Commerce, Canals and Railways.-The commerce of Denmark is carried on chiefly with Great Britain, Germany (especially SchleswigHolstein), Norway, Sweden, United States and Russia, Great Britain and Germany possessing by far the largest share. The chief imports are textile goods (especially cottons), metals and hardware, wood and articles made of it, coal, bricks, salt, manure, oil, oil-cake, fish, rice, coffee, fruit, glassware, paper. The principal imports are cotton manufactures, coal and iron. Considerable quantities of cotton are imported by Denmark from Germany. The manufactures of Denmark being, as already mentioned, insignificant, the articles exported consist chiefly of agricultural products. The declared value of the total imports in 1914 amounted to $220,913,330 and that of the exports to $240,957,220. In 1916 the mercantile marine of Denmark consisted of 3,570 vessels, with a total tonnage of 595,252 tons. The coasting trade is extensive and is largely shared in by foreigners. There are several canals in Denmark, but none of them of any great consequence. There are 2,404 miles of railroads, over half owned by the state, running across the islands of Seeland, Fünen, Laaland and Falster, which, assisted by ferries, gives direct communication with the capital on the one hand and with Jutland on the other.

Moneys, Weights, etc.- Since 1 Jan. 1875 the unit of the Danish monetary system has been the krone or crown, equal to about 261⁄2 cents. The krone is divided into 100 öre. The use of the metric system of weights and measures became obligatory in Denmark in public offices on 1 April 1910, and generally on 1 April 1912.

People, Education, Religion.- The population of Denmark is composed almost exclusively of Danes, with a few thousand Jews and others. The Danes have regular and wellformed features, fair or brownish hair and blue eyes, with muscular frames; they are kindhearted, honest and simple-minded, and continue to maintain their ancient reputation of being bold and hardy seamen. All classes are noted for their hospitality, which is indeed a characteristic of the nation. At the head of the educational institutions stand the University of Copenhagen and the Holberg Academy at Soröe. Elementary education is widely diffused, although in this regard Denmark is no longer so pre-eminent as formerly; it is compulsory for children between the ages of 7 and 14 years, and the public schools, maintained by communal rates, are, with the exception of a few middleclass schools, free. Of elementary schools there are 3,446 with 400,000 pupils. There are training colleges for teachers, and classical and other higher education is afforded by a large number of colleges in the more important towns, with the University of Copenhagen (1,300 students) for the centre of the entire system. Denmark has also a theological seminary, a royal surgical college, a veterinary and agricultural school, and numerous military, technical and commercial schools, while 71 "people's high schools" provide instruction in agricultural subjects. There are three public libraries in Copenhagen, of which the Royal Library, with 500,000 volumes, is especially rich in Oriental and Icelandic MSS. The established religion is Lutheran, to which the king must belong; but complete toleration is en

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joyed in every part of the kingdom. Reformation was introduced in 1536, when the Church revenues were seized by the Crown. Denmark is divided into seven dioceses, in which there are 1,360 parishes. According to the census of 1911 there were 2,732,792 Protestants, 9,821 Roman Catholics, 256 Greek Catholics, 5,164 Jews and 9,043 other or of no confession.

Government, Army and Navy, Finance.— The government of Denmark is a constitutional monarchy, the king being assisted by a cabinet of 10 ministers. The Crown was elective until 1660, when the people and clergy, impelled by hatred toward the nobles, invested the sovereign (Frederick III) with absolute power, and declared the succession to the throne hereditary. From that time the Crown exercised absolute rule till 1831, when a constitution was granted. This proving unsatisfactory was superseded in 1848 by the form of government which, with some alterations, Denmark now enjoys. The present Constitution of Denmark is founded on the "Gründlov» (charter) of 5 June 1915, which was put in force 1 Jan. 1916. According to this new charter, the executive power is vested in the king and his responsible ministers, and the right of making and amending laws in the Rigsdag, or Diet, acting in conjunction with the sovereign. The king must be a member of the Evangelical Lutheran Church, which is declared to be the religion of the state. The Rigsdag comprises the Folkething and the Landsthing, the former being the popular chamber, the latter a senate. The Folkething consists of 140 members returned in direct elections by universal suffrage for the term of four years. The franchise is enjoyed by all citizens of good reputation, male and female (of an age gradually decreasing from 30 years at present to 25), who are not in receipt of poor-relief. All voters are eligible for election to the house. Of the 140 members the capital has to elect 24 by the list system of proportional representation. Outside the capital 92 members are elected in singlemember constituencies by simple majority, and furthermore 23 additional seats are to be allotted to candidates of those parties who have obtained less than their proportional share. The additional seats are to be had by those non-elected candidates having received the most votes. The Lansdthing consists of 72 members. The franchise is enjoyed by all electors to the Folkething, of 35 years of age, and residing in the electoral district. All former privileges for the largest taxpayers have been abolished by the Gründlov of 1915. The election is indirect and exclusively proportional. Fifty-four of the 72 members are elected by the Andra (Hare) method of proportional representation in large electoral districts, mostly embracing 10 to 12 members. The remaining 18 members are to be elected on the principle of proportional representation by the members of the outgoing house. Fifty-four members of the Landsthing are reappointed in two sections, each including about 27, and sitting 8 years. Both the members of the Landsthing and of the Folkething receive payment for their services at the rate of 10 kroner ($2.26) per day. Members must accept payment. The Rigsdag must meet every year on the first Tuesday in October. To the Folkething all money bills must in the first instance be submitted by the government. The Landsthing, besides its

legislative functions, has the duty of appointing from its midst every four years judges who, together with the ordinary members of the Höiesteret, form the Rigsret, a tribunal to try parliamentary impeachments. The ministers have free access to both of the legislative assemblies, but can only vote in that chamber of which they are members.

For administrative purposes Denmark is divided into 18 counties (amter), each of which is administered by a governor (amtmand). Moreover, the county is a municipal division with a county council superintending_the_rural municipalities (about 1,200). There are 77 urban municipalities with a mayor and a town council. Rural as well as urban municipal councils are elected direct by universal suffrage. Copenhagen forms a district by itself, and has its own form of administration. The total revenue in the fiscal year from 1916 to 1917 was $134,388,105; and the expenditure $82,633,085. Since the war of 1866, the government has maintained a comparatively large reserve fund to meet any sudden emergency. That fund in 1917 was $3,182,605. The total national debt is $163,634,870, or about $58 per head of the population; the investments of the state (in telegraphs, etc.) amount to over $301,111,110. The deposits in the Danish savings banks increased from $262,827,000 in 1916 to $298,440,000 in 1917.

The Danish army is a national militia, resembling in some respects the Swiss army. Every able-bodied Danish subject is liable to serve in the army or navy, except the inhabitants of Iceland, and the Färöe Islands. Exemptions in Denmark are few, even clergymen having to serve. Service commences at the age of 20 and lasts for 16 years. For the first 8 the men belong to the active army, and for the second 8 years to the extra, or territorial, reserve. At the time of joining, the recruits are continuously trained for 165 days in the infantry, 280 days in the field artillery, 1 year in the garrison artillery and 200 days in the cavalry. The engineers have 7 months', and the train 2 months' continuous training. In the case of about one-fourth of the men their initial training is prolonged by periods ranging from 22 to 82 months, according to the arm of the service to which they belong. Subsequent training for all arms only takes place once or twice in the remaining 6 or 7 years of army service, and then only for 25 or 30 days on each occasion. The peace strength of the active army is about 820 officers and 12,900 men. The navy in 1916 had 3 monitors, 15 torpedo boats, 2 small cruisers, 2 minelayers and 6 submarines. Besides these, there is a nominal fleet of warcraft, but this has little or no fighting power. The navy numbers 4,000 officers and men. military budget for 1916 amounts to $4,902,465, besides allotments for fortifications, etc.

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History. The early history of Denmark is lost in the twilight of the saga-period, out of which loom dimly the figures of its heroes, their brave deeds and daring voyages. Within its borders the Celts had first their home, and from its shores the Angles and Saxons sailed in the 5th century to the conquest of England; while in their place the Danes from Zealand settled on the deserted lands, extending their sway as far south as the Eider. One of their earliest kings, Harald Hildetand, fell in battle against the Swedes in 695; and shortly afterward a branch

of the Ynglinger occupied Jutland, where they held a footing for two centuries. One of their kings, Harald Klak, received baptism in 826 from Ansgar, but the introduction of Christianity did not at once place any check on the long accustomed inroads on Frankish territory, or on the piratical expeditions of the Vikings; although the country was soon torn by dissensions between the adherents of the old and new faiths. Gorm the Old, who drove the Ynglinger from the peninsula, and first united the mainland and islands under one rule, was the bitter enemy of Christianity; and although his death in 936 gave fresh vigor to the diffusion of the new faith, yet even its ultimate success was only ensured by the zealous support it received from Gorm's grandson, Canute. On his death in 1035 the three kingdoms of his Anglo-Scandinavian Empire separated, and his sister's son, Svend Estridsen (1047-76), ascended the throne of Denmark, founding a princely line that flourished 400 years. Internal dissensions and external wars weakened the country, and the introduction of a feudal system raised up a powerful nobility, and ground down the once free people to a condition of serfdom. Waldemar I (1157-82) added Rügen to the other Wendish districts of Mecklenburg and Pomeraia, and extended his sway over Norway also. Under Waldemar II the conquests of Denmark extended so far into German and Wendish lands, that the Baltic was little more than an inland Danish sea. The jealousy of the German princes and the treachery of his vassals combined to rob him, however, of these brilliant conquests, and his death in 1241 was followed by a century of anarchy and inglorious decadence of the authority of the Crown, during which the kingdom was brought to the brink of annihilation. Under his greatgrandson, Waldemar IV, Denmark made a transient recovery of the conquests of the older Waldemars, rousing the jealousy of the Hanseatic League, and the national laws were codified. From his death in 1375 to 1412, his daughter, the great Margaret, widow of Haakon VI of Norway, ruled not only that country and Denmark, but in course of time Sweden also, with so light yet firm a hand that for once in the course of their history the three rival Scandinavian kingdoms were content to act in harmony. garet's successor, Eric, the son of her niece, for whose sake she had striven to give permanence, by the act known as the Union of Calmar (1397), to the amalgamation of the three sovereignities into one, undid her glorious work with fatal rapidity, lost the allegiance and the crowns of his triple kingdom, and ended his disastrous existence in misery and obscurity. After the short reign of his nephew, Christopher of Bavaria (1440-48), the Danes exerted their ancient right of election to the throne, and chose for their king Christian of Oldenburg, a descendant of the old royal family through his maternal ancestress, Rikissa, the great-granddaughter of Waldemar II. Christian I (1448-81), who was at the same time elected Duke of Schleswig and Holstein, was the founder of the Oldenburg line, which continued unbroken till the death of Frederick VII in 1863. His reign was followed by half a century of international struggles in Scandinavia. The insane tyranny of Christian II cost that monarch his throne and freedom; the Danes chose his uncle Frederick I to be their king,

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while Sweden was forever separated from Denmark and rose under the Vasas to be a powerful state. See GUSTAVUS I.

Under Christian III (1536-59), the Reformation was established in Denmark. Christian IV after his brief share in the Thirty Years' War proved one of the ablest of all the Danish rulers. His liberal and wise policy was, however, cramped in every direction by the arrogant nobles, to whose treasonable supineness Denmark owes the reverse by which she lost (1658) all the possessions she had hitherto retained in Sweden; and with the relinquishment of these, and consequently of the undivided control of the passage of the Sound, the country's former international importance came finally to an end. The national disgraces and abasement which followed led, in 1660, under Christian's son, Frederick III, to the rising of the people against the nobles, and their surrender into the hands of the king of the supreme power. For the next hundred years, chiefly marked by wars with Sweden, the peasantry were kept in serfdom, and the middle classes depressed; but by the end of the 18th century the peasants had been gradually emancipated, while many improvements had been effected in the mode of administering the laws, and the Danish kings, although autocrats, exercised a mild rule. The miseries of the reign of Frederick VI, who governed as regent from 1784, brought the country to the verge of ruin. Denmark having joined Russia in a compact of the northern powers hostile to England, a fleet was sent into the Baltic and considerable injuries were inflicted by an attack on Copenhagen, in 1801, under Parker and Nelson. From this the country rallied; but in 1807 the British government, suspicious of an intention on the regent's part to violate his neutrality and take sides with Napoleon, demanded the surrender of the entire Danish navy, to be restored at the conclusion of peace. A refusal was followed by the bombardment of Copenhagen in September 1807, and the fleet was given up; but this treatment drove Denmark into Napoleon's arms and with him the kingdom was obliged to co-operate until the close of 1813.

By the Congress of Vienna, Denmark was compelled to cede Norway to Sweden. From this period a spirit of discontent grew up in the duchies, degenerating into mutual animosity between the Danish and German population, which led to an open rupture with Denmark in 1848, immediately after the accession of Frederick VII. (For the whole question, see SCHLESWIGHOLSTEIN). After alternate hostilities and armistices, the war was virtually concluded in 1850, by the victory of the Danes at Idsted; but in 1863 the quarrel was renewed. On the death of Frederick in that year, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Glücksborg ascended the throne under the title of Christian IX, in conformity with the act known as the Treaty of London of 1852, by which the succession to the Danish crown had been settled on him and his descendants by his wife, Princess Louise of Hesse-Cassel, niece of King Christian VIII of Denmark. A pretender, backed by German influence and help, at once started up in the person of the eldest son of the Duke of Augustenborg, who assumed the title of Duke Frederick VIII of Schleswig-Holstein; but his cause speedily merged and lost sight of by Prussia and Austria in their direct aim of incorporating

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the duchies with the German Confederation. Denmark, unaided by England and France, allies on whose support she had relied, was forced to go single-handed into the unequal contest. After a brave but utterly futile attempt at resistance, the Danes found themselves forced to submit to the terms dictated by their powerful foes, and resign not only Laurenburg and Holstein, but the ancient Crown-appanage of Schleswig. By the peace of Vienna 1864, the Danish king bound himself to abide by the decision which Prussia and Austria should adopt in regard to the destiny of the severed Danish provinces. The dissensions between these two great powers, which led to the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, resulted in the triumph of Prussia, and since then the duchies have remained an integral part of that state. Since the war, Denmark, although reduced to the narrow limits of the islands and Jutland, has recovered from its fall, and has greatly prospered, in spite of the spread of socialistic opinions, and the political dissensions that have ranged the government and Landsthing, supported by the press of the capital, against the Folkething and majority of the people.

In 1870 war broke out between Germany and France and an alliance was formed between France and Denmark, with a view to the protection of the latter from German aggression. The result of the war was the downfall of the French Empire; this treaty was dissolved, and Denmark felt that her safety lay in a strict neutrality. Yet the resentment of the country toward Germany was by no means allayed, and the general population were indignant that so many leading politicians were anxious to draw closer the lines that bound Germany and Denmark together. This indignation frequently broke out into such violent manifestations that at least it became evident that anything like a close alliance and understanding between the two states seemed impossible.

The 5th article of the treaty made between Austria and Prussia (23 Aug. 1866) had given to Denmark some prospect of recovering the northern districts of Holstein. There arose, however, considerable discussion with Prussia about the realization of this hope, and Prussia seemed reluctant to give any guarantee for the restoration of the territory. So long as the Emperor Napoleon was in power, this article, which he had not only suggested, but had maintained and advocated, the hope of Denmark, for the surrender of North Schleswig appeared reasonable. After the catastrophe of Sedan (1870) this hope was forever abandoned. The French Republic took no interest in Schleswig, Italy was equally indifferent, England was occupied in other matters and had learned in the Crimea to shun all meddling with other people's quarrels. The rage of the Danes was roused in 1879 on learning that Germany was discussing with Austria the abolition of Article 5 in the treaty, and even the Danish court, by the marriage of the Princess Thyra, in 1878, with the Duke of Cumberland, whose dislike for the Germans was well known, had shared, by anticipation, in this expression of feeling. This national sentiment of the Danes took almost a warlike character. In the Rigsdag, 1873, legislative measures were proposed for the reorganization of

the land and sea forces and the fortification of Copenhagen. The ruling party in the Folkething strongly advocated an increase in the army and navy, and an improvement in the coast fortifications; this was advisable as a demonstration of power which would be of effect in the case of war between other nations, but would also secure Denmark against the encroachments of Germany. The representatives of rural constituencies or Agrarians, however, together with the Radicals, were opposed to an active policy on the part of Denmark. The Conservatives, with the sympathy of King Christian, were for warlike preparations, by the increased national defenses.

In 1874 the Liberal party, under Fonnesbech, succeeded Holstein-Holsteinborg's Conservative Cabinet, which had been in power since 1870, but even the Liberals failed to overcome the opposition which the Folkething persisted in showing to the proposed expenditure on the military and naval forces. The king therefore called into office a ministry of a purely bureaucratic character, which he had counseled Estrup to appoint. Jacob Brönnum Estrup was a remarkable man. When he took his seat in the Landsthing in 1864, he appeared as leader of the Agrarians, and showed both power and patriotism in his political career, and did much for the advancement of Danish constitutionalism. His desire always was to render Denmark's place among the Powers secure and independent, to develop its resources, and especially to secure for his country adequate protection in the carrying trade of the world's commerce. The king had found in him a man ready to carry out his wise designs for the little realm. In 1866 he had been a leading spirit in the revision of the constitutional code of Denmark, and he strongly advocated the view of the Conservatives that the Folkething, or lower house of the Rigsdag, had not, like the English House of Commons, the sole right to make appropriations from the public treasury. The Radicals of the Folkething, however, claimed supremacy in all matters of taxation and finance, and formed the Left in that assembly. On the other hand, the king and Landsthing, or upper house, according to the Conservatives, had constitutionally the right of overruling the Folkething. Estrup was on the side of those who would not trust the lower house with the sole control of the exchequer. The government, he maintained, was threefold,-king, Landsthing and Folkething; where any two of them were united against the third, the majority ought to be paramount in deciding the issue. From the time Estrup was appointed Minister of Finance and president of the Council, the clash of parties increased day by day; Estrup again and again brought forth his measures of warlike preparation; again and again were they defeated. In the Folkething the opposition majority increased with every division. In 1876 this party had 74 members as against 27 supporters of the government. It threw out the budget of Estrup, and the government was compelled to beat a treat, although the fortification of Copenhagen went forward. This brought about a crisis in political affairs and also led to a new development in the constitution. Estrup stood his ground and was supported by the press as well

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as by the public opinion of the capital. He maintained that, according to the parliamentary system of Denmark, he had it in his power to propose a provisional finance measure; that such a measure could be carried by the Landsthing, the upper house, which controlled the Folkething. The measure was carrried with the approval of the king, and the fortifications at Copenhagen were on their way to be completed. In 1880 two measures were passed for the increase of the army and navy. The opposition thereupon began what was known as the "Verdorrungspolitik," "The policy of blight," i.e., obstruction. Not only did they oppose the finance measures of the government, but every measure, of whatever kind, proposed by Estrup's party and sanctioned by the Landsthing, they threw out. But the king and the ministry remained firm, and were supported by a large majority of the population of the country. The fortification of Copenhagen was completed with the assistance of volunteer contributions to the amount of $253,333.33. The financial prosperity of the country was evident. The appropriation made for land defenses amounted to $10,033,333.33; the department of railways had expended $17,733,333.33. There was still a large balance in the treasury. The history of Denmark from that time is a history of parliamentary struggle. The Moderates of the Left could not keep pace with the violence of the Radicals, and in 1891 an actual rupture took place. The Moderates desisted altogether from the "policy of blight," or obstruction, and drew nearer and nearer to the Conservatives. The consequence was that the Radicals lost their supremacy in the Rigsdag, and in the elections of April 1892 forfeited many seats. The opening speech of the Prime Minister in the Folkething (1892) outlined a policy which was not long in being carried out. The Moderate Lefts supported a measure for land defenses; the fortifications projected were quickly finished, and the triumph of the Conservatives was complete. This was shortly before the resignation of Estrup in 1894. But the fluctuations of parliamentary life in Denmark were not yet complete. dispute indeed seemed interminable. The Landsthing and the ministry stood on one side, a majority of the Folkething on the other. This majority in the lower house gradually completed the rupture which had been threatened during the debates on land defenses, and seemed at last rent asunder permanently into Radicals and Moderates. In August 1899 M. Hörring became Premier. The Radicals had been gathering strength since the retirement of Estrup and the absence of his firm hand and clear judgment had imperiled the tranquillity of the political voyage in Denmark. In 1900, however, the new Conservatives rallied their strength, and a Cabinet was formed by one of their number, M. Sehösted, who, after a stormy experience, resigned in 1902, when the Radicals won an overwhelming victory at the polls and a Radical administration, under Professor Deuntzer, came into power. After the elections of 1915 the Landsthing contained 5 Free Conservatives, 22 Right (Conservatives), 26 Left, 6 Radicals and 4 Socialists. The Folkething, elected May 1915, contained 42 Left, 27 Radical Left, 32 Socialists, 8 Right (Conservatives), and 5 Independents. On 29 Jan. 1905

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the aged Christian IX died. He was succeeded by his son Frederick VIII, whose second son Charles had been elected in the preceding year to the throne of Norway as Haakon VII. On 14 May 1912, Frederick died suddenly in Hamburg, while traveling incognito, and the body remained unidentified for some time in the public morgue. His son succeeded as Christian X. In the year following his accession he was shorn of some of his powers by the Folkething, which in the same session granted suffrage to women.

The prosperity of Denmark has greatly advanced since its dismemberment in 1864, and the increase in its trade has been remarkable. In 1915 the merchant steam fleet included 3,564 vessels of 589,873 registered tons. These form a part of the great tramp fleet that plies between Europe and America. The trade between Denmark and the United States has especially shown a healthy growth, the imports from the United States to Denmark for 1914 being $21,073,000, while the United States imported from that country goods to the value of $2,915,250. This growth of trade between the two countries has been rapid, for the route from Copenhagen to Newport News and Norfolk, Va., was only opened up in 1898. The six Danish steamers engaged on this route also run to New Orleans and carry American goods to all the principal Baltic ports. The New York route has several large steamers built since 1898. The Danes emigrate in considerable numbers to the United States and generally settle in the agricultural districts of the West, notably in Illinois. Returns for 1914 give 6,262 as the extent of Danish immigration to the United States. Agriculture has been developed in the peninsula to a remarkable degree during the past few years, and dairy produce manufactured with the aid of steam machinery has shown a proportionate increase. There are about 900 steam dairies in Denmark. The sanitary precautions taken by government in the inspection of cattle are more thorough perhaps than anywhere else in the world.

The Danish West Indian possessions have recently become territories of the United States. These comprise Saint Croix, the largest of the Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas, a smaller island further south, and Saint John, to the east of Saint Thomas. Their united area is 118 square miles. The proximity of these islands to Porto Rico and their importance as stations in the trade routes of the Caribbean Sea adds to their desirability as United States possessions. There was expressed for many years a willingness by Denmark to transfer these islands, and the question was brought up afresh in 1902, when a treaty, providing for the sale of the Danish West Indies to the United States for $5,000,000, was signed at Washington by President Roosevelt, 14 January, and ratified by the Senate, 17 February. This was considered to have settled the question finally, but 23 April of the same year the Danish Landsthing passed a resolution postponing a decision as to the sale, until the electors qualified to send members to the Colonial Council should be consulted. The sale was not to be ratified until these electors should approve the cession. The Folkething went even further than this, and refused to ratify the sale, unless the inhabitants of the islands, who are mostly free negroes engaged in the cultiva

tion of the sugar cane and number 35,156, declared in favor of the transfer by a plebiscite. The matter was thus naturally referred once more to the Landsthing, and when the matter came before that body (22 October) their decision was regarded as adverse to the bill. As the Premier reminded the Council, it would be necessary to put out more capital in the islands unless they were sold, and accordingly the West Indian Co., with a capital of $1,000,000, was formed at Copenhagen three days after the decision of the Landsthing. Trade between Denmark and these three islands had been steadily decreasing for some years, and the Danish government in 1902 appointed a commission to proceed to the islands and report on measures_for improving their commercial condition. In Feb. 1917 Congress of the United States appropriated $25,000,000 for the purchase of the islands and fixed the form of government. The formal transfer of the islands took place a few weeks later. See DANISH LANGUAGE; DANISH LITERATURE; VIRGIN ISLANDS.

Bibliography.- Baedeker, K., Norway, Sweden and Denmark' (10th ed., London 1912); Both 'Kongeriget Danmark, en historisk-topographisk Beskrioelse' (2 vols., Copenhagen 1882-85); Bröchner, J., Danish Life in Town and Country (London 1903); Christensen, W., 'Dansk Statsforvaltning i det 15 Aarhundrede (Copenhagen 1904); Cousange, Jacques de, La Scandinavie (Paris 1914); Danmarks Riges Historie (Copenhagen 1896); Drachmann, Porl, The Industrial Development and Commercial Policies of the Three Scandinavian Countries (Oxford 1915); Gallenga, A., 'The Invasion of Denmark in 1864) (2 vols., London 1864); Harvey, W. J., and Reppien, C., Denmark and the Danes' (ib. 1915); De Lannoy, C., and Van der Linden, H., 'Histoire de l'Expansion coloniale des peuples européens' (Vol. II, Netherlands and Denmark' (Brussels 1911); Otté, E. C., Denmark and Iceland' (London 1881); Sellers, Edith, Danish Poor Relief System' (London 1904); Sidgwick, C. S., The Story of Denmark' (London 1890); Starcke, Olrik, and Carlsen, 'Le Danemark' (Paris 1900); Stefansson, Jon., Denmark and Sweden' (London 1916); Thomas, Margaret, 'Denmark Past and Present' (London 1902); Weitemeyer, H., 'Dänemark: Geschichte und Beschreibung' (London 1891); Kongelig Dansk Hof og Statskalender (Annual Copenhagen).

JOHN B. MCDONNELL, Editorial Staff of The Americana.

DENNER, Balthazar, German portrait painter: b. Altona, 15 Nov. 1685; d. Rostock, 14 April 1749. He was painter to several courts, executing portraits of princes and dignitaries, and was noted for his extraordinary minuteness of finish. Among his works are 'Head of an Old Woman'; for which Charles VI paid 4,700 florins; and 'Head of an Old Man, both in the Vienna Museum; and many canvasses in other famous galleries.