house, armories, schools and colleges. A stockshow stadium has a seating capacity of 7,500 and cost $250,000. An auditorium, erected and controlled by the city, has a seating capacity of 12,000 and is so arranged that it can be readjusted temporarily for smaller gatherings, for theatre, concert and other purposes.

Banks, Public Finance.- Denver's banking and financial institutions are strong. The five national banks report combined capital and surplus for 1915 as $7,103,386; national bank clearings, $508,421,052; deposits, $67,606,781; loans and discounts, $34,030,906. Total number of banks, 36. The assessed valuation of the city in 1915 was $358,365,823; bonded indebtedness, $1,564,350, with sinking fund $855,096, leaving net bonded indebtedness $709,254; indebtedness per capita, $2.88; annual tax levy, 16.2 mills on the dollar; property assessed at its full cash value; number fire alarms, 1,057; number fires, 908; loss by fire, $244,354; number of persons per_policeman, 1,072.

acres.

Parks, Public Playgrounds. The city has 30 parks and 10 playgrounds. Those lying strictly within the municipal limits comprise 1,318 acres. They contain bronze and marble statuary and all floral adornment known to the modern scientific landscape artist, lakes and fountains, pavilions for musician entertainments where the municipal band of 50 pieces gives daily concerts during the summer (in winter the concerts are given Sundays in the municipal auditorium), floral-bordered walks, wide-surfaced drives, municipal golf links, tennis courts, camping grounds for automobile tourists, bathing beaches and playgrounds with modern equipment and competent supervision and instruction. A natural history museum is located in City Park, also a zoological garden well stocked with native animals and birds. Another feature of this park is the electric fountain, which plays every summer evening with varicolored lights. The connecting system of parkways about the city includes 12 miles of parking, with gardens, lawns and floral decorations, altogether embracing 56 Denver owns in the mountains within 30 miles from the corporate limits parks comprising 2,530 acres, to which more is being added. from year to year. These mountain parks include cañon and peak, to reach which a highway has been constructed by way of Lookout Mountain to the summit of Genesee Peak, rising to an altitude of 8,270 feet. The mountain roadways are at no point less than 20 feet in width and their grade more than 6 to 100 feet, and wherever necessary are guarded by post-andcable protection. Rustic shelters and rest stations where refreshment may be had, fireplaces for cooking, etc., are convenienty located for parties who motor over part or all of the 72 miles of highway. A mountain pasture stocked with elk and buffalo lends to the attractiveness of the parks, while trout streams lure the city dweller and the tourist. These parks are maintained by the city of Denver for the free use of its citizens and guests, and provide unique and pleasurable rural excursions and mountain outings. The round trip from Denver by automobile over one of the most popular routes is accomplished in four hours. From various points on the trip the city is in full view, and with a glass its streets, buildings and parks are distinctly recognized. From these

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summits at night the view of the distant brilliantly lighted city is enchanting. In 1915 the city spent on the maintenance of its parks $233,000, and on improvements including mountain parks $160,000.

Schools, Libraries, Etc.-The public schools provide free education for all from the kindergarten through the high school, 15 years. In addition to the elementary fundamental branches, night schools are provided for adults of all nationalities; manual training, special training in cooking and sewing, modern and ancient languages, music, drawing, trade schools with special preparation for advanced work in technical schools and military training. In 1915 $1,463,000 was expended for the maintenance of public schools. The school property is valued at $4,260,000. The public library contains 100,000 volumes; five branches of this library are maintained at various points in the city. In addition there is a medical library of several thousand volumes; six law libraries; school libraries containing 60,000 volumes exclusive of textbooks; at the State Capitol a library numbering approximately 15,000 volumes. Denver has four daily newspapers, 35 weekly papers and a number of trade journals. Its church edifices number over 200.

The

Climate. The climate is one of the most delightful and remarkable in the country. United States Department of Agriculture data for the years 1872 to 1915 give the following information: Discarding fractions of a degree, the mean annual temperature at Denver is 50° as against 49° at Chicago, 49° at Boston, 55° at Washington, 56° at Saint Louis and 69° at Jacksonville. During the last 44 years 100° or higher has been touched 13 times, 7 in July and 6 in August. While these high temperatures were maintained for only a few minutes, readings in the 90's are common during every summer month. For July, the warmest month, the average temperature is 72°, and the average daily maximum, or afternoon reading, is 86°. Here, as elsewhere over the greater part of the United States, the coldest month is January, with an average temperature of 31°. annual precipitation is 14.5 inches; Chicago, 33.2; Saint Louis, 40; Washington, 42.7; Boston, 41.8; and Jacksonville, 54.1. Of sunshine Denver has 67 per cent of the possible, as against 65 at Saint Louis, 57 at Washington, 54 at Boston and 58 at Chicago. The average relative humidity is 52 per cent. It is highest in February, 57 per cent, and lowest in October, 49 per cent. Twice during the last 42 years a humidity as low as one-half of 1 per cent has been recorded. The annual relative humidity at Saint Louis is 70 per cent, Boston 72, Washington 73, Chicago 74 and Jacksonville 80; and for the warmer months - June, July, August and September at Saint Louis 66 per cent, Chicago and Boston 74, Washington 76 and Jacksonville 82. It will be observed that in the Atlantic States the humidity during the warm months is greater than the average annual, just the reverse of that which obtains in Denver. brief, Denver summers are characterized by warm days and cool nights, the heat of the day not attended by the usual debilitating effects; the winters by an abundance of sunshine and general absence of snow and severe, longcontinued cold.

In

Railroad Service. The railroad lines entering the city are the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific, the Colorado Midland, the Denver and Rio Grande, the Union Pacific, the Colorado and Southern, the Denver and Salt Lake and the Denver, Northwestern and Pacific. Of these, jointly with others, four continue across the continent, and the Denver and Salt Lake, now under construction, will make the fifth. The Union Pacific Railroad takes its passengers through Denver to the western coast by way of Cheyenne and Ogden; the Burlington and Rock Island transfer to the Union Pacific, Rio Grande or Santa Fe; and the Santa Fe, whose main line extends south of Denver across the continent through New Mexico and Arizona, makes southern connection for Denver. The greatest transportation enterprise of recent years, involving a six-mile tunnel through the Rocky Mountains, is the construction of the Denver and Salt Lake Railroad, by which the rail distance between Denver and Salt Lake City will be shortened 100 miles.

Commerce, Industries. As a commercial centre Denver is increasing in importance each year, and a combination of natural conditions gives much promise to the city. In 1890 manufactured products totaled $30,000,000 and in 1915 $62,000,000. The wholesalers sold in 1915 $53,000,000 worth of goods. Foundry, railway and mining machinery are manufactured. Five flouring mills have daily capacity of 3,500 barrels. Four paint manufactories and one varnish factory have a total annual output of $1,125,000. Window and plate glass is not made in Denver, but mirrors and ornamental art glass made and jobbed in 1915 totaled $750,000. Denver is the distributing point for Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska and Kansas. The paints and varnishes produced are especially adapted to dry climate use. The live stock interests of the West centre in the Denver Union Stock Yards and added packing plants; 425,000 head of cattle (chiefly Western) were received in 1915. The packing companies are at present (1916) increasing their capacity at a cost of half a million dollars; 768,421 head of sheep were received in 1915 and 341,501 hogs were handled at the packing plants. The live stock industry is growing rapidly and money to finance operations is easily obtainable. Denver's proximity to the mining and agricultural regions of the State has greatly assisted in its upbuilding. The gold production of Colorado for 1915 was $23,358,608; silver, $4,137,333; zinc, $13,545,212; lead, $3,629,524; coal, 8,537,775 tons; a total, excluding coal, of $50,489,943. Among the leading agricultural products of the State in 1915 were sugar beets, 1,254,913 tons of which were converted into 195,343 tons of sugar. The executive offices of the beet sugar companies, and of many other substantial industries, are in Denver.

Population. The population in 1910 was 213,381. In 1916 it was estimated to be 253,000. It is more largely cosmopolitan than is usual in cities of like size. Representative citizens, while more largely from the northern States of the Union, are found from every State as well as from most European countries. Census returns of 1910 gave 25,300 of foreign birth and 4,000 of negro descent. Only the first genera

tion of native Coloradoans have arrived at adult life.

History.- Denver was settled by gold seekers in 1858. The following year it was incorporated as a city by the provisional legislature and named in honor of Gen. J. W. Denver, the governor of Kansas. In 1861 it was reincorporated by the first Territorial legislature and became the capital of the Territory in 1867. In 1870, on the completion of the Denver Pacific and Kansas Pacific railroads, it was first connected with the older settlements of the Missouri Valley. The bibliography of Denver is found complete in the library of the Colorado Historical Society. The Denver Public Library also has a complete list of books and pamphlets relating to the history of the city from its foundation. THORNDIKE Deland,

Secretary of the Denver Chamber of Commerce.

DENVER, University of. This institution is the pioneer school of higher learning in Colorado. With the commencement of 1916 the list of graduates numbers more than 3,100, and the institution therefore leads all institutions in the Rocky Mountain country in service to society. Approximately 1,400 students are now in residence as candidates for degrees. There are some hundreds of additional students in Denver who are taking college work without seeking degrees. The departments are as follows: graduate school, extension college, extramural college, summer school, Warren Academy, law school, dental school, school of commerce, school of art, lecture department. The properties and endowments of the university now aggregate more than a million dollars in value. The General Education Board has made a conditional grant of a large amount for endowment exclusively on conditions which have been fully met. Within three years the university properties and endowments will aggregate more than a million and a half in value. The university is owned by the Methodist Episcopal Church. No religious test has ever been made for admission to any of the departments. The university is conspicuously the university for Denver, though it attracts students from nearly all the States in the Union.

DENYS, Nicolas: b. Tours 1598; d. Acadia 1688. He accompanied De Razilly to Acadia in 1632 and engaged in sedentary fisheries at Port Rossignol, now Liverpool Bay, Nova Scotia, receiving a grant from the Company of New France. His fort was seized by D'Aulnay Charnisay, in Charnisay, lieutenant-general Acadia, in 1647. In 1653 he received a grant from the French king of the coasts, estuaries and islands of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, to which Newfoundland was afterward added. He established the headquarters of his fisheries first at Chedabucto (Guysboro Harbor, N. S.); then at Saint Peters, Cape Breton, where his buildings were destroyed by fire; and finally at Nipisiguit (Bathurst, N. B.). His 'Description and Natural History of Acadia' was published in 1672.

DEOBUND, dē'- or dã'ō-bŭnd, or DEOBAND, India, city in the Saharunpur district, United Provinces of Agra and Oudh; an ancient place, with manufactures of fine cloth and a grain trade. It has many temples and is much resorted to by pilgrims. Pop. 19,250.

DEODAND, de'ō-dănd (Deo dandum, a thing to be given or dedicated to God), an obsolete legal term for anything that had directly caused a person's death, all such chattels being, by the old rule of the common law of England, forfeited to the king, to be devoted by him to pious uses, though often finding way to his privy purse. In all indictments for homicide, the grand jury specified the instrument that immediately caused the death, and its value, that the king might claim the deodand and distribute it "to appease God's wrath." Though these forfeitures were originally incurred to the king, yet they were frequently granted to the lord of the manor or territory upon which the death happened. Deodands were abolished in 1846. There has never been anything analogous to this custom in the United States. Consult Blackstone, 'Commentaries on the Laws of England.'

DEODAR, dē-ō-där′ (“divine tree"), from the Sanskrit devadaru), à tree (Cedrus deodara), a native of the mountains of India, where it grows to the height of 100 feet and upward. It chiefly resembles the cedar of Lebanon in habit of growth and is probably a species of the same genus. The timber is among the most valuable grown in India. The name is rather freely applied to trees, especially to species of the Conifera. See CEDAR.

DEODORIZER, a substance used for absorbing foul-smelling gases, or for substituting an odor which is pleasing for one that is disagreeable. Deodorizers are not disinfectants or antiseptics, and should not be confounded with them. They are of no use save to cover up disagreeable smells, and often do a great deal of harm by shutting people's nostrils to real signs of danger.

DE OFFICIIS, de o-fis'i-is (Lat. "of duties"), a treatise in three books by Cicero on moral obligations written about 44 B.C. It is addressed to his son Marcus.

DEOGARH, de'- or da'ō-gur, India, the name of several cities, of which the following two are the chief: (1) In Bengal, 170 miles northwest of Calcutta; it contains a group of Siva temples to which numerous pilgrims resort. Pop. 8,667. (2) In Udaipur, Rajputana; its chief attraction is an old palace. Pop. 7,400. D'EON DE BEAUMONT. DE BEAUMONT, CHARLES.

See EON

DEOPRAYAG, dā”ō-pra-yäg', or DEVAPRAYAGA, India, village of Tehri, United Provinces, at the juncture of the Alaknanda and the Bhagirathi, which form the Ganges. It is 2,265 feet above sea-level. It is a place of pilgrimage for the Hindus and has a magnificent temple of Raghunath, built on a high terrace. The permanent population, about 1,000, is made up mostly of Brahmins.

DE ORATORE (Lat. “on the orator”), a rhetorical work by Cicero, in three books, written about 55 B.C. It is in the form of a dialogue, the principal characters being L. Crassus and M. Antonius. It outlines the studies necessary for a public orator to pursue, the composition, form and method of delivery of effective speeches. The work ranks with the most finished productions of Cicero on account of its varied contents and its excellent style.

DEPARTMENT, the name given certain territorial divisions of countries, especially to

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the principal territorial divisions of France. At the time of the French Revolution, when the former division of the kingdom into provinces was abolished and succeeded by a division of it into departments, this division was determined partly by the number of inhabitants, partly by extent of territory and partly by the amount of direct taxes. The new division was proposed in the Constituent Assembly in 1789 and effected in 1790. The whole kingdom was at first divided into 83 departments, which were subsequently increased by the gradual extension of the empire to 130, and were reduced by the Peace of 1814 to 86. By the cession of Savoy and Nice to France in 1860 the number of the French departments was increased to 89, and by the cession of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in 1871 the number was reduced to 87. At the head of each is a prefect, appointed by the President of the Republic, and assisted by a conseil de préfecture. Most of the states of South America are also divided into departments (departimentos), but these resemble the French ones in nothing but the name. French department is subdivided into arrondissements, these again into cantons, and these again into communes. The name is, also, applied to military divisions and to various other divisions, as of government and schools.

Each

DEPARTURE, a nautical term signifying the distance along a parallel of latitude measured in nautical miles, especially the distance made by a ship in a course due west or due east. When the course is other than east or west departure is the distance sailed X sine of course. Taking a departure is determining the exact position of a ship on the outset of a voyage and after leaving port.

Its

DE PAUL UNIVERSITY ACADEMY, an institution for the secondary education of boys at Chicago. It was founded in 1898 and is conducted by the Vincentian Fathers. courses are given for entrance into college, for business training, and general education. The De Paul High School for Girls is under the direction of the Sisters of Charity.

DE PAUW, dė-pâ', Washington Charles, American manufacturer: b. Salem, Ind., 4 Jan. 1822; d. New Albany, Ind., 5 May 1887. He received a liberal education; worked himself up to the foremost rank among the business men of his State; and was successively a mill-owner, a merchant and a banker. He was noted for his extensive gifts in behalf of education. His aid to the Indiana Asbury University set it upon a sound basis, and its name was changed to De Pauw University in his honor. He also founded De Pauw College for Women and several charitable institutions at New Albany, Ind. See DE PAUW UNIVERSITY.

DE PAUW UNIVERSITY, a coeducational institution in Greencastle, Ind.; founded in 1837, under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and known as the Indiana Asbury University until 1884, when the name was changed to De Pauw University. In the original charter of the institution there existed provisions for schools of divinity, law, medicine, art, music and pedagogy, and of liberal arts. At some period in the course of its existence the university has instituted and conducted every one of these. Insufficient endow