See COSTUME, ACADEMIC; DOCTOR; DOCTOR OF THE CHURCH; MASTER OF ARTS; UNIVERSITY.

DEGREES, Measurement of. After Newton had taught that the earth, on account of its motion round its axis, must be highest near the equator, and that the diameter of the equator must be longer, by one 230th part, than the diameter from pole to pole, the French wished to investigate the subject further by actual measurement. The measurement was begun with the result that the axis of the poles was found to be longer than a diameter of the equator, and that the earth was, in form, more like a lemon than an orange. For 40 years disputes were maintained on this point without settling the question; and at last the Academy of Sciences resolved, on the proposition of Condamine, to have a degree measured at the equator (the expedition went to South America in 1735), and one in Lapland (Kittis and Tornea being the extreme stations to which the expedition was sent in 1736). It was found that the northern degree was greater than that under the equator, and that Newton's conjecture was right. But the question still remained, How great is the flattening of our planet? The theory said one 230th part, if the earth had been in a perfectly liquid state when it began its rotation. The calculations, however, always gave different results, varying according to the different measurements adopted as the basis of them; for measurements had been made, not only in America and Lapland, but also in France, Eng

land, Hungary and Italy. When the French established their new and admirable system of measures and weights upon the basis of the metre, which was to be the ten millionth part of the distance from the equator to the pole (3.2808992 English feet, or 39.37 inches), it was necessary to know with accuracy the circumference and the flattening of the earth. A measurement, therefore, took place in France, not of one degree, but of 10 degrees, from Dunkirk to Formentera, one of the Balearic Islands. In Sweden in 1802 the degree, which 80 years before had been measured by Maupertuis, was now measured again with better instruments, and thus the circumference and flattening of the earth were pretty well ascertained. After the Peace of Amiens the measurements of degrees just made in England, under General Roy, by Lieutenant-Colonel Mudge, were connected with those in France; and thus an arc of 20 degrees, from the Balearic Islands over France and England, to the Orkneys, was measured, and the flattening of the earth calculated to be 1-304th (the most recent estimate being 1-292d), In India the measurement of a degree, begun by Lambton, was continued by Everest and completed by Walker. The measurement of an arc of 25 degrees 20 minutes from Hammerfest to Ismailia was completed in 1855. Similar measurements have been continued to the present time, and at the Geodetic Congress in London in 1900, it was announced that Englishexperts were engaged in measuring an arc of the meridian of 104 degrees from Cape Colony to Alexandria, and had made considerable progress.

The annexed table shows the lengths of a degree of longitude for places at every degree of latitude from 0 degree to 90 degrees. It is computed on the supposition that the earth is a sphere.

pole. Under the equator a degree of longitude contains 60 geographical, 69.16 statute miles. If the form of the earth is not entirely regular, the degrees of longitude on the same parallel of latitude cannot all be of the same length; and it has been proposed to investigate this by actual measurement. This task is in the trigonometric part, as easy as the measurement of a degree of latitude; but in the astronomical part it is 15 times more difficult. The difference of the longitude of two places is determined by the difference of the hour of the day at the same point of time in the two; as a place situated 15 degrees to the east of another has noon a whole hour earlier. One hour, therefore, corresponds to 15 degrees, or 1,0421⁄2 statute miles, under the equator, or 5,504,400 feet; a minute of time to 91,740 feet, and a second of time to 1,529 feet. A mistake of a second of time, therefore, in calculating the longitude of two places, makes a corresponding error in space. To determine time within two or three seconds, by means of rockets, at a distance of 1,0421⁄2 miles is impossible; and while the measurement of an arc corresponding to this distance trigonometrically, may be attended with an error to the amount of 200 feet, an astronomical measurement would leave an uncertainty of 2,000 feet. The earlier measurements of the French were directed, in the north, by Maupertuis; in the south by Bouguer. Since that time measurements have been made in all the great continents of the globe-in Pennsylvania, in the time of Maskelyne, by Mason and Dixon; at the Cape of Good Hope by Lacaille, completed by Maclear; in Prussia by Bessel; in Russia by Struve; in Denmark by Schumacher; and in England by Roy Kater and Colby. The French arc from Formentara to Dunkirk was measured by Mechain and Delamore. The results of the measurements, as given by Airy, make the equatorial diameter 7925.648, and the polar diameter 7899.170 miles. Bessel's results are almost identical namely, equatorial diameter 7925.604 and polar diameter 7899.114 miles. There is an international association, having as its main object the correlation of all degree measurements and connected data with the view of accurately ascertaining the figure of the earth.

DEGREES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE. Degree of latitude is the space or distance on the meridian through which an observer must move to vary his latitude by one degree, or to increase or diminish the distance of a star from the zenith by one degree; and which, on the supposition of the perfect sphericity of the earth, is the 360th part of the meridian.

Degree of longitude is the space between the two meridians that make an angle of one degree with each other at the poles, the quantity or length of which is variable according to the latitude. See LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE,

DE HAAS, de häs, Maurice Frederick Hendrick, Dutch-American marine painter: b. Rotterdam, 12 Dec. 1832; d. 23 Nov. 1895. He studied in England and at The Hague under Louis Meyer, and in 1857 was appointed painter to the Dutch navy. In 1859 he came to the United States and opened a studio in New York which remained his home henceforth. Among his paintings are 'Admiral Farragut's Fleet passing New Orleans'; 'Coast of

France'; 'Sunset at Sea'; 'Moonlight at Sea'; 'Sunset at Pigeon Cove'; 'Sunrise in a Fog at Newport'; Shipwreck'; 'Menhaden Boats off Long Island'; and Off Marblehead.' His brother WILLIAM FREDERICK was also a well-known marine painter: b. 1830; d. 1880. He settled in New York in 1854. Among his pictures are 'Evening at Halifax'; 'Narragansett Pier; Sunrise on the Susquehanna.'

DEHMEL, da'mel, Richard, German lyric poet: b. at Wendisch-Hermsdorf in the Spreewald, of Slavic-German descent, 18 Nov. 1863. He was the son of a forester and got his first impressions of nature wandering in the oak forests tended by his, father. After finishing the schools of his native city, he became a student at the Sophiengymnasium at Berlin, but later went to Danzig and was graduated from the Gymnasium in that city. At the university

Lu

chiefly at Berlin - he devoted himself to philosophy and the sociological and natural sciences. He finished at Leipzig with a thesis on the insurance business. Up to the year 1895 he was then secretary of the Association of German Fire Insurance Companies. In this difficult work he learned, as he himself states, self-control. While in this position he published his first books of poems, Erlösungen' (1891), Aber die Liebe (1893) and 'Lebensblätter (1895). After serving the insurance company for seven years, he resigned and moved to Pankow near Berlin. There he wrote 'Weib und Welt' (poems and fairy tales 1896); 'Der Mitmensch' (tragi-comedy, 1895); cifer (pantomimic drama, 1899); and the children's book 'Fitzebutze' (1900; 15th ed., 1910), which he wrote in connection with his first wife, Paula Dehmel, from whom he separated in 1899. After remarrying and traveling for several years in Italy, Greece, Switzerland, Holland and England, he settled down at Blankenese, near Hamburg. In 1903 he published a lyrical novel Zwei Menschen. In 1906 he published his complete works up to that date after having subjected them to a thorough revision. Later works are 'Michel Michael' (a comedy, 1911) and Schöne Wilde Welt' (new poems and proverbs, 1913).

In his earlier writings Dehmel was influenced by Heine and Schiller and later by Liliencron, Strindberg and Nietzsche. He claimed to stand as an artist between the pure empiricists like Liliencron and the pure metaphysicians like Mombert. His relation to Nietzsche he defined by saying: "Nietzsche is a doubting dissector of the ordinary emotions of the soul and I as a faithful believer give a synthesis of the unusual emotions." By some critics Dehmel is considered the greatest lyrical genius since Goethe. Others are willing to admit his genius but object to the extreme realism of some of his poems. To be just to him it is necessary to remember that he is constantly struggling toward higher levels. He stresses the importance of the feelings, but connects them with our intelligence. There is always with him an interaction of intellect and emotions. The result is a constant emphasis of the need of self-control and self-development. All about us, to be sure, are mysteries, but we must fathom them to the best of our ability. He has always been a hard worker and a champion of the rights of the workingman. His poems are

finished in form and represent diverse metrical schemes. Dehmel volunteered his services in the European War, even though he was over 50 years of age. He was permitted to go to the front, was soon promoted to a lieutenancy and awarded the iron cross for distinguished services. Consult Lessing, O. E., Masters in Modern German Literature' (Dresden 1912). Also the histories of German Literature of Kummer and Biese.

WILLIAM F. HAUHART, Assistant Professor of German, University of Michigan.

DEHORNING, the act or practice of depriving_animals, specifically cattle, of their horns. Clippers or shears have been invented for the operation wherewith it is performed quickly and with comparatively little pain and scarcely any disturbance of the animal's normal functions or condition. The most favorable conditions of weather, etc., should be chosen for it, and the aid of a skilful operator is desirable. When all features of cruelty or. unnecessary pain are avoided, there is believed to be much to justify the practice of dehorning, inasmuch as it tends, among other benefits, to convenience, safety and comfort in the handling of cattle, especially during their transportation from place to place.

DEHRA DUN, děh'rä doon. (1) A district in the United Provinces, British India. It lies at the base of the Himalayas. Good roads, cultivated fields, hedges, streams flowing through meadows — all, in parts of this district, look like some of the old country districts of the well-cultivated parts of Europe. The area is 1,209 square miles. (2) Dehra is the name of the chief town or capital of the district. It has an English garrison and contains a number of European inhabitants. Pop. 38,610.

DEI GRATIA, de'i gra'shi-a (Lat. "by the grace of God"), a formula which many European sovereigns add to their title, and which is taken from an expression of the apostle Paul in the New Testament. It was first used by the clergy in the time of Constantine the Great, as an expression of dependence upon the grace of God; and afterward the higher clergy came to use along with it the addition et apostolicæ sedis (by the grace of God and the apostolic see). In the time of the Carlovingian race the secular princes also assumed it; and in course of time it came to be regarded as asserting something like the divine right of kings and their independence of any earthly power. The expression has been made use of on the coins of many nations.

It

DEIAMBA, dā-yăm'ba, an African plant commercially known as Kongo tobacco. grows wild in the marshy districts of Kongo. The flowers produce a narcotic effect when smoked.

DEIANIRA, in Greek mythology, a daughter of Eneus, king of Etolia. Her father promised to give her in marriage to him only who proved to be the strongest of all his competitors. Hercules obtained the prize and married Deianira, by whom he had three children. When Nessus, a centaur, who had offered violence to Deianira, was dying by a poisoned arrow shot from the bow of Hercules, she ac

cepted from him the present of his tunic, which Nessus said had the power of reclaiming a husband from unlawful loves. Accordingly, when Hercules became enamored of Iola, daughter of the king of Echalia, she sent him the centaur's tunic, which caused his death. Deianira was so disconsolate at this event that she destroyed herself.

DEIDAMIA (Deïdameia), daughter of Lycomedes: she bore Pyrrhus and Oneirus to Achilles, during his abode at Scyrus.

DEILER, John Hanno, American educator: b. Altoetting, Upper Bavaria, Germany, 8 Aug. 1849; d. 20 July 1909. He was graduated at the Royal Normal College, Freising, and studied at the Royal Polytechnic Institute, Munich. He taught in the public schools of Munich until 1871, and was principal of a German school in New Orleans 1872-79. He has been professor of German in the University of Louisiana and Tulane University since 1879. He has been connected with various German societies in New Orleans and has published 'Das Redemptions-System im Staat Louisiana'; 'Geschichte der Deutschen Kirchengemeinden im Staat Louisiana'; 'Geschichte der Einwanderung von 1820-1896); 'Deutsche Gesellschaften von New Orleans,' etc.

DEIMOS, dimōs, and PHOBOS, the names respectively of the outer and inner satellites of Mars, discovered by Prof. Asaph Hall in the summer of 1877, with the 26-inch equatorial of the Washington Observatory. Deimos revolves about its primary in 30 hours and 18 minutes, while Phobos, a most extraordinary body, accomplishes its revolution in 7 hours, 39 minutes and 14 seconds, being at a distance of only about 3,700 miles from the surface of Mars.

DEIOCES, dē-ĭŏ-sēz, Median king: fl. about seven centuries B.C. He rose from a private station to be the founder of the Median empire. By acting as arbitrator in the disputes which took place in his own vicinity, he had acquired a high reputation for wisdom and justice; and when the Medes, in consequence of their revolt from the Assyrians, stood in need of a sovereign, they found none whose claims to the honor seemed stronger than those of Deioces. Immediately after his election he assumed great state, surrounded himself with body-guards and built the city of Ecbatana, in the centre of which he resided, almost wholly hidden from public view, transacting all business by deputies. His administration was vigorous, and after a peaceful reign of 35 years he was able to transmit the throne, without a a contest, to his son Phraortes.

DEIOTARUS, de-i-ot'a-rus, Galatian tetrach: d. 30 B.C. He received from the Roman Senate the title of king of that province and Armenia Minor, on account of services rendered to the Romans in the Asiatic wars. In the civil war he joined the party of Pompey. Cæsar took from him Armenia, obliged him to march with him against Pharnaces, and left him nothing but the title of royalty. He was accused of having plotted against the life of Cæsar, from which charge Cicero defended him in an oration yet extant. After the murder of Cæsar he returned to his dominions, joined Brutus, and afterward fought with Octavius against Antony.

DEIPHOBUS, dē-îf'ō-bŭs, in Greek legend the son of Priam and Hecuba, who married Helen after the death of Paris, but was betrayed by her to the Greeks.

DEIPNOSOPHIST, de-ip-nos'ō-fist (from the Greek Deipnosophista, learned men at dinner), one of an ancient sect of philosophers famed for their learned conversation at meals. The work or rather compilation, 'Deipnosophistæ,' of the celebrated Greek grammarian and rhetorician, Athenæus, who flourished about two centuries before Christ, has preserved to posterity thousands of quotations and names of authors to the number of 700, that otherwise would have been lost. The "learned guests" in his voluminous work numbered 29, who meet and banquet for days, entertaining one another with excerpts which Athenæus must have gathered at great pains and labor from the library of Alexandria, afterward destroyed. The titles of books he puts into the mouths of his characters alone number 2,500.

dār-ěl-bäh'rē,

or

DEIR EL-BAHERI, DER EL-BACHRI, is a temple site in the district of Thebes, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Karnak, which is about five kilometers distant from it. At Deir el-Baheri are some remarkable ruins of a temple built on terraces up the hillside which edges the alluvial plain. This is known as the temple of Queen Hatasu. The building is probably contemporary with those of Luxor and Karnak, being erected in the same style of magnificence. The first exploration of this site is due to the efforts of Mariette and later of Naville under the auspices of the Egyptian Exploration Fund. Further excavations in 1906 unearthed the temple of Mentuhetep, and under the auspices of the Metropolitan Museum of Art the causeway of this temple was revealed. Consult Mariette, 'Deir-el-Bahri (Leipzig 1877); and 'Egypt Exploration Fund Memoirs (London 1894-1913).

DEIR-EL-KAMAR, kā'mär ("convent of the moon"), a town of Syria, formerly the capital of the Druses, 13 miles south-southeast of Beyrout. It is situated on the side of a hill of a deep and picturesque glen of Mount Lebanon, on the opposite side of which stands the palace Bteddin, the summer, residence of the Christian governor of Lebanon. The town's chief industry is the making of embroideries and rich stuffs. Wine and grain are the principal agricultural products. Pop. 8,000, mostly Maronites.

The

DEIRA, de'i-ra, an ancient Anglian kingdom stretching from the Tees to the Humber, and extending inland to the borders of the British realm of Strathclyde. With Bernicia it formed the kingdom of Northumbria. union between Bernicia and Deira seems to have been rather unstable, for it was only under Edwin, Oswin and other strong kings, either of Deiran or Bernician blood, that a real united Northumbria existed; and when the struggle for supremacy among the English kingdoms resulted in the triumph of Wessex, the two northern kingdoms were allotted to separate earls. Finally Deira became a kingdom under the Danes. The story seems to be authentic that the slaves who attracted Gregory I in the slave market of Rome were from Deira.

DEISM, the belief in the being of a God, with the denial of the existence or even necessity of divine revelation, believing that the light of nature and reason are sufficient guides in doctrine and practice; a believer in natural religion only. Etymologically the words deist and theist are the same in meaning, only deist is from Latin and theist from Greek. Conventionally, however, they are widely different in import; the term theist being applied to any believer in God, and revealed religion, whether that believer be a Christian, a Jew, a Mohammedan, etc., or a deist properly so called. A deist is, as the definition states, one who believes in God, but disbelieves in Christianity, or more generally in revelation.

The term Deists, or Freethinkers, is usually employed to designate a series of writers who appeared in England in the 17th and 18th centuries and sought to establish Natural Religion upon the basis of reason and free inquiry, in opposition to all positive religions and without reference to supernatural revelation. They were critical, if not hostile, in their attitude toward Scripture. The first, in point of time, of the celebrated English deists was Lord Herbert of Cherbury, the publication of whose work, 'De Veritate,' which appeared in Paris in 1624, began the controversy. There followed, on the same side, Hobbes, Tindal, Morgan, Toland, Bolingbroke, Paine and others. The standard work on the subject is the Rev. Dr. John Leland's 'Deistical Writers,' first published in 1754.

DEISSMAN, disʼmän, Gustav Adolf, German theologian: b. Langenscheid, Nassau, 7 Nov. 1866. He was educated at Tübingen and Berlin and the Herborn Theological Seminary. He entered the ministry in 1890, became a teacher at Marburg in 1892 and at Herborn in 1895, and was made professor at Heidelberg in 1897 and at Berlin in 1908. He lectured at Cambridge (England) in 1907 and at Upsala in 1910, and received the honorary degree of D.D. from Aberdeen (1906), Saint Andrews 1911 and Manchester in 1912. He has published Johann Kepler und die Bibel' (1894); 'Bibelstudien (1895); Neue Bibelstudien' (1897); Theologie und Kirche' (1900); 'Die neutestamentliche Formel "in Christo Jesu" ' (1892); (The Epistle of Psenosiris (1902); Die Hellenisierung des semitischen Monotheismus (1903); Evangelium und Urchristentum' (1905); New Light on the New Testament (1907); Philology of the Greek Bible' (1908); Light from the Ancient East' (1910); Urgeschichte des Christentums in Lichte der Sprachforschung) (1910); Saint Paul' (1912, in English; also in German and Swedish). DEIST. See DEISM.

DEISTIC, or DEISTICAL, pertaining to deism or the deists, containing the doctrines of deism or Natural Religion. See DEISM.

DE KALB, Johann, French soldier: b. Huttendorf, Bavaria, 29 June 1721; d. Camden, S. C., 19 Aug. 1780. He was educated in the art of war in the French army. In 1762 he visited the Anglo-American colonies as a secret agent of the French government. He was a brigadier in the French service, when, 7 Nov. 1776, he made with Franklin and Silas Deane an engagement to serve in the forces of the revolted colonies: and in 1777 he accompanied

Lafayette to America. Congress appointed him a major-general 15 Sept. 1777, after which he joined the main army under Washington and was active in the events near Philadelphia, which preceded the encampment at Valley Forge. He served in New Jersey and Maryland till, in April 1780, he was sent to re-enforce General Lincoln, then besieged in Charleston. He was second in command under General Gates; and in the disastrous battle of Camden, 16 Aug. 1780, was at the head of the Maryland and Delaware troops, who maintained their ground until Cornwallis concentrated his whole force upon them. He fell in the charge upon his regiments before they gave way. He died at Camden three days afterward, and a monument was erected there to his memory in 1825, Lafayette placing the cornerstone.

DE KALB, Ill., city in De Kalb County, on the Chicago and Northwestern and other railroads, 60 miles west of Chicago. The industries of the city are the manufacture of wire and other iron products, agricultural implements, piano, nail and creamery-package works, glove and shoe manufacturing establishments. De Kalb has three banks with a combined capital of $350,000. The city is governed by a mayor and council of 10 members, elected for two years, and owns its own water-plant. The Northern Illinois State Normal School is located here. Settled about 1838, De Kalb was incorporated in 1877. It was the scene of an engagement in the Black Hawk War. Here after the battle Lincoln, Davis and Zachary Taylor held a conference. Pop. 9,036.

DE KAY, Charles, American poet, grandson of Joseph Rodman Drake: b. Washington, D. C., 25 July 1848. He was educated at Yale and was the literary and art editor of the New York Times during 30 years, 1876-1906, and art-editor of the New York Evening Post in 1907. From 1894-97 he was consul-general of the United States at Berlin, where, among his activities, he organized the Berliner Fechtklub on the lines of the New York Fencers Club which he had founded in 1882. Always interested in literature and art, he was one of the original founders of the Authors' Club (1882), the National Arts Club of New York (1889) and of the Circle of Friends of the Medallion (1907). He was managing governor of the National Arts Club. His poems are mostly founded on themes from Oriental, classical and literary history. Among his works are 'The Bohemian (1878); Hesperus and Other Poems' (1880); The Vision of Nimrod' (1881); ‘The Vision of Esther) (1882); (The Love Poems of Louis Barnaval Kay) (1883); 'Life and Works of Barye, Sculptor' (1889); 'Bird Gods' (1898); and translation of Heinrich Heine's 'Letters' and of several works from the French.

DEKEN, dā'ken, Agathe, Dutch author: b. Amstelveen, near Amsterdam, 14 Nov. 1741; d. 14 Nov. 1804. She wrote a number of novels with her friend Elizabeth Bekker (q.v.) and poems, among them 'Liederen voor den Boerenstand' and 'Liederen voor Kinderen.' They give charming and truthful pictures of the life of the natives of Holland.

DEKKER, Eduard Douwes, Dutch novelist, pseudonym "MULTATULI": b. Amsterdam,

2 March 1820; d. Nieder-Ingelheim, 19 Feb. 1887. He spent several years in government service in the Dutch East Indies, but resigned because of his disagreement with the Dutch government there. His story, 'Max Havelaar) (1860), is a forceful accusation of wrongs and scandals of the Dutch administration of Java. He later published many satirical works on social, political and philosophical questions, among them a volume of admirable 'Parables'; a novel, La Sainte Vierge'; a drama, 'Vorstenschool' ('The School of Princes'). After his death there appeared 'Geschiednis van Wouterje Pieterse (1888); and 'Letters and Works, published by his widow. His biography was written by Busken (in Ten Brink's Hedendaagsche Letterkundigen,' 1885).

DEKKER, or DECKER, Jeremias de, Dutch poet: b. Dort 1609 or 1610; d. Amsterdam 1666. His first published poetical work was The Lamentations of Jeremiah'; and several others which soon followed it were also translations. His 'Love of Gold,' a powerful satire, and his 'Goede Vrijdag, or the 'Passion of Christ,' as well as his lyric poems, are still in high estimation; and his Epigrams' (Puntdichten) are, beyond dispute, the best of the kind which the literature of that period produced. The best edition of his poems, accompanied with a biography, was published by Brouerius van Nideck (1726).

DEKKER, or DECKER, Thomas, English dramatist: b. London about 1570; d. after 1637. He is first mentioned as a theatrical writer in 1597. He was one of the literary antagonists of Ben Jonson, who satirized Dekker in his 'Poetaster,' and the latter took his revenge in his 'Satiromastix.' He appears to have lived from hand to mouth, and been often in difficulties, imprisonments for debt being almost the only record, besides his works, that is left of him. Among his writings may be mentioned the 'Seven Deadly Sinnes of London,' a moral tract; the Double P P,' a violent tract against the Catholics; 'A Knight's Conjuring, in which he introduces Chaucer, Spenser and many other dead poets; The Gull's Hornbook,' valuable as a picture of the time. Besides his own plays he co-operated with Massinger in the 'Virgin Martyr' and with Ford in the Sun's Darling,' a moral masque; the 'Pleasant Comedie of Old Fortunatus' (1600); and 'The Honest Whore) (1604); are among the most esteemed of his dramas. The number of Dekker's plays which have survived is about 28, of his tracts about 25. His works have been edited by Shepherd (4 vols., London 1873); selected edition by Rhys (1887); and his non-dramatic works by Grosart (5 vols., 1884-86). Consult Hunt, Thomas Dekker' (New York 1911); and the 'Life' by Bullen (in 'Dictionary of National Biography').

DE KOVEN, Anna Farwell, American novelist: h. Chicago, 19 Nov. 1862. She was graduated at Lake Forest University in 1880 and married to Louis Reginald De Koven (q.v.) May 1884. She is the author of A Sawdust Doll (1894); 'An Iceland Fisherman,' a translation from Pierre Loti (1889); 'By the Waters of Babylon' (1901); Life and Letters of John Paul Jones' (1913); 'Les Comtes de Gruyére (1914); also contributions in prose and verse to various periodicals.