first practical submarine cable between Dover and Calais, his best piece of professional work. Among other works carried out either wholly or in part by him were the Berlin waterworks; the Smyrna railway; and the Varna railway. He also invented a rotary dust-fuel furnace, and_an automatic hydraulic tunnel-boring machine. The outside fire-box shells on many modern engines are still known as Crampton's.

CRAMPTON'S GAP, Battle of. See SOUTH MOUNTAIN, BATTLES of.

CRANACH, krä'näн, KRANACH, or KRONACH, Lucas, THE ELDER, German painter and engraver, founder of the Saxon school: b. Kronach, Ger., 1472; d. Weimar, 16 Oct. 1553. His family name is said to have been Müller, and the name by which he afterward called himself is said to have been taken from his birthplace. In 1504 he became court painter to Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, and in 1508 he was ennobled. In 1509 he traveled through the Netherlands and at Malines painted the portrait of the future Emperor Charles V, then a child of nine years. In 1519 he was elected chairman of the town council; he became burgomaster in 1537 and again in 1540. He was the intimate friend of Luther, of whom he painted various portraits, several of them still extant. After the death of the Elector Frederick he still remained attached to the Saxon court, for he received as much favor from Frederick's successors-John the Constant and John Frederick the Magnanimous. Cranach's portrait of the latter is contained in the New York Metropolitan Museum. After the battle of Mühlberg, in 1547, in which John Frederick was taken prisoner by the troops of Charles V. Cranach showed his attachment for his master by following him from prison to prison until in 1552 he was set at liberty, when he returned with Cranach at his side to Weimar. He engraved both on copper and wood, and also illuminated manuscripts, and was remarkable for his rapidity of execution. His smaller cuts are by far superior in drawing and detail. He devoted many of his engravings to subjects of value to the Reformation. His work was original, realistic and rich in its nationalism. He painted a large number of Madonnas, perhaps the most celebrated of which are to be seen in the cathedral of Glogau and the Pinakothek of Munich. Another favorite subject with him was Christ blessing the little children, a good specimen of which is in the Baring collection in London. Perhaps the most beautiful of his paintings on this subject is contained in the city church of Naumburg. Of his larger religious paintings, good examples are the 'Marriage of Saint Catharine' in the cathedral of Erfurt, and his last great work in the town church at Weimar, 'The Crucifixion,' depicting the object of the Reformation, and introducing the figures of Luther and Cranach himself. He excels in portrait painting, but although these show a mastery of detail, they lack the great strength and spirit of the German masters. They have a dry uniformity, a false idea of elegance, which, added to his desire to amuse, heighten the comic effect. Among the best are (Cardinal Albrecht of Mainz as Saint Jerome' in the Berlin Museum; John Frederick of Saxony,' and an Unknown Female' in the

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National Gallery, London. He painted many miniatures, as in the album of the University of Wittenberg, now at Halle, and especially in John Frederick's 'Book of Tourneys' now at Coburg, a work of 144 pictures. Consult Heller, 'Das Leben und die Werke Lucas Cranachs' (2d ed., 1844); Schuchardt, 'Lucas Cranach des älteren Leben und Werke' (1851-61); Dodgson in 'Bibliothèque des bibliographies critiques' (Paris); Fleschig, 'Tafelbilder Lucas Cranaches die Alteren; Cranach Studien' (Leipzig 1900); and the monographs by Warnecke (Görlitz 1879); Lindau (Leipzig 1883); and Michaelson (ib. 1902).

CRANACH, Lucas, THE YOUNGER, German painter; b. 4 Oct. 1515; d. 25 Jan. 1586; second son and a pupil of Lucas Cranach, whose manner he copied so faithfully that many of his father's works are assigned to the son. Moreover, each used a similar mark, a crowned serpent with wings. According to Schuchardt, the son varied his mark by showing the wings of the serpent folded instead of erect, as in the pictures signed by the father. His 'Crucifixion' and The Lord's Vineyard,' symbolical of the progress of the Reformation, are in the Stadt Kirche at Wittenberg. Other pictures of his may be found in Dresden, Berlin and Munich.

CRANBERRY, several trailing species of the family Vacciniacea genus Oxycoccus. One of these species, O. marcrocarpus, is extensively cultivated in the United States for its acid fruit which ripens in the autumn and may be kept until spring, and which finds an important culinary use in the making of sauce, pies, etc., but is never eaten as a dessert fruit. The crop of 1909 was reported to be 987,500 bushels, produced mainly in Massachusetts, New Jersey and Wisconsin, the balance being made up from smaller areas in the northern States. Though one of the species (O. cxycoccus) is a native of Europe as well as America, it has not developed European horticultural varieties. Indeed, in Europe the cranberry is cultivated to a much smaller extent than in America.

The two species from which the cultivated varieties have been derived are O. oxycoccus, the smaller cranberry, and O. macrocarpus, the larger cranberry. Both are natives of northern swamps and marshes, especially such as are rich in peat; the latter species is confined to North America. Both are trailing vines bearing small evergreen leaves, inconspicuous flowers and globular or pyriform red fruits borne on slender curved stalks, which suggested the name crane-berry- the neck of a The American species is cultivated almost exclusively and has developed the larger number of horticultural varieties, but the smaller cranberry is considered by many to produce finer flavored fruits. The general types of berries are globular, bell-shaped and bugle-shaped, with numerous varieties in each class.

crane.

Commercially, cranberries are grown in low, wet ground, though they are sometimes raised upon drier soils. The land selected must be drained, so that standing water will be at least a foot below the surface of the soil during summer; it must be retentive of moisture, since the plants quickly suffer in dry seasons; it must be level in order to be readily flooded in very dry weather, in winter, and when insects are seriously troublesome; it must be situated where injury from frosts will be as little as pos

sible. Late spring frosts injure_the_blossoms; early autumn ones, the fruit. Further, there must be sufficient water to quickly flood the field. Bogs in which sphagnum moss grows upon a peat or muck soil are preferred and are considered specially promising if plants related to the cranberry grow naturally upon the land. Draining the bog and clearing it of trees, brush, roots, moss, etc., is followed by the digging of permanent open ditches two to four feet deep. These spread the water and remove it in times of flooding, etc. After the land is prepared it is usually covered with a few inches of sand to keep down weeds and thus reduce the cost of maintenance. In this sand cuttings six or eight inches long are set at intervals of from 12 to 15 inches apart each way. Beyond the removal of weeds no cultivation is generally given. The third or fourth year a full crop may be expected; 50 barrels being a good yield, though four times that amount has been obtained. When the beds become too full of vines they are mown or burned over to start a fresh growth and every fourth or fifth year a fresh covering of an inch or so of sand is given. Sanding is not practised in some localities. The cost of preparing and planting a bed as above indicated varies from $300 to $500 an acre. Harvesting is done by hand when highest grades are picked; by raking and combing for the less choice.

Several diseases and insects attack the cranberry. Of the former the most serious is probably the scald, which appears most frequently in hot muggy seasons as a soft reddish-brown spot on the fruit, which quickly swells and gets hard, but later shrivels and either drops off or remains attached to the vine. The leaves are also more or less affected. Spraying with bordeaux mixture is found to be the most satisfactory method of treatment. It is usually most easily done while the bed is flooded. Red galls are often troublesome upon the leaves. This is controlled by burning the beds over in the autumn to kill the spores of the fungus. A large and conspicuous distortion and reddening of the green parts may sometimes prove destructive. The leading insect enemies are two caterpillars, one of which attacks the foliage, the other the fruit. The former, known as the black-headed fireworm, may be controlled by the application of kerosene or Paris green. latter, a kind of span-worm, may be destroyed by spraying with an arsenite when the leaves are falling and the fruit is setting. Generally, perhaps, the beds are flooded to destroy these and other insect pests.

The

Several other plants bear the name cranberry. Among the best known are Vaccinium vitisidea, known as low bush cranberry, wolf-berry, mountain cranberry and cowberry. It is a native of Europe and America and is often found in the markets, but is not cultivated. Its fruits reach American markets not only from the northern United States and eastern Canada, but often from Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Germany. The high-bush, high cranberry or cranberry-bush is a shrub, a species of Viburnum, which attains a height of 12 feet and bears scarlet berries which persist during win

Bibliography. Bailey, Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture' (New York 1914); White, Cranberry Culture) (New York); Webb, 'Cape Cod Cranberries'; Special Bulletin K, New Jersey Experiment Station, 'Insects Injuriously Affecting Cranberries'; 'Proceedings of the American Cranberry Growers' Association.'

CRANBROOK, Gathorne GathorneHardy, 1st EARL, English statesman: b. Bradford, 1 Oct. 1814; d. Hemsted Park, 30 Oct. 1906. In 1865 he defeated Mr. Gladstone in the celebrated Oxford University election; in 1878 he was raised to the peerage as Viscount Cranbrook. He was Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department (1858-59), president of the Poor-law Board (1866-67), Home Secretary (1867-68), War Secretary (1874-78), Secretary of State for India (1878-80) and Lord President of the Council (1885, 1886-92).

CRANBROOK, Canada, town of British Columbia, in the Kootenay Valley between the Selkirk and Rocky mountains, on the Canadian Pacific Railroad, 35 miles west of Fernie. It contains the provincial buildings, a high school, manual training school, several primary schools and churches. It has extensive agricultrual and mining interests and is an important trade centre. Its manufactures include brick yards, mineral water works, iron foundries, planing mills and sash and door factories. Pop. 3,090.

CRANCH, Christopher Pearse, American artist and poet: b. Alexandria, Va., 8 March 1813; d. Cambridge, Mass., 20 Jan. 1892. He was a son of William Cranch (q.v.). He studied at Columbian University, Washington, D. C.; was graduated at the Harvard Divinity School 1835; preached in Unitarian pulpits for a few years, and then gave himself up entirely to painting and poetry. He studied in Italy 184648, 1853-63, when he returned to America and was elected a member of the National Academy, but exhibited nothing after 1871. He was an intimate friend of Lowell and Longfellow; a man of versatile if not commanding talent; and one whose friendship was highly cherished by the few favored with it. Some of the best known of his paintings are 'Val de Moline, Amalfi, Italy) (1869); (Venice) (1870); and 'Venetian Fishing Boats' (1871). His wellknown poem "Thought' appeared in The Dial (1840). His published works include 'Poems (1844); The Last of the Huggermuggers> (1856); Kobboltozo) (1857); a blank verse translation of the Eneid' (1872); (Satan: a Libretto (1874); The Bird and the Bell, and Other Poems (1875; 2d ed., 1890); 'Ariel and Caliban (1887).

CRANCH, William, American jurist: b. Weymouth, Mass., 17 July 1769; d. Washington, D. C., 1 Sept. 1855. He was graduated at Harvard in 1787; admitted to the bar in 1790; appointed an associate judge of the United States Circuit Court for the District of Columbia in 1801; and chief justice of that court in 1805. He held this office till his death, and during a period of over half a century had only two decisions overruled by the Supreme Court. His reports of cases decided in the Circuit Court (1801-41) were published in six volumes; and those of the United States Supreme Court (1801-15) in nine volumes, with supplementary issues in 1835.

CRANDALL, Charles Henry, American writer: b. Greenwich, N. Y., 19 June 1858. He was for five years on the staff of the New York Tribune, and in book form has published 'The Season; a Social History of New York' (1883); 'Representative Sonnets' (edited, 1891); 'Wayside Music' (1893); The Chords of Life' (1898); Songs from Sky Meadows' (1909), the last three being volumes of poems. Mr. Crandall was selected to read the poem at the dedication of the Battle Monument at Saratoga (where Burgoyne surrendered). He contributes essays on social subjects and country life, poems, etc., to leading periodicals.

CRANDALL, Charles Lee, American civil engineer: b. Bridgewater, N. Y., 20 July 1850. He was graduated from Cornell University in 1872 and has been connected with that institution as instructor and professor of engineering from 1874. He has published Tables for Computation of Railway and Other Earthwork' (1886); 'Notes on Descriptive Geometry) (1888); Notes on Shades, Shadows and Perspective'; 'The Transition Curve' (1893); Textbook on Geodesy and Least Squares' (1907); Field Book for Railroad Surveying' (1909); and is joint author of 'Railroad Construction (1913).

CRANDALL, Prudence. See PHILLEO,

PRUDENCE CRANDALL.

CRANE, Bruce, American landscape artist: b. New York, 17 Oct. 1857. He studied art in New York city and in Paris, France, and made his first exhibition of pictures at the National Academy of Design in 1879. He gained the Webb and the Saltus prizes; was awarded the bronze medal of the Paris Exposition in 1900; the silver medal of the Pan-American Exposition in 1901; the silver medal of the Carolina Exposition, the gold medal of the National Academy and the gold medal of the Louisiana Exposition in 1904; and the silver medal of the Panama-Pacific Exposition in 1915.

He was

elected a member of the National Academy of Design in 1901. Among his notable pictures are The Hills' in the National Academy; 'March' in the Brooklyn Museum; 'Autumn Uplands in the Metropolitan Museum; and 'Springtime in the Peabody Institute, Balti

more.

CRANE, Frank, journalist and author: b. Urbana, Ill., 12 May 1861. He studied at the Illinois Wesleyan University and was ordained to the Methodist Episcopal ministry in 1882. He received from his alma mater the honorary degree of Ph.B. in 1892 and D.D. from Nebraska Wesleyan University in 1894. He held the pastorates of two Chicago Methodist Episcopal churches 1896-1903; and of the Union Congregational Church, Worcester, Mass., from 1904 until in 1909 he resigned to devote himself to journalism. As editorial writer for The Associated Newspapers, the syndicate of 40 newspapers in the leading cities of the nation, and as a contributor to leading magazines, his essays treating with the daily problems of life are written in a popular vein and are marked by versatility, shrewd and kindly philosophy. Collected in book form these essays are widely read throughout America and the Englishspeaking world under the following titles: The Religion of To-Morrow (1899); Vision'

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(1907); The Song of the Infinite' (1909); Human Confessions' (1911); 'God and Democracy) (1911); Lame and Lovely' (1912); Footnotes to Life' (1913); War and World Government' (1915); Just Human' (1915); 'Adventures in Common Sense' (1916); 'The Looking Glass' (1917); Christmas and the Year Round' (1917); 'Lighted Windows' (1918).

CRANE, Frank, American illustrator and cartoonist: b. Rahway, N. J., 1856; d. New Rochelle, N. Y., 26 Oct. 1917. He was a descendant of Sir Peter Crane, and his ancestors founded the town of Crane's Ford, now Cranford, N. J. Crane was graduated from the New York Academy of Design, and became successively cartoonist and art editor of the New York World, and later art editor of the Philadelphia Press. He was subsequently connected with the New York papers, the Times, Herald and Tribune, and the Boston Herald. He was a cousin of Mr. Stephen Crane, the author. Among his humorous creations are "Uncle Dick's Contraptions"; "Muggsy" and "Willie Westinghouse Smith." He also wrote several boys' stories.

CRANE, Ichabod, the country schoolmaster in Irving's 'Legend of Sleepy Hollow,' in the 'Sketch Book' who was frightened away from the Hollow by his adventure with the Galloping Hessian.

CRANE, Stephen, American novelist and poet b. Newark, N. J., 1 Nov. 1870; d. Badenweiler, Germany, 5 June 1900. After receiving his education at Lafayette College and at Syracuse University, he began as a reporter and newspaper writer; was correspondent for the New York Journal in the Greco-Turkish War 1897 and in Cuba for the Spanish-American War. 'The Black Riders and Other Lines) (1895), a collection of verse, was his earliest volume, followed by his 'Red Badge of Courage' (1896), which excited a widespread interest in its author and seemed to presage a career of more than ordinary brilliancy. His later works are 'Maggie: a Girl of the Streets' (1896); 'George's Mother' (1896); The Little Regiment (1897); The Third Violet' (1897); 'The Open Boat (1898); The Eternal Patience (1898); Whilomville Stories' (1900); 'Wounds in the Rain (1900); 'Great Battles of the World' (1901). In 1903 appeared 'O'Ruddy' written in collaboration with Robert Barr.

CRANE, Thomas Frederick, American scholar: b. New York, 12 July 1844. Graduated A.B. at Princeton College in 1864 and became a professor of the Romance languages at Cornell University on its opening in 1868. For 13 years, 1896 to 1909, he was dean of the College of Arts and Sciences and of the university faculty, and in 1899 and 1912 was acting president. He retired under the provision of the Carnegie Foundation in 1909. He has contributed to periodicals articles on Folk Lore and Mediæval Latin Fiction, and has written the following works: Tableaux de la Révolution Française (1884); 'Le Romantisme Français' (1886); La Société Française au dix-septième siècle (1889); 'Boileau's les Héros de Roman' (1902); Rotrou's Saint Genest and Vanceslas' (1907); Chansons populaires de la France' (1891); 'Italian Popular Tales' (1885); (The

Exempla or Illustrative Stories from the Sermons of Jacques de Vitry' (1890).

CRANE, Walter, English artist and writer: b. Liverpool, 15 Aug. 1845; d. 14 March 1915. He became apprentice to W. J. Linton, the wellknown wood engraver, in 1859, and soon began to illustrate books. In 1888 he became first president of the Arts and Crafts Society. In the following year he became associate of the Royal Society of Painters in Water Colors, and from 1893 till 1896 was director of design in the Manchester Municipal School of Art. His principal publications were 'Picture Books (1865-76); Baby's Opera' (1877); Grimm's Household Stories' (1882); The First of May' (1883); The Sirens Three: a Poem' (1885); Flora's Feast' (1889); 'Queen Summer (1891); Renascence' (1891); Claims of Decorative Art' (1892); 'Decorative Illustrations of Books (1896); Spenser's Faerie Queene' (1895-97); and (Shepherd's Calendar) (1897); The Bases of Design' (1898); 'Line and Form (1900); Don Quixote' (1900); ‘A Masque of Days' (1901); An Artist's Reminiscenses (1907); India Impressions) (1907), etc. Among his pictures are Renascence of Venus (1877); Fate of Persephone) (1878); Europa (1881); The Bridge of Life) (1884); 'Freedom (1885); 'La Belle Dame Sans Merci,' 'England's Emblem' (1895); (The Rainbow and the Wave' (1896); Britannia's Vision' (1897); the World's Conquerors' (1898); Mask of the Four Seasons' (1905) and Prometheus Unbound.' Mr. Crane belonged essentially to the imaginative and poetic school so prominent among recent artists. He was identified with the Socialist movement as lecturer, writer and artist.

CRANE, William Henry, American actor: b. Leicester, Mass., 30 April 1845. He was educated in the Boston schools. In 1863, after some amateur experience, he made his début at Utica, N. Y., with the Holman Opera Company, taking the part of the notary in Donizetti's Daughter of the Regiment. In 1870 he became a member of the Alice Oates Company, with which he remained for four years. In 1874 he played at Hooley's Theatre in Chicago, filling the leading comedy rôles, and later he acted in San Francisco. Returning East, he made his first marked success with Stuart Robson (1877), at the Park Theatre, New York, in Grover's farcical play, 'Our Boarding House.' Among their other successes were those in the 'Comedy of Errors and The Henrietta' (1889), after which he separated from Mr. Robson. His subsequent plays include The Senator'; 'The American Minister'; 'On Probation'; 'A Fool of Fortune'; 'A Virginia Courtship'; 'David Harum' (1900); Business is Business (1905); She Stoops to Conquer (1906-07); Father and the Boys' (1907); The Senator Keeps House' (1911); and a revival of Bronson Howard's 'Henrietta,' rewritten and produced as 'The New Henrietta' (1914).

CRANE, Winthrop Murray, American paper manufacturer: b. Dalton, Mass., 27 April 1853. He was lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts 1897-99, and governor of the State 1900-02. In 1901 he was offered, but declined, the position of Secretary of the Treasury. In 1904, upon the death of Senator Hoar, he was appointed to the Senate, in 1905 elected to fill

his unexpired term, and in 1907 for the full term ending in 1913, when he retired from public life.

CRANE, a large wading-bird of the extensive and cosmopolitan family Gruide. Cranes are often confused with herons, but really are related to the rails. The typical and most widely known species is probably the common crane (Grus communis) of Europe and northern Asia, which has long figured in literature and legendary history. Cranes are large birds, the biggest, as for example our whooping crane, holding its head, when erect, nearly as high as that of a man; but this height is mainly owing to the long neck which eminently fit them for living in marshes and situations subject to inundations, where they usually seek their food. This is principally of vegetable matter, consisting of the seeds of various plants or grains plundered from grounds recently plowed or sown. They also devour insects, worms, frogs, lizards, reptiles, small fish_and the spawn of various aquatic animals. They build their nests among bushes or on tussocks in the marshes, constructing them of rushes, reeds, etc., surmounted by some soft material. They lay but two eggs, which are buff, gray or greenish in ground-color and variously marked with darker spots. These birds are said to mate for life.

The cranes annually migrate and perform journeys astonishing for their great length and hazardous character, transporting themselves from the tropical heat of southern India and central Africa to the icy waters of Lapland and Siberia and from Arctic America to the tropics. They are remarkable for making numerous circles and evolutions in the air when setting out on their journeys, and generally form two lines meeting in an angle forward, led by one of the strongest of their number, whose trumpet-like voice is heard as if directing their advance, when the flock is far above the clouds and entirely out of sight. To this call-note of the leader the flock frequently respond by a united clangor, which, at such a distance, does not produce an unpleasant effect. From the sagacity with which these birds vary their flight, according to the states of the atmosphere, they have, from the earliest ages, been popularly regarded as indicators of events; and their manœuvres were attentively watched and interpreted by the augurs and aruspices among the Romans- -a circumstance which, together with their general harmlessness and apparent gravity of demeanor, led to their being held in a sort of veneration, even by some civilized nations. When obliged to take wing from the ground, cranes rise with considerable difficulty, striking quickly with their wings and trailing their feet along and near the ground until they have gained a sufficient elevation to commence wheeling in circles, which grow wider and wider until they have soared to the highest regions of the air. When their flight is high and silent, it is regarded as an indication of continued fine weather; they fly low and are noisy in cloudy, wet or stormy weather. Against approaching storms the cranes, like various other birds of lofty flight, readily guard by ascending above the level of the clouds and the atmospheric currents which bear them.

The North American cranes are three, the whooping or great white crane (Grus Ameri