1616, was sent with an East India Company fleet against the Dutch in 1618 and defeated a Dutch fleet near the present Batavia in November 1618. Consult Brown, 'The Genesis of the United States' (Boston 1890) id., The First Republic in America' (ib. 1898); Bruce, Economic History of Virginia' (New York 1907). The laws above referred to may be found in Force, Tracts and Other Papers Relating to the Colonies in America' (Vol. III, Washington 1836-46).

DALE, Thomas Nelson, American geologist: b. New York, 25 Nov. 1845. In 1885 he joined the United States Geological Survey, of which he became geologist in 1892. From 1893 to 1901 he was instructor in geology and botany at Williams College. He is author of "The Scientific Spirit Applied to Living Subjects' (1913); also various bulletins, reports and papers on geological subjects.

D'ALEMBERT, da'län'bãr', the assumed name of JEAN LE ROND, French mathematician and philosopher: b. 1717; d. 1783. He was the natural son of Chevalier Destouches and Madame de Tencin. As an infant he was left on the portico of the chapel of Saint Jean le Rond. His father contributed secretly toward his support and had him educated by the Jansenists at the Collège Mazarin, where he was especially brilliant in mathematics, physics and astronomy. At the age of 22 he published a work on the integral calculus and two years later a work on the refraction of solid bodies. His 'Dynamics' (1743) is an epoch in mechanical philosophy. In it is elaborated his famous principle, "The impressed forces are equivalent to the effective force." He was elected to the Academy of Sciences in 1741 and to the French Academy in 1754, becoming the perpetual secretary of the latter in 1772. From 1751 to 1758 he was associated with Diderot in editing the 'Encyclopédie. To it he contributed the general introduction, sketching in broad outline the evolution of civilization, art and science. He was invited by Frederick II to become president of the Berlin Academy, and by Catharine II of Russia he was offered 100,000 francs a year as tutor to her son. Because of his desire to live simply, he refused both offers. In his last years he was closely associated with Mile. de l'Espinasse, and her death in 1776 was a shock from which he never recovered. D'Alembert ranks among the greatest geometricians of his century, and holds a high place also in literature and philosophy. His great service to letters was his exposure of the evils of patronage and his fostering the independence of his class from social and political power. Consult Bertrand, 'D'Alembert' (Paris 1889); Condorcet, 'Eloge de D'Alembert' (delivered before the Academy, 1784); Tallentyre, "D'Alembert the Thinker," in his 'Friends of Voltaire (London 1906). There is a partial edition of D'Alembert's "Works' by Bossange (Paris 1821).

DALÉN, (Nils) Gustaf, Swedish engineer: b. Stenstorp 1869. He was educated at the Gothenburg Engineering Institute and the Zurich Polytechnicum. An eminent consulting engineer, he was employed by the Swedish Carbide and Acetone Company in 1905, and later by the Swedish Gas-Accumulator Company. He invented a method for dissolving acetylene in

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acetone which is used for automatic lighting in unmanned lighthouses and for railway signals; and he improved hot-air turbines, air compressors and milking machines. In 1912 he received the Nobel prize in physics and in 1913 was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Science. He wrote technical papers and a book, 'Chemische Technologie des Papiers' (1911).

DALHOUSIE, George Ramsay, 9TH EARL OF, English soldier and administrator: b. 1770; d. 1838. He saw service at Martinique, in the Irish Rebellion of 1798, in Egypt and in the Peninsular War, and was present at the battle of Waterloo. In 1815 he was raised to a peerage of the United Kingdom as Baron Ramsay. He was lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia, 1816-20, and founded Dalhousie College (q.v.), Halifax. His term as governor-in-chief of Canada, 1820-28, was marked by conflicts with Papineau and the Lower Canada assembly. He was instrumental in founding the Quebec Literary and Historical Society, and in raising a monument to the joint memories of Montcalm and Wolfe.

DALHOUSIE, James Andrew Ramsay, 10TH EARL and 1ST MARQUIS OF, British statesman: b. near Edinburgh, 22 April 1812; d. 19 Dec. 1860. After filling the offices of vicepresident (1843) and president of the board of trade (1844), he was appointed governor-general of India (1847). In the administration of Indian affairs he showed marked ability, establishing railway lines, telegraphs, irrigation works, etc. Under his rule was annexed the Punjab, Oude, Berar and other native states, as well as Pegu in Burma, to the British Empire. His policy of annexation- especially where it was brought about through the failure of natural heirs in native states adjoining the British dominion, has been severely criticized; but that aside, he is regarded as one of the greatest of the Indian proconsuls. He was created a marquis in 1849.

DALHOUSIE, New Brunswick, capital of Restigouche County, and a port of entry. It is situated on Chaleurs Bay and the estuary of Restigouche River. The chief industries are fishing and trading in lumber, salmon and lobsters. Pop. 1,650.

DALHOUSIE COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY, an institution of learning located at Halifax, N. S. It was founded in 1818 by the Rt. Hon. George Ramsay (q.v.), 9th earl of Dalhousie, whose last public act in Nova Scotia was the laying of the cornerstone of the old building, 22 May 1820, but it was not until 13 Jan. 1821 that the "bill to incorporate the Governors of Dalhousie College at Halifax” became a law. The purpose of the college as originally stated was "for the education of youth in the higher branches of science and literature," and "to be open to all occupations and sects of religion." It was to be modeled after Edinburgh University. The first name of Dalhousie was the "College of Halifax," but in 1821 the legislature granted £1,000 to the new college and named it after its founder. The original endowment, about £10,000 ($50,000), Iwas derived from funds collected at the port of Castine, Me., during its occupation in 1814 by Sir John Sherbrooke, then lieutenant-gov. ernor of Nova Scotia. In 1841 university powers were granted to the college. The early

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history of Dalhousie is a brave struggle for existence. Two attempts were made to unite it with King's College (q.v.), but both proved failures. It did not open its doors until 1838, and closed them again in 1843. From 1844 to 1863 Dalhousie ceased to operate as a college, and the governors either allowed the funds to accumulate or managed it as a high school. In 1863 the college was reorganized, with a staff of six professors, a tutor in modern languages and about 60 students. The governing bodies of the institution are (1) the board of governors, the supreme governing body; appointments to it are made by the governor-in-council on the nomination of the board. The governors have the management of the funds and the property of the college; the power of appointing the president, professors and other officials, and of determining their duties and salaries, and the general oversight of the work of the university. (2) The senate, consisting of the presidents and professors. To this body are entrusted, by statute, the internal regulations of the university, subject to the approval of the governors. All degrees are conferred by the senate. (3) The faculties of arts and science, law, medicine and dentistry. These are committees of the senate for the supervision of the teaching of the university, the preparation of regulations governing the courses of study and the recommendation of suitable candidates for prizes, scholarship, diplomas and degrees. In addition to the courses in the liberal arts and in pure science and engineering, the university has schools of Law, Medicine and Dentistry. In affiliation with the Halifax Conservatory of Music it gives courses for the diploma of Licentiate of Music and the degree of Bachelor of Music. In affiliation with the Nova Scotia College of Pharmacy it gives courses leading to the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy. The university is well equipped for its work and is constantly enlarging its sphere of usefulness. It has a large student body and admits students of either sex. The first site of the college was on the Grand Parade. In 1887 the college was removed to Carleton street, where the professional schools still are. In 1915 the Arts and Science departments were removed to the Studley estate, a beautiful site of 42 acres on the outskirts of the city, near the North West Arm. This was made possible by the results of a canvass for funds for building and endowment in 1912 which brought in $400,000. The buildings already erected on the new site are the Science Building, the cornerstone of which was laid by H. R. H. the Duke of Connaught, governor-general of Canada, and the Macdonald Memorial Library, the style of architecture chosen being 18th century Georgian. Many generous gifts have been made to Dalhousie, notably those of the late George Munro of New York, from 1879 to 1884, amounting to about $350,000, which did much to put the institution on a solid financial basis. Alexander McLeod, Sir William Young, John P. Mott, Dr. D. A. Campbell, Joseph Matheson and John Macnab have also made large gifts. Dalhousie University was put on the first list of the Accepted Institutions of the Carnegie Foundation. It is the chief institution of learning in eastern Canada, and draws students not only from all over the Dominion but also from Newfoundland and the West Indies. It is

DALIN, dä-lēn', Olof von, Swedish historian and poet: b. Vinberg, Holland, 29 Aug. 1708; d. Drottningholm, 12 Aug. 1763. He studied at Lund, visited Stockholm, where he received a minor public office in 1726. He began to publish the weekly Svenska Argus in 1733 which appeared anonymously. This was followed by "Tankar öfver Critiquer' (Thoughts About Critics') in 1736; The Story of the Horse and Aprilverk,' a series of political satires (1738); and Svenska Friheten'

Swedish Liberty,' 1742). He then received a series of offices, first as tutor to the crown prince (1751); secretary of the Swedish Academy of Literature (1753). He endured a short period of political exile (1756-61) during which he wrote his most famous work, Svea Rikes historia (History of the Swedish Kingdom'), which was published in three volumes (174662). He was ennobled in 1751, was made privy councillor in 1753 and remained at court as royal historiographer until his death. Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote several minor dramatic works and numerous poems, epigrams, etc. His style is characterized by great vigor and spirit. The best edition of his poetical works appeared at Stockholm (1782-83).

DALKEITH, Scotland, market town, six miles southeast of Edinburgh. It has a corn market, a large and commodious market hall, erected in 1854; manufactories of carpets, brushes and bricks, besides iron foundries and tanneries. There are large coal mines near by. Much truck gardening for Edinburgh is carried on in the neighboring country. Dalkeith arose around an ancient castle, which was long a stronghold. It was successively held by the Grahams, the Douglases, the Earls of Morton and the Earls of Buccleuch. Dalkeith Palace, the chief seat of the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbury, built about 1700 on the site of the old castle, is a large square structure overhang. ing the North Esk. Three times English rulers have occupied the palace on visits to Scotland. Pop. 7,019.

For

DALL, Caroline Wells Healey, American author: b. Boston, Mass., 22 June 1822; d. 1912. She lectured frequently on theological subjects and on questions associated with the amelioration of conditions affecting woman and was a founder of the Social Science Association. many years she conducted a class in literature and morals at her home in Washington. With Mrs. Pauline Wright Davis, she founded Una, a journal devoted to woman's rights and the pioneer publication of its kind in Boston. The writings of Mrs. Dall are devoted chiefly to a discussion of the rights of woman, and her work 'The College, the Market and the Court or Woman's Relation to Education, Employment and Citizenship' (1867), is a widely known contribution to that subject. She was an industrious literary worker, and wrote many other books, among which are Essays and Sketches' (1849); Woman's Right to Labor' (1860); Egypt's Place in History' (1868); Patty

Gray's Journey to the Cotton Islands,' and What We Really Know About Shakespeare' (1885); 'Nazareth' (1903); 'Fog Bells' (1905).

DALL, William Healey, American naturalist: b. Boston, 21 Aug. 1845. He was a special student in natural sciences under Louis Agassiz. In 1865-68 he accompanied the International Telegraph Expedition to Alaska, and from 1871 to 1884 he was on the United States Coast Survey of Alaska. In 1880 he became honorary curator of the United States National Museum, and in 1893 professor of invertebrate paleontology at the Wagner Institute of Science, Philadelphia. In 1884-1905 he was paleontologist to the United States Geological Survey. He has received many honorary degrees, including that of LL.D. from George Washington University in 1915. His publications number some hundred titles, mostly on scientific subjects. He wrote works on the natural history of Alaska, such as 'Alaska and Its Resources' (1870); 'Reports of the Mollusca of the Blake Expedition' (188090); Mollusca of the Southwestern Coast of the United States) (1890).

DALLAS, Alexander James, American statesman: b. Island of Jamaica, 21 June 1759; d. Trenton, N. J., 14 Jan. 1817. He was educated at Edinburgh, studied law in London and settled in Philadelphia in 1783. He became eminent at the bar, and was United States district attorney in Pennsylvania from 1810 to 1814. He was Secretary of the Treasury under Madison from 1814 to 1816 and in this capacity recommended to Congress the incorporation of a new United States Bank. For a short time he also served as Secretary of War. He originated a definite financial policy for the treasury and left it with a surplus of $20,000,000 within two years after he had found it bankrupt. He published Reports of Cases Ruled and Adjudged by the Courts of the United States and of Pennsylvania before and since the Revolution' (4 vols., 1790-1807); Address to the Society of Constitutional Republicans' (1805); 'Exposition of the Causes and Character of the War of 1812-15 (1815). Consult Life and Writings of Alexander James Dallas, by his son, George M. Dallas (Philadelphia 1871).

DALLAS, George Mifflin, American diplomatist: b. Philadelphia, Pa., 10 July 1792; d. there, 31 Dec. 1864. He was the son of A. J. Dallas (q.v.). In 1813 he was admitted to the bar, and soon after entered the diplomatic_service. In 1831 he was elected a United States Senator from Pennsylvania; was United States Minister to Russia 1837-39, and in 1844 was elected Vice-President of the United States. In 1846 his casting vote as president of the Senate repealed the protective tariff of 1842, though he had previously been considered a Protectionist. His course on this question aroused much indignation in Pennsylvania. He Iwas United States Minister to Great Britain from 1856 to 1861. His principal published writings were posthumous, and include a 'Series of Letters from London' (1869), and a 'Life of A. J. Dallas' (1871).

DALLAS, Ga., town, county-seat of Paulding County; on the Southern and Seaboard Air Line railroads; about 34 miles northwest of Atlanta. There are cotton, yarn, hosiery mills, and several gold mines. New Hope Church,

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four miles from Dallas, was the scene of a sharp conflict betwen the armies of General Sherman and General Johnston on 25-28 May 1864. Pop. 1,259.

DALLAS, Ga., Battle Lines at. After the Confederate evacuation of Dalton (see DALTON, GA., MILITARY OPERATIONS AT), 12 May 1864, and the battle of Resaca, 14-15 May, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's army retreated by way of Calhoun and Adairsville to Cassville, where General Johnston prepared to make a stand, and General Sherman closed in on him for battle; but Johnston abandoned Cassville during the night of the 19th, and next day crossed to the south side of the Etowah. Sherman occupied Cassville and Kingston, and prepared for another advance. As Johnston held the line of the railroad at Allatoona Pass and other points in advance of Marietta, Sherman concluded to turn those positions by moving from Kingston to Marietta by way of Dallas, a small town about 25 miles south of Kingston and 20 miles west of Marietta, and the converging point of many roads. On the 23d the movement began, but on the same day the Confederate cavalry discovered it, and Johnston divined its intention and prepared to check it by marching to Dallas and covering the roads leading to it.

On the 25th as the advance of Hooker's (Twentieth) corps neared Dallas it was discovered that Hood's Confederate corps held the cross roads at New Hope Church, four miles northeast of Dallas. Hooker concentrated his corps and attacked Hood late in the evening and was repulsed with a loss of 1,346 killed and wounded, and about 60 missing. Hood's loss was less than 400. During the night and early next day the rest of the army moved up on the right and left of Hooker and entrenched, McPherson's two corps, on the right, holding Dallas.

Sherman gradually extended to the left, skirmishing heavily all along the line, and on the evening of the 27th T. J. Wood's division of the Fourth corps attacked the extreme right of the Confederate army near Pickett's Mill and, after a most gallant effort, was repulsed with a loss of 1,224 killed and wounded and 318 missing. The Confederates reported a loss of 85 killed and 363 wounded. This engagement was a little over two miles northeast of New Hope Church.

There was now heavy skirmishing all along the line, some seven miles in length; and Sherman, still extending to the left, ordered McPherson, who was entrenched at Dallas, to close in on Hooker at New Hope Church, that Hooker might extend to the left; but McPherson deferred the movement until next day (28th), and was getting ready to make it when he was attacked. The Confederates made a desperate effort to seize his works, but were repulsed with a loss of some 390 killed and wounded. McPherson's loss was over 400, of whom 325 were killed and wounded and 54 missing in the Fifteenth corps, which bore the brunt of the assault. This was the battle of Dallas.

Sherman continued his movement to the left; McPherson left Dallas 1 June, and closed in on Hooker at New Hope Church; Hooker went to the left; all the wagon roads leading to Allatoona and Ackworth were secured. Alla

toona was seized, also the railroad back to the Etowah, and 4 June Sherman was preparing to attack Johnston, at New Hope Church, when he found that he had abandoned all his works and fallen back to Kenesaw Mountain; whereupon Sherman moved to the railroad at Ackworth and Big Shanty, and the first stage of the campaign for Atlanta ended. The Union loss in the battles and constant heavy skirmishing near and at Dallas (25-31 May) was about 3,600 killed and wounded. Johnston reports the Confederate loss at 2,005 killed and wounded. The first stage of the campaign (6-31 May) cost the Union army 9,299 killed, wounded and missing; Johnston reports the Confederate loss for the same period at 5,807 killed and wounded. Consult Official Records' (Vol. XXXVIII); Van-Horne, History of the Army of the Cumberland' (Vol. II); Sherman, 'Memoirs (Vol. II).

E. A. CARMAN.

DALLAS, Ore., city, county-seat of Polk County; situated on La Creole Creek and the Southern Pacific and other railroads; about 70 miles southwest of Portland. The industries are dependent upon the production of the fertile Willamette Valley, in which Dallas is situated. Flour mills, sash and door factories, sawmills, organs, leather and woollen factories and tanneries constitute some of the industries. Sandstone quarries in the vicinity furnish excellent stone. The industrial interests are promoted by good water power. Dallas was settled in 1849 and in 1891 was chartered as a city. It contains a Carnegie library. Pop. 2,124.

DALLAS, Tex., city, county-seat Dallas County, 270 miles north of the Gulf of Mexico on the Trinity River, navigable to that point, and on nine steam and five electric interurban railroads. The steam railroads are the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway; Missouri, Oklahoma and Gulf Railway; Houston, Texas Central Railway; Texas and Pacific Railway; Texas and New Orleans Railway; Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé Railway; St. Louis and San Francisco Railway, and the St. Louis Southwestern Railway. The interurban railway lines are the Texas Traction Company to Denison, north 77 miles; Southern Traction Company to Waco, south 97 miles, and to Corsicana, southeast 56 miles; Northern Texas Traction Company to Ft. Worth, west 30 miles, and to Cleburne, southwest 67 miles. Dallas has a new union (steam) terminal station, opened to the public in 1916, representing an investment in building and grounds of over $6,500,000; and a new electric interurban station representing an investment in building and grounds amounting to $1,600,000.

Commerce, Industries.-Dallas is the centre of the famous black lands of the Southwest, the principal products of which are cotton, corn, wheat, oats, truck and fruit. As the largest inland cotton market in the world the Dallas Cotton Exchange handles 1,500,000 bales of cotton in a normal year. The 1914 census gave the number of factories as 412, capital invested $23,488,000, with a total output of $42,559,789. Dallas leads in the manufacture of cotton ginning machinery and in saddlery and harness. Other important industries are flour mills, portland cement plants, oil refinery, iron and metal works, brewery, packing houses, cotton seed

oil mills, cotton compresses, grain elevators, etc. The largest wholesale jobbing and distributing centre of the Southwest, with 570 jobbers and manufacturers, that in a normal year do $262,000,000 business, Dallas is the distributing centre for automobiles of the Southwest, with large factories having assembling plants here, and in the sale and distribution of agricultural implements is second only to Kansas City. Dallas ranks 28th in postal receipts in the United States, is seventh in express business, sixth in telegraph business. It is the Southwestern headquarters for all classes of insurance business and is the home of the 11th District of the Federal Reserve Banking System, with 686 banks, whose capital and surplus amount to $49,972,500. There are 10 banks in the city of Dallas, whose resources on 1 Jan. 1918 amounted to $96,662,549, with deposits amounting to $80,143,274. The State Fair of Texas is the most successful institution of its kind in the world. It is unique in its organization, never having received State or Federal aid. All of its receipts are devoted to paying the expense of the annual fair and to making improvements upon its 162 acres of ground, which is the property of the city, being turned over to the city for park purposes with the exception of one month in the year during the annual fair. The plant was worth (1918) $2,200,000. As high as 1,001,400 admissions have been recorded during the two weeks of the fair. The permanent buildings are built of reinforced concrete and are The Coliseum, 150x200. ft., seating capacity 5,000; Textile and Fine Arts Building, 125x125 ft.; Exposition Building, 280x375 ft.; Ladies' Rest Cottage; Live Stock Pavilion, 124x192 ft.- cattle and swine barns are of reinforced concrete steel, with steel pens for the swine; Vehicle and Implement Building, 200x 550; Grand Stand, 60x300; Automobile Building, 148x296. There are 19 individual and permanent exhibit buildings owned and erected by exhibitors.

Public Buildings, Etc.- Dallas is the convention city of the Southwest, with ample hotel facilities, unsurpassed by any city of its size; the Adolphus Hotel, the latest addition, 23 stories high, costing $1,600,000, with an addition or annex costing $1,000,000; and adequate convention halls. Notable among public buildings are the city hall, courthouse, public library, the cathedrals of the Sacred Heart and of Saint Matthew's, the city hospitals and Saint Paul's and the Baptist Memorial sanitaria. One of the longest concrete viaducts in the world connects the city proper with Oak Cliff, a residential section of the city on the west side; this was built at a cost of $657,466. Much activity has been displayed in recent years in street paving and the development of a comprehensive system of boulevards, under a city plan. On 1 Jan. 1918 Dallas had 160 miles of paved streets, with 325 miles of cement sidewalks. The parks of the city, tastefully laid out, now cover 400 acres, and with public playgrounds are being developed to cover eventually 3,500 acres easily accessible.

Government.- Dallas enjoys the commission form of government, having been one of the first cities to adopt this plan. The property in the city is assessed for taxation at $136,971,975, the city tax rate being $1.95, and the State and county tax rate being $1.10.

Schools, Churches.-An important, educational centre, the principal educational institutions are the Southern Methodist University, with cash assets of $3,000,000 and 660 acres of ground, which opened in 1915 with 800 students; Dallas University (Catholic institution for boys), an investment in building and grounds amounting to $500,000; the Baylor Medical College and 53 private schools. There are 3 high schools and 29 ward schools in Dallas, the city having an investment in buildings, grounds and equipment of $2,000,000. The scholastic population of Dallas is 27,229. Dallas has 154 places of worship, of all denominations.

Climate. The following are the average or normal temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit at Dallas as shown in the Special Bulletin No. 5, United States Department of Agriculture Weather Bureau: January, 46.3; February, 50.9; March, 57.3; April, 67.7; May, 73.4; June, 81.4; July, 84.4; August, 82.5; September, 76.8; October, 66.4; November, 55.5; December, 53.9, and annual, 66.4. The relative humidity, as it affects evaporation, is a potent factor in keeping the human organism cool. At Dallas the average humidity for the year at 7 A.M., 90th meridian time, is 80 per cent, and the average at 2 P.M. is about 43 per cent for July, 53 per cent for August and 54 per cent for September. Maximum or highest temperature recorded at the local office of the United States Weather Bureau since it was established in Dallas October 1913 was 102° on 30 July 1914. The temperature for the year of 1915 did not go as high as 100°. There is generally a cool, fresh and invigorating southerly breeze from off the Gulf of Mexico throughout the summer months that adds much to the comfort of the inhabitants of Dallas, and when this is taken into consideration with the records of the temperature and humidity it can readily be seen why sun-strokes are almost unknown in this section of the country.

Population. In 1885 the population of Dallas was 10,000; (1900) 42,438; (1910) 92,104; July 1917 the government estimate was 129,632 and the Chamber of Commerce and Manufacturers' Association estimate 1 Jan. 1918 (which includes suburbs not included in government estimate), 147,000.

GRANT S. MAXWELL, Secretary of Dallas Chamber of Commerce and Manufacturers' Association.

DALLES, The, or DALLES CITY, Ore., county-seat of Wasco County; on the OregonWashington Railroad. It is about 30 miles northeast of Mount Hood, and on that portion of the Columbia River (on the Washington State boundary line) where the scenery is noted for grandeur. The Dalles contains Saint Mary's Academy, a Carnegie library and a hospital. It is situated in a sheep and cattle-raising country, hence its trade is largely in cattle and wool, live stock, grain and fruit. Fruits grow here in the Columbia Valley. Its chief industries are flour and grist milling and wool scouring, box factories, salmon and fruit canneries, lumber yards, machine shops, etc. A military post at Fort Dallas was established in 1838, and about the same time a mission was opened by the Methodist Church. The railroad station is known by the name of Dalles and the local name often used is Dalles City; but the

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name of the postoffice is The Dalles. It was incorporated in 1858. The government is administered by a mayor, elected annually, and a municipal council. The waterworks are owned by the city. Pop. 4,880.

DALLIN, Cyrus Edwin, American sculptor: b. Springville, Utah, 22 Nov. 1861. In his native West he came into close contact with Indian life, in the realistic and impressive portrayal of which he excels all other artists. He studied under Truman Bartlett in Boston and under Chapu in Paris, where Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show inspired his first equestrian statue, the Signal for Peace (1890), which received a gold medal at the Chicago Exposition of 1893, and is now in Lincoln Park in that city; this was followed in 1899 by 'The Medicine Man' (Fairmount Park, Philadelphia), considered one of the most notable products of American sculpture. His other

works include the marble statue of Sir Isaac Newton in the Congressional Library at Washington; 'Don Quixote,' which received a gold medal at the Saint Louis Exposition of 1904; the monument to the pioneers in Salt Lake City, and 'Peace or War' (1906); and (The Redskin's Prayer' (1909). Consult Brush and Pencil, Vol. V, and Taft, History of American Sculpture (New York 1903).

DALLINGER, William Henry, English scientist and clergyman: b. Devonport, England, 5 July 1842. He entered the Wesleyan ministry in 1861 and after being minister at Liverpool 12 years was governor of Wesley College, Sheffield, 1880-88. His microscopical researches began in 1870. He became fellow of the Royal Society in 1880, has been Rede lecturer to the University of Cambridge; lecturer at Oxford and at the Royal Institution and was president of the Royal Microscopical Society 1883-87. He has published 'Minute Forms of Life' (1886); The Origin of Life' (1878); The Creator and What We May Know of the Method of Creation) (1887); revision of Carpenter's The Microscope and Its Revelations (1891).

DALMAN, däl'män, Gustaf Hermann, German Lutheran scholar: b. Niesky in Silesia, 9 June 1855. He was educated among the Moravians and was graduated from their theological school at Gnadenfeld. Here he was professor of the Old Testament and practical theology 1881-87. In 1887 he left the Moravians and joined the Lutherans and the same year received the degree of Ph.D. at Leipzig University. For the next 15 years he was a professor and finally the director of the Institutum Delitzschianum at Leipzig. Beginning with 1890 he has been associate professor of Old Testament Exegesis in the University of Leipzig. Since 1902 he has been on furlough and has been serving as director of the German Evangelical Archæological Institute in Palestine. He has been a voluminous writer, his writings covering quite a wide range in the various fields of theology. Several of his works have been translated into English. His most_important productions are Christianity and Judaism (German, 1898; English, 1901); The Words of Jesus considered in the light of Post-biblical Writings and the Aramaic Language (Edinburgh 1902). He has been a profound student of the Aramaic, and issued a