,475,000 was the value added by manufacture. Covington has adopted the commission form of government. There are municipal waterworks, built in 1887, furnishing an abundant supply of water drawn from the Ohio River at a distance of about 13 miles above the city. Its annual budget approximates $660,000, the main items of expense being $108,000 for schools, $111,000 for interest on debt, $47,000 for police department, $35,000 for fire department, $55,000 for street expenditures and $15,000 for public library fund. Settled in 1812 and laid out three years later, Covington was chartered as a city in 1834. Pop. 56,000.

COVINGTON, Tenn., county-seat of Tipton County, 37 miles northeast of Memphis, on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an export trade in the agricultural products of the surrounding region, and has cotton-mills, a cotton compress and saw-mills. It is a shipping point for cotton and oil. The waterworks and electric-light plant are owned by the city. Pop. 2,990.

COVODE, John, American congressman: b. Westmoreland County, Pa., 17 March 1808; d. 11 Jan. 1871. He was a farmer's lad of Dutch blood, and became a coal dealer, a woolen manufacturer and a railroad owner. He entered public life as a Whig, served two terms in the legislature, was sent to Congress in 1854 by the Anti-Masons (see ANTI-MASONRY), and re-elected 1856 as a Republican, serving by regular re-elections till 1863. In 1859 he was appointed chairman of the special committee to investigate President Buchanan's conduct in forcing through the Lecompton Bill (see title below, and LECOMPTON CONSTITUTION), and his report was valuable ammunition for the Republican party. He was a member of the committee on the conduct of the war. After Johnson's accession he was sent South to aid in that President's reconstruction policy, but was recalled for lack of sympathy with it. In 1868 he was again elected to Congress, and was a strong opponent of Johnson. In 1869 he was chairman of the Republican State Committee of Pennsylvania. He was an eager, impulsive man, with the friendships and the enmities natural to such a temperament, but respected for his entire honesty. See COVODE INVESTIGA

the patronage at his disposal to bring the hesitating members into the ranks. In the debates at the opening of the 36th Congress 1859-60, two anti-Lecompton Democrats alleged that he had attempted to use corrupt influence with them. On 5 March 1860 John Covode (q.v.) moved the appointment of a committee to inquire whether the President or any other official had attempted, by money, patronage or other improper means, to influence legislation or the execution of the laws, etc. In spite of Democratic objection that only insinuations and no specific charges were made, the rules were suspended by 117 to 45, and the resolution adopted; an investigating committee of five was appointed, with Covode at the head. Buchanan sent in a message of protest 28 March, objecting on the ground that the President could only be indicted by impeachment, and that this was an indictment; and that such a method was inconsistent with the dignity of the office. The protest was declared unfounded by 88 to 40. On 16 June the committee reported, the Republican members declaring that the mass of evidence collected was proof of corrupt use of patronage, and Covode later alleged that they found also direct bribery, as evidenced by bankbooks. The Democratic members declared the allegations unsupported. No action was recommended to the House by the majority report, and none was taken. On 22 June Buchanan sent a second message protesting against the rejection of his first, and saying that on such views no man of honor and principle could accept the presidency. The House appointed another committee to report on this at the next session. Consult 'Report of the Committee' (Washington 1860); Buchanan's 'Autobiog raphy,' with his defense; Curtis, 'Life of Buchanan (1883), for another defense.

COW, the female of bovine animals, of which the male is called an ox (q.v.) or a bull. By a familiar process of extension the term has been applied to various other large herbivorous animals, such as the elephant, and even to female seals and whales.

COWAGE. See CoWITCH. COWBANE, or WATER-HEMLOCK (Cicuta virosa), a perennial, umbelliferous, aquatic plant, producing an erect, hollow, muchbranched, striated stem three or four feet high, furnished with dissected leaves. It is highly poisonous, containing cicutine, an alkaloid resembling conia (q.v.), C. maculata is the spotted cowbane of the United States.

COWBERRY, a name sometimes used for the single species (C. palustre) of the genus Comarum, of the rose family (Rosacea). It is known also as marsh cinquefoil and purple marshlocks. It is a stout green herb with large and showy purple flowers. It grows in swamps and peat-bogs from Labrador to New Jersey, Alaska and California. It is also indigenous in Europe and Asia. It received the name of cowberry because it was thought, when rubbed on the milk-pan, to thicken the milk. The name is also applied to the cranberry (q.v.).

COWBIRD, a bird (Molothrus_ater) of the family Icteridæ (q.v.), abundant throughout North America except in the far north, and notorious because of its habit of escaping the

drudgery of domestic cares after the fashion of the European cuckoo. Closely related to the bobolink or reed-bird, the cowbird lacks the acute tail feathers and rich spring plumage of that species, while its general build, and particularly its stout beak, are even more finch-like. The male is from seven and a half to eight inches long and iridescent black with a brown head and the female slightly smaller and nearly uniform dull brown. The cowbird takes its name from the habit of associating in flocks with cattle in the fields, apparently for the purpose of securing the flies which frequent the cattle or the other insects which are disturbed by their movements. They are migratory and gregarious, never separating in pairs, but apparently quite promiscuous in their sexual relations. Nests are never built, but, like the European cuckoo, the eggs are stealthily introduced into the nests of other birds, preferably those of smaller size, such as warblers, finches and vireos, of which a great many species are victimized. Apparently the cowbird exercises little choice, but drops its eggs into any suitable nest that happens to be convenient; and, owing to its abundance, an astonishingly large number of nests are thus invaded. Some of the smaller warblers, notably the yellow warbler (Dendroica @stiva) and the redstart (Setophaga ruticilla), endeavor to circumvent the intruder by building a second story to the nest, enclosing between the two floors the egg of the cowbird and even sacrificing one or more of their own. Nests with three cowbird's eggs thus enclosed in as many compartments have been found. Although but a single egg is deposited at a time, as many as three or four will sometimes be found in a single nest, in which cases they have probably been dropped by different females. The alien eggs, which are white or grayish and speckled with brown, and are about .84 by .65 of an inch, hatch before those rightfully belonging to the nest, and, once the young cowbird has hatched, its demands for food so claim the attention of its foster-parents that the latter's own eggs or young are neglected and usually perish. Although chiefly insectivorous, berries and seeds are sometimes eaten by the cowbird.

In the warm parts of America a number of related species occur, which, having similar habits, are also known as cowbirds. A most remarkable relation exists between two South American species.

Molothrus badius, one of those in question, has the unusual habit of seizing and utilizing for the purpose of incubating its own eggs the nests of weaker birds, whose eggs are destroyed. The second species (M. rufoaxillaris) is regularly and perhaps exclusively parasitic on the former. Consult Bendire, The Cowbirds,' (in Report of the National Museum for 1893, Washington 1895).

COWBOYS, in the American Revolution, a band of American Tories who infested the neutral ground of Westchester County, N. Y., robbed the Whigs and Loyalists and made a specialty of stealing cattle. A similar band of marauders on the British side received the name of "Skinners." The word cowboys is now used to designate the men who have charge of the cattle on the vast ranges in the west and south

west of the United States. They are well mounted and usually wear a fanciful costume. They are bold and adventurous and necessarily have to encounter many dangers. A number of them were enlisted in two regiments of cavalry for the war with Spain, and, under the popular name of "Rough Riders," greatly distinguished themselves in the early part of the campaign against Santiago, in Cuba.

COW-PARSNIP, or GIANT PARSLEY, popular names for several species of the genus Heracleum of the family Apiacea. They are coarse perennial herbs three to six feet tall, with large attractive leaves, for which the plants are valued in ornamental gardening, especially close to water and in wet soil. They should not be allowed to produce seed, because they are likely to become troublesome as weeds. Several of the species, of which there are about 60 widely distributed in temperate climates, are used as stock-feed, particularly in Europe, and have been suggested as desirable to plant for this purpose, because they produce an abundance of leaves very early in the spring. H. panaces is usually so recommended. It often attains heights exceeding eight feet and bears numerous leaves two or more feet long. One species, H. lanatum, is widely distributed in North America and furnishes edible stems which in Alaska are called wild celery.

COW-PILOT, (pomacentrus saxatilis), a small fish, so called in Bermuda because it is believed always to accompany the cowfish (ostracium). It is one of the demoiselles and is also called "mojarra.»

COW-PLANT, a perennial plant of the family Asclepiadaceae, milkweed family, which has acquired a celebrity from the repeated statement that its juice is used as milk and that its leaves are boiled to supply the want of cream. This arises from the appearance of the juice, which is white and viscid and contains the poisonous principles characteristic of the milkweed family. In parts of the United States cow-plant is a common name for Rhododendron maxi

mum.

COW-TREE, a name given to a number of trees of different families, the milky juice of which is used as a substitute for milk. A large tree (Brosimum galactodendron) belonging to the family Moracea, emits, when pierced, a highly nutritious milky juice with an agreeable creamy odor and taste recalling that of cow's milk, but which is slightly viscid and soon becomes yellow, gradually thickening into a somewhat cheesy consistency. It grows on the Cordilleras of the coast of Venezuela, where it is called palo de vaca, or árbol de leche. The negroes and other lean natives of the region fatten on, its milk. The cow-tree or hya-hya of Demerara is Tabernæmontana utilis, a tree belonging to the Asclepiadacea. In this family the milky juice is usually acrid and poisonous and even that of the other species of the same genus is of a sharp and burning taste. In this case, however, the juice is agreeable and wholesome, although somewhat sticky, owing to the large proportion of caoutchouc.

COW-WHEAT, the common name for the hemiparasitic scrophulariaceous genus Melampyrum, of which there are several species.

COWELL, Edward Byles, English Sanskrit scholar: b. Ipswich, Suffolk, 23 Jan. 1826; d. Cambridge, 9 Feb. 1903. He was educated at Oxford and was for some years principal of the Sanskrit College, Calcutta. Since 1867 he was professor of Sanskrit in Cambridge University and was ranked as the foremost English Orientalist of his day. His association with Edward Fitz Gerald of Omar Khayyam fame makes him an important figure in English literary history. He published The Prakrit Grammar of Vararuci in Sanskrit and English' (1854); The Black Yajur Veda' (Books 1-2 with Roer, 1856-64); "The Kaushitaki Upanishad, in Sanskrit and English' (1861); The Maitri Upanisad, in Sanskrit and English' (1863); The Kusumāñjali, or Hindu Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being, in Sanskrit and English' (1864); The Aphorisms of Sandilya' (translated from the Sanskrit, 1878); The Sarva-Darsána-Samgrahá,' translated from the Sanskrit (with Gough, 1882); (The Divyavandna' (with "The Neil, 1886) Buddha-caritá,' by Asvagosha in Sanskrit and English, 1892-94). He left unfinished the translations of The Jātāka; or Stories of Buddha's Former Births) (7 vols., 1895-1913), of which the sixth volume was published in 1907, translated by him in conjunction with Rouse: His 'Life and Letters' were edited by George Cowell, his kinsman (Oxford 1904).

COWEN, SIR Frederic Hymen, English musical composer and conductor: b. Kingston, Jamaica, 29 Jan. 1852. He was brought to England when very young, and studied music under Sir Julius Benedict and Sir John Goss. His cantata, The Rose Maiden,' produced in 1870, was followed in 1876 by another, 'The Corsair, and Pauline, an opera. His other works include Saint Ursula) (1881), a cantata; "The Sleeping Beauty' (1885), also a cantata; 'Ruth (1887), an oratorio; Song of Thanksgiving (1888); St. John's Eve' (1889), a cantata; Thorgrim (1890), an opera; The Water Lily (1893), a cantata; 'Signa) (1892), an opera; Harold) (1895), an opera; 'The Transfiguration) (1895), a cantata; 'The Dream of Endymion (1897); Ode to the Passions) (1898); Coronation Ode) (1902); 'John Gilpin,' a cantata (1904); The Veil' (1910). He has also composed six symphonies, the chief being No. 3 (the Scandinavian), No. 4 (the Welsh), and No. 6 (the Idyllic). Overtures, dances, suites, songs and duets, pianoforte pieces, etc., make up the rest of his musical productions. In 1888 he conducted the concerts at the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, and from 1888 till 1892 was conductor of the Philharmonic Society, and was reelected in 1900. In 1896 he succeeded Sir Charles Hallé as conductor of the Manchester concerts, Liverpool Philharmonic Society, Bradford Festival Choral Society, etc. He was knighted in 1911, and has published his reminiscences, 'My Art and My Friends' (1913).

COWES, kowz, West, England, seaport in Hampshire, on the north coast of the Isle of Wight, at the mouth of the river Medina. It is divided into East and West Cowes, a steam ferry across the river furnishing connection. The public buildings include the castle, an old block fort of the time of Henry VIII, now used by the Royal Yacht Squadron as their

club-house and the Royal London Yacht branch club-house. Cowes is now principally known as a yachting port, and is considered the best place for building, fitting out and laying up that class of vessels. Besides the building and repairing of yachts and other vessels, the industries include sail and rope making, etc. Cowes is the customs port for the Isle of Wight. The harbor, though small, is well sheltered and perfectly safe. There is good steamer service to Portsmouth and Southampton. The yachting season commences about the middle of May and extends to the beginning of November. Regattas are held annually. Cowes is much resorted to as a bathing place. Pop. 9,635.

COWHAGE. See CoWITCH.

COWITCH, COWAGE, or COWHAGE, a plant (Stizolobium pruriens) belonging to the pea family (Papilionacea). It is a twining annual with large racemes of dark-colored flowers, which in India appear in the rainy season. The food, shaped like the letter S, is covered with delicate bristle-like spines, which are easily detached and, sticking in the skin, produce an intolerable itching. In India these spines are mixed with syrup and used as a vermifuge, the spines acting mechanically. young the pods are cooked and eaten like string-beans. A plant of the same genus, growing in the West Indies, has the same characteristics. The negroes of the Southern States apply the name cowitch to the poison ivy (Rhus toxicodendron).

When

COWL (Sax. cugle; Lat. cucullus). See COSTUMES, ECCLESIASTICAL.

COWLES, Alfred Abernethy, American manufacturer: b. Torrington, Conn., 28 Sept. 1845; d. 8 Dec. 1916. He was educated at Middletown, Conn., and at Paris, France; became president of the Ansonia Clock Company; the Coronet Phosphate Company; Terraceia Estates, Inc.; and vice-president of the American Brass Company. He was also president of the Ansonia Brass and Copper Company; the Ansonia Land and Water Power Company; the Birmingham Water Power Company; the Pebbledale Phosphate Company. He was author of the article "Copper and Brass" (in 'One Hundred Years of American Commerce, edited by C. M. Depew); "Copper and Brass Industry» (in the Encyclopedia Americana'); and 'Semitones, a book of poems (1907).

His

COWLES, William Lyman, American educator: b. Belchertown, Mass., 1856. He was educated at Amherst College, where he was instructor in Latin, 1880-83. Since 1894 he has been full professor of Latin there In the study of classical archæology he traveled extensively throughout the Italian Peninsula. publications include, besides articles for periodicals, an annotated edition of the 'Adelphæ of Terence' (1896); Selections from Catullus' (1900); and Selections from Ennius, Catullus, Tibullus, and Propertius, with Parallel Passages from Horace, Ovid, and Martial' (1909).

COWLEY, Abraham, English poet: b. London 1618; d. Chertsey, Surrey, 28 July 1667. He so early imbibed a taste for poetry that in 1633, while yet at school, he published a collection of verses, entitled 'Poetical Blossoms.' In 1637 he was elected a scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge, where he soon obtained

great literary distinction, and published in 1638 a pastoral comedy, entitled 'Love's Riddle,' and another in Latin, called 'Naufragium. Joculare,' acted before the university by the members of Trinity College. He was ejected from Cambridge as a Royalist and removed to Saint John's College, Oxford, where he published a satirical poem entitled the 'Puritan and the Papist.' He engaged actively in the royal cause, and when the queen was obliged to quit England Cowley accompanied her. In 1656 he returned to England, where he now published an edition of his poems, containing 'Miscellanies,' 'The Mistress,' (Pindarique Odes,' and the never-finished epic, 'Davideis' (on the history of King David). He again visited France, and resumed his functions of agent in the royal cause on the death of Cromwell. On the Restoration he returned with the other Royalists. By the interest of the Duke of Buckingham and the Earl of Saint Albans he obtained the lease of a farm at Chertsey whither he retired in 1665. In 1660 Cowley took part in founding the Royal Society; in 1661 he published à Proposition for the Advancement of Experimental Philosophy:' and a 'Discourse by Way of Vision Concerning the Government of Oliver Cromwell, which is pronounced by Bishop Hurd one of the best of the author's prose works. He published two books of a Latin poem on plants in 1662; he afterward added four more books, and the whole, together with other pieces, was published in 1678 under the title of 'Poemata Latina.' A poem on the Civil War' appeared in 1679; his Select Works,' with preface and notes by Bishop Hurd, were published in 1772-77. Cowley was extremely popular in his day, and his style, both in prose and verse, has been highly commended by critics; but his poems have failed to maintain their ancient popularity. The wit for which they were once celebrated has become obsolete, and he is now little read; but Charles Lamb speaks highly of him as a poet, and Hazlitt as a prose writer. Good modern editions are 'Complete Works' (ed. Grosart. London 1880-81); Poems' (ed. A. R. Waller, Cambridge 1905); Essays, Plays, etc.' (Waller, ib. 1906). Consult Johnson, 'Lives of the Poets.'

COWPEA (Vigna sinensis). It belongs to the natural order Leguminoseæ, family Fabacea, and is native of southeastern Asia, the Malay Archipelago and central Africa. It is closely related to the asparagus bean and the catjang, the other cultivated species of the genus. It was introduced into the United States in the 18th century, and is most largely grown in the southern States, where it is known as the cornfield or black-eye pea. Its habits of growth vary from a bush type in the northern States to a vine where it has a longer period of growth. Numerous varieties are on the market. Whippoorwill, Black, Clay, and Unknown are favorites. They are often grown on poor soils, but such should be enriched either with barnyard manure or phosphatic fertilizers. The seed is sown broadcast or drilled, at the rate of from one-half to one and a half bushels per

acre.

Uses and Feeding Value. It is grown.for food, hay, silage, soiling, grazing and soil renovation, having marked powers of enriching the

Cowpea seeds are eaten by man, either green, shelled and cooked like garden peas or shellbeans, or dried for winter use. They are often fed to stock. Some find difficulty in curing cowpea hay satisfactorily, but this is overcome with experience. The silage is somewhat similar to the green crop in composition. When used for soiling the amount consumed and time of feeding can be regulated, thus avoiding bloating, which is liable to occur when pasturing. Sheep are usually turned on the pasture before the plants are in bloom, cattle about the time the plants come into bloom; while for swine, the peas are allowed to reach full size. acre will pasture 15 or 20 pigs for several weeks. The manure more than compensates for the vines eaten. Turkeys and chickens eat the ripe peas and do well on them. The plants are sometimes cut down by the cowpea wilt. The September brood of the boll-worm and the weevil (Bruchis sinensis) also give trouble to the plants. Consult Smith, Cowpeas;' Farmers' Bulletin No. 89; Farmers' Bulletin No. 318; United States Department of Agriculture and Bureau of Plant Industry, Bulletin No. 229.

An

COWPENS, S. C., post village in Spartanburg County, near the border of North Carolina, with a population of about 1,100. Near here a signal victory was gained by American forces commanded by Gen. Daniel Morgan, over a British division under Colonel Tarleton, 17 Jan. 1781. This engagement is sometimes called the "Bennington of the South," for its decisiveness. See CowPENS, BATTLE OF.

COWPENS, Battle of, in the American Revolution, 17 Jan. 1781. At the end of 1780 Cornwallis held South Carolina with a little over 3,000 men, having lost 1,100 with Ferguson two months before, at King's Mountain. Waiting for reinforcements, he lay at Winnsborough, north of the centre, within supporting distance of Fort Motte and Orangeburg in the centre, Charleston and Georgetown on the coast, and Augusta and Ninety-Six in the west. December Greene came down with only 2,000 men, but with a wonderful group of subordinate

In

leaders fit for separate commands. With 1,100 men he occupied Cheraw Hill in the northeast, and kept Cornwallis in alarm for his communications with the coast; 900 under Daniel Morgan, part militia, part regulars, he sent to join hands with the victors of King's Mountain if possible, and alarm Cornwallis for the western posts. Cornwallis moved north into North Carolina to force a like movement on Greene, and sent Tarleton after Morgan. The latter took post in a pasture ground called the Cowpens, near the northern boundary, a few miles southwest of King's Mountain, and just west of Broad River. A long slope led up to a low rise; then came a depression, succeeded 150 yards farther on by another rise; and in rear of this was the river, cutting off retreat. This move of Morgan's was in violation of all military rules, but he was a man of genius and used to militia; he said that he could ask but one thing better, and that was to have them entirely surrounded by the enemy, so they could not run -the river was cheaper than regulars to shoot them down. Tarleton came in sight on the morning of 17 Jan. 1781, and Morgan placed his militia 150 yards in front of the first hill, with injunctions to fire at least two volleys at close range before breaking; on the hill, the famous First Maryland regulars, with some fine Virginians; on the second hill, his cavalry under Col. William Washington, a second cousin of George. As the British closed, the militia did not break; they were under Col. Andrew Pickens, and fired many more than the two volleys, with destructive effect Finally forced back, they retired to the left around the hills to the river bank, in rear of the cavalry, to re-form. The British left stretched around to flank the right of the American regulars, who drew back to face them; the British thought them retreating, and hurried forward in some disorder. Just then Colonel Washington's cavalry charged around the two hills to the left, coming up to the militia's old position and taking the British in rear, with the river on their flank; the militia rushed around the hills to the right, taking them in flank on the left; and the Continental regulars, only 30 yards off, poured in a withering fire and charged bayonet. Hannibal himself never wrought out a finer piece of tactics, or caught an enemy in a deadlier trap. Most of the British troops threw down their arms; the remnant fled with Tarleton, who barely escaped being cut down by Colonel Washington's sabre. Of the 1,100, 270 were killed and wounded, and 600 taken prisoners, with two field-pieces and 1,000 small arms. The Americans lost 12 killed and 62 wounded. Nearly a third of Cornwallis' army, including all his light troops, were annihilated at a blow.

COWPER, William, English poet: b. Great Berkhampstead, Hertfordshire, 26 Nov. 1731; d. East Dereham, Norfolk, 25 April 1800. The eldest surviving child of the Rev. John Cowper (pronounced Cooper) and Anne Donne (d. 1737), he was well connected on both sides, but inherited weakness of mind and body, and was unfortunate in the influences that surrounded his childhood. At 10 he entered Westminster School. Here he formed friendships with bright youths like the future poet, Robert Lloyd, Warren Hastings, Impey, Churchill and Colmar and showed fondness for athletics and literary