This testing is called rating. A current meter is rated by drawing it through still water at a uniform speed and noting the number of revolutions as to time and distance, from which the number of revolutions per second is computed. Many such experimental runs are made with each meter at different speeds and the results are so recorded as to be quickly available in computing current velocities from any record that individual meter may make.

CURRENT RIVER, a river of Missouri, rising among the Ozark Mountains in the southern central part of the State, flowing southeast and south into the Black River in Arkansas; length about 250 miles.

CURRENTS, Ocean. See OCEAN CUR

RENTS.

CURRICULUM, the term applied to a course of study, or collectively to that of any type of educational institutions, as the college curriculum, the high-school curriculum, the common-school curriculum, etc. The historical basis of the modern educational curriculum is found in the Seven Liberal Arts of the Middle Ages, which developed from Greek philosophical speculation and educational practices. As long as the idea of the symbolical perfection of this organization of studies and of human knowledge prevailed there was no modification of the form of the curriculum, though the content of these terms was modified from time to time. All lower education was included in the subject of the trivium, i.e., grammar, rhetoric and dialectic, which represented so many approaches to the Latin language. This was based on the work of the "singing school," which furnished to the child the school arts (reading and writing), with a modicum of arithmetic. The curriculum of higher education included the subject of the quadrivium, i.e., arithmetic, geometry (mathematics and geography), astronomy (natural sciences) and music (æsthetic, etc.). The elaboration of the curriculum under the influences of the early universities and of the Renaissance consisted chiefly in the addition of the subjects of medicine and law, both common and civil, and in the change in the content of the subject of the quadrivium. These changes can be followed in the successive papal rules and university regulations which prescribed the books that should be read in the several subjects. From the time of the Renaissance to the close of the 18th century there was no modification in the organization of the educational curriculum and little in the content. From that time, however, the changes have been numerous and radical, and the old idea of the historical and logical perfection of the traditional curriculum has largely disappeared. In the United States, where conditions permitted these changes with less opposition than in the more conservative societies, very extensive changes have occurred, and an almost chaotic condition has ensued. These changes have consisted primarily in the addition of new subjects to each of the stages of the curriculum, due to the great development of knowledge, especially scientific, during the 19th century. The curriculum of the elementary school has expanded in content from the three fundamental school arts until it now embraces from 12 to 15 subjects in half that many spheres of intellectual interests, and in time, from three or four years to eight and nine; the secondary

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curriculum has undergone no expansion in time, perhaps a diminution, owing to the encroachment of both the lower and the higher curricula, but has added so great a number of subjects that it deals in a preliminary way with almost all those included within the curriculum of college and university. The problem of curriculum is twofold that of content and that of organization. This twofold problem is now and long has been the chief topic of educational discussion in the United States. The matter has received extended study by American educators and has formed the subject of two important reports by committees appointed by the National Education Association. Consult Reports of the National Education Association' (Washington 1865 et seq.); Proceedings of the National Education Association'; Payne, Public Elementary School Curriculum' (Boston 1905); Henderson, Textbook in the Principles of Education (New York 1910); Ruediger, 'Principles of Education' (Boston 1910); Cubberley, 'Changing Conceptions of Education' (Boston 1909).

CURRIE, SIR Arthur William, Canadian soldier: b. Napperton, Middlesex County, Ontario, 5 Dec. 1875. He was educated at Strathroy Collegiate Institute, and migrated to British Columbia in 1893, where for a time he taught school at Sydney and afterward engaged in real estate business in Victoria. Always keenly interested in military affairs, he served for 14 years with the 5th regiment of Canadian Garrison Artillery, and afterward became lieutenantcolonel of a Highland regiment, the 50th, of Victoria. He was elected president of the Rifle Club of British Columbia in 1907. On the outbreak of the Great War in August 1914 he immediately volunteered for active service, and went overseas as a brigadier. He has taken a distinguished part in many of the stiffest battles of the war - the second battle of Ypres, Saint Julien, Courcelette. Thiepval and Vimy Ridge. In September 1915 he was appointed to the command of the 2d Canadian Division; and it was said of his division that it never lost a trench. He has been repeatedly mentioned in dispatches; was created C.B. and awarded the Legion of Honor and the Croix de Commandeur in 1915. On 3 June 1917 he was created K.C.M.G. He was appointed to succeed Sir Julian Byng in command of all the Canadian forces at the front, and was shortly thereafter raised to the rank of lieutenant-general.

CURRIE, Lady Mary Montgomerie Lamb Singleton ("VIOLET FANE"), English poet and miscellaneous writer: b. Littlehampton, Sussex, 24 Feb. 1843; d. Harrogate, 13 Oct. 1905. She was married in 1864 to Henry Sydenham Singleton, who died in 1893, and in 1894 to the 1st Baron Currie. Her books, published under her pseudonym, are 'From Dawn to Noon (1872); 'Denzil Place' (1875); "The Queen of the Fairies' (1876); Edwin and Angelina Papers' (1878); Collected Verses' (1880); Sophy, or the Adventures of a Savage (1881); Thro' Love and War) (1886); 'Autumn Songs' (1889); 'Helen Davenant' (1889); Under Cross and Crescent' (1896); 'Betwixt the Seas' (1900); Two Moods of a Man' (1901); 'Collected Essays' (1902).

CURRIER, Charles Warren, American Catholic prelate: b. Saint Thomas, Danish West

Indies (now Virgin Islands, U. S. A.), 22 March 1857. He was educated at Roermond and Wittem, Holland; was ordained to the priesthood in 1880; and served successively as missionary in South America and in the United States. He was also lecturer, pastor, professor of Latin, assistant, etc., at the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions, Washington, D. C., 1905 to 1913. In 1913 he was consecrated bishop of Matanzas, Cuba, resigned in 1915 and was made titular bishop of Hetalonia. He represented the United States government at several international congresses of Americanists. He is a member of the American Oriental Society and the Spanish American Athenæum. He has published Carmel in America' (1890); History of Religious Orders (1894); 'Dimitrios and Irene (1893); 'The Rose of Alhama' (1895); Cuba, What Shall We Do with It? (1898); 'Lands of the Southern Cross) (1911). He is a contributor to the Catholic Encyclopedia,' the American Ecclesiastical Review, etc.

CURRY, Jabez Lamar Monroe, American educator and diplomat: b. Lincoln County, Ga., 5 June 1825; d. Asheville, N. C., 12 Feb. 1903. He was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1843 and at Harvard Law School in 1845. He served in the Alabama legislature from 1847 to 1855 and in Congress from 1857 to 1861, and then became a member of the Confederate Congress. He became a Baptist minister; served in the Confederate army; was president of Howard College 1866-68; and in 1881 was appointed general agent of the Peabody Educational Fund and later also of the Slater Educational Funds. He was Minister to Spain 1885-89, and special ambassador from the United States at the coronation of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, 17 May 1902. He published 'Constitutional Government in Spain) (1889); (William Ewart Gladstone: a Study' (1891); 'The Southern States of the American Union' (1894); 'Difficulties, Complications, and Limitations Connected with the Education of the Negro (1895); 'Civil History of the Government of the Confederate States, with some Personal Reminiscences.>

CURRY, Samuel Silas, American educator: b. Chatata, Tenn., 1847. He was graduated at Grant University 1872. He received the degrees of A.M. and Ph.D. at Boston University. He has gained wide reputation as a teacher of speaking and of the voice. He has been connected as a teacher with Boston University, Harvard University, Newton Theological Institution and Yale Divinity School, and has lectured and given short courses in many other universities. He is the founder and head of the School of Expression, Boston, Mass. His publications are Mind and Voice'; 'Foundations of Expression' (1908); 'Province of Expression' (1891); Classics for Vocal Expression'; Vocal and Literary Interpretation of the Bible' (1903); Lessons in Vocal Expression' (1895); Imagination and Dramatic Instinct' (1896) 'Browning and the Dramatic Monologue 'Little Classics for Oral English' (1912); 'Spoken English' (1913); (The Smile' (1915); 'How to Add Ten Years to Your Life' (1915); 'Bell.'

CURRY NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE, institution for the training of colored youths, founded in 1889 at Urbana, Ohio,

by E. W. B. Curry. The institute includes a Bible school and normal, literary, commercial, music and industrial departments. The extension work is conducted through a race conference and a social settlement. There is an average of 10 instructors and officers in the faculty. The real estate and equipment are valued at $50,000 and the annual income to about $7,000. In 1913 the institute received a gift of $2,000 from Martha Fouse, a former slave. The institute depends for its support upon gifts from the general public. The library contains about 5,000 volumes. Since the foundation of the institute over 2,000 students have been assisted in obtaining an education.

CURRY POWDER and CURRY PASTE, compound condiment added to cooked dishes of meat and rice to render them piquant and appetizing. So generally is curry powder employed in East Indian cookery that it has been called the "salt of the Orient." The substances that commonly form the bases of these powders are turmeric, fenugreek and sago. To these ginger, black and Cayenne pepper, coriander, caraway and many other spices are added in varying quantities, or omitted, according to the locality. Such curry powders as contain the pulverized leaves of Murraya kanigia are used not only as aromatic stomachic stimulants, but as remedies for dyspepsia, diarrhoea and even dysentery. The basis of many curry pastes is tamarind.

CURSE OF SCOTLAND, The, in cards, a term applied to the nine of diamonds. Its origin is unknown. Among the many explanations offered are the following: (1) The nine of diamonds is the "pope" in the game of Pope Joan, and hence the symbol of Antichrist to the Reformers. (2) It is the chief card in comette, which game ruined many families in Scotland. (3) It goes back to the nine lozenges on the Dalrymple arms, the Earl of Stair having been responsible for the massacre of Glencoe. Tradition says that the Duke of Cumberland, while drunk and gambling on the night before the battle of Culloden, wrote across the face of this card the order that no quarter was to be given on the morrow.

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CURSORES, kér'sō'rēz, or RUNNERS, the Ratite (q.v.).

CURTESY, in law, the life interest which the surviving husband has in the inheritable estate of the wife. Originally curtesy attached, as dower still does in most of the United States, to all estates of inheritance of which the wife was seized at any time during the marriage. But it is now generally, though not invariably, limited to such lands as she is seized of at her death; and she may therefore, in most States, by alienating the land during her lifetime or by last will and testament, defeat her husband's claims as tenant by the curtesy. See Blackstone, 'Commentaries on the Laws of England' Pollock and Maitland, 'History of English Law' (Boston 1899); Tiffany, 'Law of Real Property.'

CURTILAGE, the enclosed space of ground and buildings immediately surrounding or lying near a dwelling and used for its convenient occupation. The term is of feudal origin and originally meant a castle and outbuildings enclosed in a stone wall for defense. There is no exact limit to the area which may be in

CURTIN, Andrew Gregg, American politician: b. Bellefonte, Pa., 22 April 1815; d. there, 7 Oct. 1894. He studied law at Dickinson College, and was admitted to the bar in 1839. Entering politics, he became secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in 1854, governor in 1860 and again in 1863, being one of the most noted "war governors" of the Civil War period. In 1869 he was appointed Minister to Russia. In 1873 he left the Republican party, and from 1881 to 1887 sat in Congress as a Democrat. Consult Egle, W. H., Life and Times of Andrew Gregg Curtin' (Philadelphia 1896).

CURTIN, Jeremiah, American linguist_and antiquarian: b. Milwaukee, Wis., 1838; d. Burlington, Vt., 14 Dec. 1906. He prepared for Harvard and was graduated there in 1863. At the university he became an excellent linguist. In 1864 he entered the diplomatic service, becoming secretary of legation for the United States at Saint Petersburg, where he remained until 1870. During his stay in Russia he made a study of Slavonic and allied languages. This knowledge he turned to account in his translations of Tolstoy, Zagoskin and Sienkiewicz, being the first to introduce the latter to the English-speaking world. From 1883 to 1891 he was connected with the Bureau of Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution. Afterward he made independent researches concerning the North American Indians. He was reputed to have known 70 languages, 12 more than the redoubtable Cardinal Mezzofanti. By his translations from the Russian, Polish, Czech and other languages he added enormously to our knowledge of foreign literature. Besides his translations he wrote Myths and Folklore of Ireland' (1906); Tales of the Fairies and the Ghost World'; 'Myths and Folk-Tales of the Russians, Western Slavs, and Magyars) (1894); 'Hero Tales of Ireland' (1894); Creation Myths of Primitive America' (1898); The Mongols (1907); The Mongols in Russia' (1908); A Journey in Southern Russia (1909); Myths of the Medocs' (1912).

CURTIS, Alfred A., American Catholic prelate: b. Somerset County, Md., 4 July 1831; d. 11 July 1908. When only 21 years old he was ordained in the Episcopal ministry and for several years labored in Baltimore and western Maryland, finally returning to Baltimore. Later he resigned his ministerial duties, entered the Catholic Church, took a theological course, was ordained priest by Archbishop Bayley, 17 Dec. 1874, and stationed at Baltimore Cathedral till 14 Nov. 1886, when he was consecrated bishop of Wilmington, Del. He resigned in 1896 and in 1898 became vicar-general of Baltimore,

CURTIS, Benjamin Robbins, American jurist: b. Watertown, Mass., 4 Nov. 1809; d. Newport, R. I., 15 Sept. 1874. He was graduated at Harvard 1829; was admitted to the bar 1832, and rose rapidly to the height of

his profession in Boston, Mass. He was appointed to the United States Supreme Court 1851, and in the famous Dred Scott case made a powerful argument dissenting from the court's decision. Resigning in 1857, he was a member of the State legislature for two years; and in 1868 one of the counsel for the defense in the impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson. His writings include 'Reports of Cases in the Circuit Courts of the United States' (1854); 'Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, with notes and a digest'; Jurisdiction, Practice, and Peculiar Jurisdiction of the Courts of the United States' (1880). Consult 'Memoir and Writings of Benjamin R. Curtis' (Boston 1880), the first volume of which, containing the memoir, is written by his brother, G. T. Curtis.

CURTIS, Carlton Clarence, American botanist: b. Syracuse, N. Y., 26 Aug. 1864. He was educated at Syracuse and Columbia universities and also studied at the universities of Cambridge and Leipzig. In 1892-94 he was principal of the Fayette Union School, New York, in 1894-96 instructor in natural science at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, from 1898 to 1908 tutor in botany at Columbia, and thereafter associate professor. Besides contributions on professional topics to botanical journals, he is author of "Text-Book of General Botany) (1897); and Nature and Development of Plants (1907; 3d ed., 1915).

CURTIS, Charles, American statesman: b. North Topeka, Kan., 25 Jan. 1860. His mother was a full-blooded member of the Kaw tribe of Indians. He was educated in the common schools, and after studying law was admitted to the bar in 1881. In 1884 and again in 1886 he was county attorney of Shawnee County. From 1893 to 1897 he served in Congress from the Fourth Kansas District and from 1897 to 1907 represented the First District of the State. He resigned from the House in 1907 upon his election to the United States Senate to fill the unexpired term of J. R. Burton, resigned, and was the first Indian to hold such office. He was a candidate for re-election in 1912, but was defeated. He was elected, however, for the term 1915-21.

CURTIS, Cyrus Hermann Kotzschmar, American publisher: b. Portland, Me., 18 June 1850. He was educated in the public schools and in 1876 removed to Philadelphia, where he became publisher of the Tribune and Farmer. He later established the Ladies' Home Journal and made it one of the most successful periodicals in the United States. The Curtis Publishing Company, of which he became head, published, in addition to the Ladies' Home Journal, the Country Gentleman and the Saturday Evening Post, the latter established by Benjamin Franklin in 1728. Under Mr. Curtis's management the Saturday Evening Post attained a larger circulation than had hitherto been reached by any American periodical. In 1913 he took over the interest of A. S. Ochs in the Philadelphia Public Ledger.

CURTIS, Edward, American medical scientist: b. Providence, R. I., 4 June 1838. He is a brother of G. W. Curtis (q.v.). He was graduated at Harvard in 1859, and took his medical degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1864. He was an army surgeon during

the Civil War and from 1866 was a member of the faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. He made a specialty of microscopic study and the camera in connection with diagnosis, and published a 'Manual of General Medicinal Technology' (1883); 'Months and Moods: A Fifteen-Year Calendar' (1903); 'Nature and Health' (1906).

CURTIS, George Carroll, American geographic sculptor: b. Abington, Mass., 15 July 1872. He was educated at Harvard University, where he was for a time an assistant in the geological department. Later he became assistant field geologist of the United States Geological Survey. He was the first to apply aerial perspective to topographical models; this he did in models of Boston and vicinity, and of the city of Washington as it existed and as it would appear if a proposed development were carried out. A member of the expedition to the West Indian eruptions, he was the first to visit the crater of La Soufrière and discovered the new summit of Mount Pelée. He also spent a year among the coral islands of the south Pacific and in 1910-11 made a special study of the Atlantic coast from Maine to Newfoundland, and in 1913 made a tour of the world studying volcanoes. Besides his special geological and topographical articles, he is author and illustrator of A Description of the Topographical Model of Metropolitan Boston' (1900).

CURTIS, George William, American essayist and journalist: b. Providence, R. I., 24 Feb. 1824; d. New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y., 31 Aug. 1892. At 18 he spent some months at Brook Farm (q.v.) and a few years later visited the Old World, the results of his travels appearing in 'Nile Notes of a Howadji' (1851); and The Howadji in Syria' (1852). He was an early sympathizer with the abolition movement and as the editor of Harper's Weekly for nearly a generation exercised a measurable influence over the more thoughful of his countrymen. At an earlier period he was editor of Putnam's Magazine, which did not prove a financial success, and for many years thereafter he devoted the proceeds of his lecture tours to paying off the obligations incurred in relation to that enterprise. From 1854 till not long before his death he edited the "Easy Chair"> department of Harper's Magazine, and it is by his "Easy Chair" essays that he is likely to be longest remembered. In these are displayed a gentle persuasiveness of argument and a fund of humor which made them very attractive reading, while the style was at all times polished and graceful. In them he touched upon the varied topics of the day, the lighter as well as the more serious, and since his death several small volumes of selections from them have been published. He was one of the leaders of the Republican party at its outset and in his later years was conspicuous as an advocate of civil service reform and of independent action in politics. He declined offers of diplomatic service abroad. A short time before his death he was made chancellor of the University of New York. As a lecturer and orator he was very popular, and several of his political speeches and orations upon special occasions take high rank among specimens of American oratory. Besides the volumes already named he published 'Lotus Eating) (1852); "The

CURTIS, John Ticknor, American lawyer, author and publisher: b..Watertown, Mass., 28 Nov. 1812; d. New York, 28 March 1894. He was graduated from Harvard in 1832, admitted to the bar (Boston, Mass.) in 1836 and practised in Worcester, Mass., and Boston. From 1840 he sat three years in the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature, after which he devoted himself entirely to law and literature. One of his earliest literary productions was a pamphlet advocating State compensation for the destruction by a mob of the Ursuline Convent in Charlestown, Mass. His ability as a patent lawyer gained him the patronage of many distinguished inventors. In 1850 he visited England, where he met the prominent men of the time. On his return he strongly supported the compromise measures of 1850, and in 1857 participated in the famous Dred Scott case in the Supreme Court of the United States, claiming the power of Congress to prohibit slavery. He migrated to New York in 1862, and was engaged in active practice up to his 80th year. He never held any official position beyond his legislative experience of three years in Massachusetts, though he was more than once offered the nomination to a seat on the bench in New York city, and by Daniel Webster the post of Minister to England. Besides many contributions to the press he published a number of authoritative works on law and constitutional history, the more celebrated ones being a 'Digest of Admiralty Decisions in England and America'; a Treatise on the Rights and Duties of Merchant Steamers'; 'Origin, Foundation and Adoption of the Constitution' (1854-58); 'Commentaries on the Jurisdiction, Practice and Peculiar Jurisprudence of the Courts of the United States' (1854); A Discourse on the Nature of the American Union, as the principal controversy involved in the late Civil War' (1875); Life of Daniel Webster' (1869); Life of James Buchanan' (1883); Treatise on the Law of Patents (1849); Treatise on the Law of Copyright' (1847); John Chambers: a Tale of the Civil War in America'; 'John Charaxes'; 'Creation or Evolution.'

CURTIS, Mattoon Monroe, American educator: b. Rome, N. Y., 19 Oct. 1858. He was graduated at Hamilton College, New York, 1880, and from the Union Theological Seminary 1883. He was pastor of a Presbyterian church at Cleveland, Ohio, 1885-88, and in 1891 was elected Handy professor of philosophy in the Western Reserve University. He has published 'Locke's Ethics) (1890); 'Philosophy and Physical Science' (1892); Philosophy in America' (1896); 'Kant and Edwards' (1805),

etc.

CURTIS, Olin Alfred, American theologian: b. Frankfort, Me., 10 Dec. 1850. He was educated at Lawrence College and Boston University, and at the universities of Leipzig,

Erlangen, Marburg and Edinburgh. He served as pastor of Methodist Episcopal churches in Janesville, Wis., 1880-83, Milwaukee 1883-86, and Chicago 1888-89; from 1889 to 1895 was professor of systematic theology at Boston University, and in 1896 accepted the corresponding chair of Drew Theological Seminary. Professor Curtis came to be recognized as perhaps the most distinguished Methodist theologian of his generation. Besides many theological papers, his publications include 'Élective Course of Lectures in Systematic Theology" (1901), and 'The Christian Faith Personally Given in a System of Doctrine' (1905), a work of great importance.

CURTIS, Samuel Ryan, American soldier: b. near Champlain, N. Y., 3 Feb. 1807; d. Council Bluffs, Iowa, 26 Dec. 1866. He was graduated at West Point 1831, but resigned to become a civil engineer. He studied law, was admitted to the bar and practised from 1843-45. He served as colonel in the Mexican War, and was a Republican congressman from his State 185761. He was commissioned a brigadier-general 17 May 1861; defeated Generals Price and McCulloch in a decisive engagement at Pea Ridge, Ark., and was promoted major-general 21 March 1862. He subsequently commanded the departments of Missouri (1862-63), of Kansas (1864-65), and of the Northwest (1865); and, becoming United States commissioner in 1865, negotiated treaties with several Indian tribes.

He

CURTIS, William Eleroy, American journalist: b. Akron, Ohio, 5 Nov. 1850; d. 1911. He was graduated at Western Reserve University in 1871. From 1873 to 1887 he was on the staff of the Chicago Inter-Ocean, and by securing interviews with the James brothers, during their contest with Pinkerton's detectives, and in investigating the Ku-Klux-Klan of the South gained a national reputation. He was Washington correspondent of the Chicago Record in 1887-1901, when he became associated with the Chicago Record-Herald. was a commissioner of the United States to the Central and South American republics in 1885, and executive officer of the International American Conference of 1889-90. He has written 'Children of the Sun' (1882); Capitals of Spanish America' (1888); The Land of the Nihilist) (1888); Japan Sketches'; 'Venezuela) (1891); Life of Zachariah Chandler); "The Yankees of the East' (1896); (To-day in France and Germany) (1897); Between the Andes and the Ocean (1900); The True Thomas Jefferson' (1901); Denmark, Sweden, and Norway (1902); The Turk and His Lost Provinces (1902); The True Abraham Lincoln' (1903); To-day in Syria and Palestine' (1904); Modern India (1905); Egypt, Burma, and British Malaysia' (1905), etc. He was director of the Bureau of American Republics 1890-93, and chief of the Latin-American department and historical section of the World's Columbian Exposition 1891-93.

CURTISS, Glenn Hammond, American aviator: b. Hammondsport, N. Y., 21 May 1878. He began life as a newsboy, but was early interested in mechanics. In 1906 at Ormond Beach, Fla., he established the world's record for the fastest mile ever traveled on a motor cycle, making a mile in 26 2/5 seconds. From 1907 to 1909 he was the director of the Aerial Experi

ment Association of America. He won the Scientific American cup in an aeroplane competition at Hammondsport, N. Y. (1908), obtained the international cup in the aeroplane contest at Rheims in 1909, and won a $10,000 prize offered by the New York World in a record-breaking flight from Albany to New York 1910. In 1913 he was awarded a medal by the Smithsonian Institution. Besides making a large number of flights in America and in Europe, Curtiss became actively engaged in the commercial side of aviation, being secretary and treasurer of the Curtiss Exhibition Company of New York and president of the Curtiss Aeroplane Company at Hammondsport, N. Y. With the exception of the Wright brothers, none other has done so much as he for aviation in America. He is part author of 'The Curtiss Aviation Book' (1912).

CURTISS, Samuel Ives, American Congregationalist clergyman: b. Union, Conn., 5 Feb. 1844; d. London, England, 22 Sept. 1904. He was graduated at Amherst College 1867, and the Union Theological Seminary 1870; and was pastor of the American chapel in Leipzig 1874-78. In 1878 he was appointed professor of biblical literature in Chicago Theological Seminary, but changed later to the chair of Old Testament literature and interpretation. His publications include a translation of Bickell's Outlines of Hebrew Grammar) (1877); 'The Levitical Priests (1877); translations of Delitzsch's 'Old Testament History of Redemption' (1881); 'Franz Delitzsch' (1890); 'Ezekiel and His Times (in 'The Bible as Literature' (1896); A Plea for à More Thorough Study of the Semitic Languages in America (1879); 'Moses and Ingersoll (1881); and 'Primitive Semitic Religions To-Day' (1902), his special study.

CURTIUS, koor'tsi-oos, Ernst, German Hellenist: b. Lübeck, 2 Sept. 1814; d. Berlin, 12 July 1896: He was educated at Göttingen, Bonn and Berlin, and in 1844 was appointed professor at Berlin and preceptor of the Crown Prince Frederick William, afterward Frederick III. In 1856 he succeeded Hermann as professor at Göttingen, and 1868 was called again to Berlin University. From 1853 Curtius was a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and from 1871-93 he was continuously secretary of the philologico-historical section of that instítution. Under Imperial commission in 1874 he negotiated with the Greek government in regard to the German excavations at Olympia, begun by him in the following year. He is one of the greatest scholars of modern Germany. Of his works, which mostly relate to Greek antiquities, the best known is his "History of Greece' (1857-61), translated into English by A. W. Ward (1868-73). Other works by him are 'De Portibus 'Klassische Athenarum' (1842); Studien (1840); 'Inscriptiones Atticæ XII (1848); Olympia' (1852); 'Die Ionier' (1855); Peloponnesos) (1851-52); 'Lectures and Addresses' in three volumes (1895). Consult Gurlitt, Erinnerungen an Ernst Curtius' (Berlin 1902); Grimm, 'Ernst Curtius: Ein Brief an seine Freunde in the Deutsche Rundschau Vol. LXXXVIII, Berlin 1896); Curtius, F., 'Ernst Curtius: Ein Lebensbild in Briefen' (Berlin 1903).

CURTIUS, Georg, German philologist and author: b. Lübeck, 16 April 1820; d. Herms