18,635 pairs of woollen stockings. The official value of the exports from Denmark to the Faroe Islands before the institution of free trade was estimated at about 72,500 rix-dollars annually; the value of the imports at 180,000 rix-dollars. The inhabitants manufacture by hand woollen waistcoats and stockings, of which a considerable number are exported to Denmark.

PRUSSIA.

Mr. Lowther, her Majesty's Secretary of Legation, prepared for Lord A. Loftus the following statistics of the kingdom of Prussia.

The kingdom of Prussia, on the accession of King Frederick William IV., extended over 5,082-57 square miles (one German mile being equal to 4 English miles), and contained in the first year of his reign a population of 14,928,501 souls; since then there have been added to it, in 1850, the country of Hohenzollern (21.16 square miles), and Jadegebeit (0.7 square miles). On the ascension of King William the kingdom extended over 5,103-80 square miles.

A census is taken every three years, at the beginning of December, according to the stipulations of the Zollverein treaty, and the following were the results from 1840 to 1858:-1840, 14,928,501; 1843, 15,471,084; 1846, 16,112,938; 1849, 16,331,187; 1852, 16,935,420; 1855, 17,202,831; 1858, 17,739,913.

The last census shows an increase of 537,032, or 3.12 per cent. It is to be remarked that Prussia is the fifth in rank of the great European Powers, as regards extent of territory. Russia extends over 100,429 46; Austria over 11,752-22; France over 9,619-80; Great Britain over 5,749.94; Prussia, 5,103.80 square miles. Two of the eight provinces of which Prussia is composed, do not belong to the German Confederation; thus the Confederate population of Prussia amounted at the end of 1858 to 13,578,258, while the Confederate population of Austria in 185 12,900,919.

was

The kingdom of Prussia consists of eight provinces, 994 towns, and 335 rural districts; there were, in 1858, 5,250,124 inhabitants in the towns, and 14,487,779 in the rural districts; the municipal population has increased 0.72, which is the same degree in which the rural population has decreased; 9,822 persons emigrated, and 3,462 immigrated; there were 730,170 children born, of which 61,596 were natural children; in 1856 there were 625,792 born, of which 45,939 were natural children, and in 1857, 703,540, of which 54,260 were natural children. In 1858 there were 519,728 deaths. Of the total population, there were 8,837,012 males, and 8,902,901 females, showing an excess of 65,889 females over males of the ages from 17 to 32, and from 46 upwards, a much larger proportion of men over 40 die than women.

There were 10,848,510 Evangelicals, 6,618,978 Roman Catholics, 1331 of the Greek faith; 14,052 Mennonites (of which 8618 were in the regency of Danzig); 14,608 Freethinkers and German Catholics; 17 Mahometans; 3 Heathens, and 242,416 Jews. During the years 1856 to 1858 the Jews increased 3.49, the Roman Catholics 3.13, the Evangelicals 3.12 per cent. The greater part of the Jews are in the regencies of Posen, Bromberg, Marienwerder, Oppeln, and Berlin. The greater part of the Mennonites are in the regency of Danzig; the greater part of the Freethinkers or German Catholics are in the regency of Liegnitz; there are none in the regencies of Stralsund, Münster, Cologne, and Aix-la-Chapelle. Of the

23,388 prisoners confined in the 40 prisons of the kingdom, only 264 were Jews at the end of December, 1859.

It is reckoned there are 3,501,393 children who go to school, from the ages of 6 to 24; this is 19.74 per cent. Of people capable of military service, there were (a), belonging to the standing army, from 20 to 24 years of age, 778,454, or 8.30 per cent. ; (b) belonging to the reserve, and the first call of Landwehr, from 25 to 32 years of age, 1,077,958, or 12.23 per cent. ; (c) belonging to the second call, from 33 to 39, 872,174, or 9.87 per cent.

The military population was 202,673, of which 794 were Jews. There were 13,297 deaf and dumb-7391 males, and 5906 females; 10,205 blind -5283 males, 4923 females. Of the total population there were 2,400,074 who spoke a foreign language, and 15.339,838 who spoke German as their language; thus the proportion was 86:47 German to 13.53 per cent. nonGerman. Austria has a population of 36,000,000, of which about 8,000,000 are Germans; the non-German population is about 78 per cent. following statistics relative to the extent, population, and religion of the provinces of Prussia and of the regencies, are taken from official sources, and, unless specially mentioned, refer to the year 1858; the reports for July, 1861, not having yet been delivered.

The

The Constitution.-The form of government in Prussia is monarchical, but limited by the Constitution of 31st January, 1850, and sworn to by his Majesty King Frederick William IV. on the 6th February, 1850. According to the Constitution, the person of the King is inviolable; the law-giving power is exercised by his Majesty and the Diet in common; the executive power belongs to him alone. He names and dismisses the ministers, summons the Diet, opens or prorogues their sittings, and can dissolve the House of Deputies, but he cannot dissolve the First Chamber. He has chief command of the whole army, and makes the nominations to the posts in the army as well as to the other branches of the Government, and can declare war, make peace, and enter into treaties with foreign governments. He can also diminish punishments and can pardon; he can also confer decorations. The Crown is hereditary in the male line. The King is of age at eighteen (the other princes are of age at twenty-four), and he can govern, having taken a vow before the Diet that he will maintain the Constitution entire, and that he will govern in conformity with its stipulations and the laws of the country. If the King is not of age, or is prevented from governing, his nearest male relation assumes the regency, and has to take the above oath before the summoned Diet.

The ministers have to countersign every act of the King's connected with the Government. Under extraordinary circumstances the King can issue ordinances which have the validity of laws, but which must afterwards be sanctioned by the Diet. The ministers are responsible, but there exists no law on the subject. The Diet chosen, according to electoral laws, from the people, is employed in giving its assent with regard to the formation of laws and on the subject of finance. It consists of the "Herrenhaus" (House of Lords), which cannot be dissolved, and consists of princes of the Royal house whom the King chooses to name, of members with hereditary rights, and of members chosen for their life. The members of the Second Chamber are 352 in number, and are elected for three years.

The Council of the State ("Staats Rath") consists, according to a decree of 1817, of royal princes who have attained the age of eighteen, of servants

of the State who are members of it by their office, and of such people as have by their merits deserved a seat and voice in it. Its importance ceased in 1848, and it was not re-assembled till 1854. It has now no functions, and has not been summoned for two years. From the Council of State there is formed a court for the decision of disputes between the courts of justice and the administrative officers, consisting of a president and nine members of the Council of State, whose names are submitted to the King by the president.

The ministry of the State is charged with all matters connected with the administration of the State, presided over by Prince Hohenzollern since 1858. In the absence of the president, the senior minister takes his place. On extraordinary occasions his Majesty presides. The Crown Prince usually attends the councils. The ministry consists of the president; of the minister, M. d'Anerswald, who has no portfolio; of the minister of trade and public works, Von der Heydt; of the minister of agricultural affairs, Count Pückler; of the minister of finance, M. de Patow; of the minister of spiritual education and medical affairs, Von Bethmann Hollweg; of the minister of the interior, Count Schwerin; of the minister of war and marine, General von Roon; of the minister of justice, Von Bernuth; of the minister for foreign affairs, Count Bernstorff. Every minister, besides being lodged, receives yearly 10,000 dollars. There are attached to the ministry two reporting counsellors. The ministry for trade, commerce, and public works is divided into seven departments:-1. General Post-office, which has a director, and is subdivided again into four divisions-(1) telegraphs, (2) post-office in Hamburg, (3) post-office in Berlin, including the expedition of newspapers and the three railroad post-offices, (4) the chief post-offices in the provinces. 2. Administration of affairs connected with railroads. 3. Administration of affairs connected with building on land, water, and roads. 4. For trade and commerce, which is subdivided again under the following eight heads:-(1) Technical committee for trade; (2) technical institution for trade; (3) school of design; (4) normal stamp committee; (5) manufacture of china, which produces a clear profit of 20,000 dollars yearly; (6) Manufacture of earthenware, which produces a clear profit of 9,600 dollars yearly; (7) schools of navigation ; (8) the Beuth-Schinkel Museum. 5. Administration of mines, foundries, and saline works. Ministry of finance-1. Department for the administration of taxes, which is subdivided into-(1) The chief stamp office; (2) the succession stamp office; (3) the chief office for duty on foreign goods; (4) chief office for duties on home goods; (5) chief office for direct taxes; (6) committee for the classified income-tax.

The Prussian Government has, moreover, agents who act as plenipotentiaries in the States forming the Zollverein; these are in Munich, Dresden, Hanover, Carlsruhe, Cassel, Wiesbaden, and Frankfort-on-theMaine. There are, moreover, nine provincial tax directories. 2. For affairs connected with the receipt and payment of public money; subdivided into:-(1.) General lottery directory. (2.) The mint. The amount of money issued from the mint is, for 1861, the following:(1.) Gold crowns, 100,000; in gold crowns, 9.00 (1,000,083 thalers 3 silvergroschen). (2.) In Vereins thalers, 100,000; (3.) In thalers, Vereins thalers, 2,450,000 thalers; Mansfelder thalers, 50,000 thalers. (4.) Inthalers, 100,000 thalers. (5.) In thalers, 180,000. (6.) In silvergroschen, 70,000 thalers; in silvergroschen, 10,000 thalers. (7.) In

copper money of 4 pfennings, 4000; of 3 pfennings, 14,000; of 2 pfennings, 8,000; of 1 pfenning, 14,000 thalers. Total, 4,000,083 thalers 10 silvergroschen, equal to about 600,0127. (3) The general directory of the common widows' fund. (4) The privy ministerial archives. 3. Department for domains and forests. There is also, under the ministry of finance, the Maritime Commercial Company and the Royal Loan Office.

There is also under the direction of the minister of finance, although it has a certain degree of independence from him, the department called the chief administration of the State debts, which is composed of members chosen from members of both Chambers of the Diet.

The national or State debt of Prussia, at the end of 1859, was 271,194,875 thalers 7 sgr. In 1860 there was the remainder of the second loan of 1859, 6,400,000 thalers; so that at the end of 1860, the debt bearing interest was 265,195,229 thalers 11 silvergroschen 7 pfennings; the sum total of the national debt was 281,037,576 thalers 11 silvergroschen 7 pfennings.

The State treasury was formerly administered by the chancellor of the State, and latterly by a ministry formed for that purpose, which continued till 1848. From 1820 up to June 1840, there were paid into the State treasury 24,400,000 thalers, and on the accession of King Frederick William IV. there were in it 12,000,000 thalers. From June 1840 to the end of 1847 there were received into the treasury 9,860,000 thalers; at the end of 1848 it contained 6,500,000 thalers; at the end of 1849, 3,500,000; and at the end of 1853, 3,254,221 thalers. In May, 1848, it was decided the ministry for the treasury should cease to exist, and the management of it was handed over to the president of the ministry and the minister of finance; and by a resolution of the Second Chamber it was decided that the amount of the State treasury should cease to be made public, and that it would be sufficient if the committee for the budget received full information on the subject from the Government.

The ministry for agricultural affairs was first formed in 1848; first in connection with the ministry of commerce, and then independent.

The ministry of religion, education, and medical affairs is divided into four departments:-1. For matters relating to the Evangelical Church. 2. For matters relating to the Roman Catholic Church. 3. For matters relating to education. 4. For medical affairs. According to official reports of 1858, there were of Evangelical churches-mother churches, 5362 ("mutterkirchen "); filial churches, 2963 ("Tochterkirchen "); places of meeting for worship (not parishes), 982; and 1 chapel. The Roman Catholics had 4050 mother churches, 1267 filial churches, 2419 places of meeting for worship. The Greeks had 4 churches, the Mennonites 30, the Jews 985 temples, the Freethinkers 25 places of assembly.

The universities of Prussia are at-1. Greifswald, founded in 1456. 2. Halle, to which is added Wittenberg: the latter founded in 1502, the former in 1694; they were united in 1817. 3. Breslau, to which is added Frankfort; the latter founded in 1506, the former in 1702; they were united in 1811. 4. Königsberg, founded in 1544. 5. Berlin, founded in 1810. 6. Bonn, founded in 1818. 7. Münster, newly organized in 1833. 8. Paderborn has also a philosophical and theological institution. Gymnasia and superior educational establishments. Of these, the province of Prussia contains 21, the province of Brandenburg 39, the province of Silesia 21 (of which 5 are Roman Catholic), the province of Posen 10, the province

of Saxony 21, the province of Westphalia 20 (of which 12 are Roman Catholic), the Rhenish provinces 36 (of which 17 are Roman Catholic), Hohenzollern, (which is Roman Catholic).

The universities receive contributions from the State to the following amount:-Greifswald, 1200 dollars; Halle and Wittenberg, 61,465 dollars; Breslau, 85,803 dollars; Königsberg, 84,422 dollars; Berlin, 179,890 dollars; Bonn, 115,830 dollars; Münster, 2250 dollars; Paderborn, 2131 dollars.

Schools where languages, arts, and sciences are taught, are, of the firstclass, at Königsberg (2), Tilsit, Thorn, Danzig (2), Elbing, Posen, Rawicz, Meseritz, Bromberg, Fraustadt, Breslau (2), Görlitz, Grünberg, Stettin, Berlin (5), Brandenburg, Potsdam, Prenzlau, Küstrin, Wittstock, Magdeburg, Erfurt, Münster, Minden, Lippstadt, Cologne, Düsseldorf, Elberfeld, Rheydt, Mülheim, and Treves. There are similar schools of the second class at Memel, Wehlau, Insterberg, Grandenz, Culm, Perleberg, Burg, Neisse, Landeshut, Greifswald, Stralsund, Berlin, Frankfort, Lübben, Aschersleben, Halberstadt, Nordhausen, Halle, Torgau, Hagen, Crefeld, Duisburg, Aix-la-Chapelle. The State makes a contribution to these schools of 236,689 dollars. Seminaries with masters there are 48, to which the State contributes 147,871 dollars. According to official reports made in 1858 (and there are none for a later date) there were:-1. Elementary schools, 24,923; with 28,369 fixed employés, 2637 helping teachers, and 2426 female teachers; there were educated 1,376,278 boys, 1,342,794 girls. 2. Middle schools for boys, 314; with 1016 masters, and 142 helping teachers; 46,282 pupils. 3. Schools for girls, 294; with 747 teachers, 438 helping teachers, 153 schoolmistresses, 107 helping mistresses, 49,197 female pupils. 4. Higher burgher schools, 101; with 671 teachers, 290 helping teachers, 22,040 pupils. 5. Progymnasia, 33; with 158 teachers, 67 helping teachers, 3346 pupils. 6. Gymnasia, 134; with 1408 teachers, 467 helping teachers, 38,700 pupils. 7. Seminaries, 55; with 3037 pupils. 8. Private elementary schools, 791; with 22,893 boys, and 23,336 girls. 9. Higher private schools for boys, 151; with 6255 pupils; for girls 282, with 19,469 pupils. 10. Provincial trade and art schools, 73. 11. Mechanics educational schools, 300. 12. Establishments for care of little children, 403. There were 25 establishments for the education of deaf and dumb, and 9 for the education of the blind.

The Ministry of the Interior has under its direction the Statistical Bureau and the Meteorological Institute; and the Police Presidency of Berlin, the establishments for the punishment of criminals, and the larger central prisons. At the end of December, 1859, the total amount of prisoners was 23,388, of whom 14,319 were Evangelicals, 8802 Roman Catholics, 264 Jews, 3 of other persuasions. The expenditure for establishments of punishment, correction, and imprisonment, was 2,100,468 thalers ordinary expenses; for extraordinary expenses, 30,000 thalers.

The Ministry of War.-On the accession of his Majesty King William I., in 1861, he changed the organization of the Prussian army. The army is now divided in the following manner:-1 corps of guards, and 8 corps d'armée; the former is in 3 divisions, the latter in 2 divisions; of these 19 divisions, 3 are divided again into 2 brigades, and 16 into 3 brigades. The general commanding a corps d'armée receives 4000 dollars pay, 5000 dollars additional for service, furnished lodgings, and firing; a commander of a division receives 4000 dollars pay, 1200 dollars additional for