signatures, and it continues to be signed by all. This is its tenor: "If the Holy Father has broken with the cabinet of Turin, he finds himself in excellent relations with the Italian people.-CARDINAL ANTONELLI.'

"Down with the Pope-King!' Long live Rome, capital of Italy!' The Italian people, jealous guardian of its dignity and of its sacred rights, protests strongly against the words of Cardinal Antonelli, and declares:-1. That the above-named cardinal is guilty of calumny against the nation. 2. That the Italian people is one with the Government in wishing all Italy to belong to the Italians, and in overthrowing the greatest obstacle to our unity-the temporal power of the Popes. 3. And that it will cease to fight against the popedom only when Italy shall be recognized in Rome, its legitimate capital."

On the same date, the 25th February, Earl Russell received despatches from Sir J. Hudson, stating that brigandage was being organized under the authority of the ex-King of Naples, and the patronage of the Court of Rome, and that Garibaldi had desired all the patriotic associations of Italy to send delegates to a meeting at Genoa. Consul Bonham also intimated that preparations were in progress by Bourbon agents at Marseilles, at Barcelona, and also at Malta, to embark a certain number of adventurers for a landing in the Neapolitan territory.

On the 25th March, Earl Russell received a despatch from Consul Bonham, respecting the alleged cruelties of the army in Naples, and sent a letter from Baron Valerio, enclosing a proclamation issued by a Major Fumel, to the following effect:

"The undersigned, charged with the destruction of brigandage, promises a reward of 100 francs for every brigand, alive or dead, who may be brought to him. This reward will be given to any brigand who shall kill his companion; moreover, his own life will be spared. In defiance of this, those who may give shelter or any means of subsistence or support to brigands, or seeing them or knowing the place where they have taken refuge, do not give information to the force and to the civil and military authorities, will be immediately shot.

"For the custody of animals, it will be well that they should be brought into several central spots, with a sufficient armed force, because it will not be of use without a considerable force. All straw huts must be burnt, the towers and country houses which are not inhabited and guarded by a force must be, within the space of three days, unroofed, and their entrances bricked up. After the expiration of that time they will, without fail, be burnt, as also all animals which are not in proper custody will be killed. It is prohibited to carry bread or any kind of provisions beyond the habitations of the communes, and whoever contravenes this will be considered an accomplice of the brigands.

"Provisionally, and for this circumstance, the syndics are authorized to grant permission to carry arms under the strict responsibility of the proprietor who shall make the request.

"Shooting as sport is also provisionally forbidden, and therefore no one may fire off a gun except to give notice to the armed posts of the presence of brigands, or else of their flight.

"The National Guard is responsible for the territory of their own

commune.

"The undersigned does not mean to recognize, under present circum

stances, but two parties-brigands and anti-brigands; therefore, he will class amongst the first those who are indifferent, and against these he will take energetic measures, for when the general necessity demands it, it is a crime to refuse.

"The disbanded soldiers who do not present themselves within the space of four days will be considered brigands.

66

Celico, March 1, 1862.

(Signed)

IL MAGGIORE S. FUMEL."

Consul Bonham showed this letter and proclamation to General La Marmora, but he disclaimed any connection with Fumel, and he stated that he did not belong to the staff; and that, moreover, all the accounts given of such cruelties were greatly exaggerated. Again, on the 29th March, Earl Russell received an account from Consul Bonham of what took place on the occasion of the funeral of the late Archbishop of Amalfi, elicited in consequence of an inquiry made in the House of Commons by Sir George Bowyer, whether her Majesty's Government had received information that, whilst the body of the deceased Archbishop of Amalfi was lying in state in the cathedral of that town, and whilst the funeral service was being chanted by the clergy, a party of revolutionists rushed into the church with drawn daggers and repeatedly stabbed the corpse of the prelate. What did occur was as follows:-Domenico Ventura, Archbishop of Amalfi, died, in Naples, on or about the 11th of February. The body was taken to Amalfi for interment. The usual religious ceremonies having been duly performed, the authorities required that, according to the existing law, which prohibits interments in churches, the body should be deposited in the Campo Santo, instead of in a vault in the cathedral, where, hertofore, it had been the custom to deposit the bodies of deceased bishops. Upon this a commotion took place amongst the population of Amalfi, especially amongst the women, who, carrying their wooden slippers, assembled in great numbers at the cathedral, and insisted on the old custom being adhered to. No regular troops ar No regular troops are stationed at Amalfi. The National Guard, amongst whom, I am told, there are but twelve muskets, could not quell the disturbance. The authorities yielded, and the corpse was placed in a vault in the cathedral. A day or two after the occurrence, Signor Zoppi, prefect of Principato Citra, hearing what had taken place, sent a company of regulars from Salerno, and in their presence the coffin containing the corpse of the archbishop was removed from the vault in the cathedral, and deposited in the Campo Santo without any further disturbance. Such are the real facts of the case.

As to the further report, that an expectation existed in Naples that the tombs of the former Royal family in the church of Santa Chiara were likely to be violated, Consul Bonham was unable to trace any foundation whatever for that report. He was, unfortunately, not able, that day, to find the Brazilian consul-general, but he spoke to several of his colleagues, no one of whom had heard of such an unexpected occurrence any more than he had. He saw the civil prefect, M. Visone, and the secretary of the questor of police: they assured him that they had never heard one word on the subject; that no communication had been received by them from the Brazilian consul or minister relative to the protection of the tombs of the children of the Princess of Aquila; that there had never been the slightest reason to suppose there was danger of their being violated, and that they were utterly unable to devise how such a report could have originated.

AFFAIRS OF SYRIA.

Correspondence relating to the Affairs of Syria, 1860–61.

On the 5th July, 1860, Earl Cowley communicated the result of a conversation with M. Thouvenel respecting the massacres and horrors which the Christian population of the Lebanon had undergone at the hands of the Druses and Bedouin Arabs to which Lord John Russell answered that a British squadron would be sent to the coast of Syria. The French Government also directed two men-of-war to proceed to the same, and Russia and Austria agreed to co-operate.

On the 17th July, Count Persigny communicated a note of M. Thouvenel proposing the institution of a commission composed of delegates of the Powers and of the Porte. This commission should be sent into the Lebanon to ascertain the circumstances which have brought about the late conflicts, to determine the share of responsibility of the chiefs of the insurrection and of the agents of the local administration, as well as the compensation due to the victims, and lastly to study, for the purpose of submitting them to the approbation of their Governments and of the Porte, the arrangements which should be adopted with the view of averting fresh misfortunes. If, as the harmony which was spontaneously established in the views of all the courts at the news of the massacres in the Lebanon gives reason to hope, they should approve of this idea, they would have in their hands all the elements necessary to concert with the Porte an arrangement which, resulting from a profound examination and embracing an unanimous adhesion, would offer every possible chance of duration.

Subsequently the French Government made a proposal that European troops should be sent to Syria, but her Majesty's Government advised great deliberation and caution in proceeding to so exceptional a measure.

On the same 17th July, the Sultan sent the following telegram to her Majesty and to the Emperor of the French :

Palace of Dolma-Badjé, July 16, 1860.

I am anxious that your Majesty should know well with what grief I have heard of the events in Syria. Let your Majesty be convinced that I shall employ all means in my power to re-establish order and security there, to punish severely the guilty, whoever they may be, and render justice to all. In order that there may be no doubt about the intentions of my Government, I have confided this important mission to my Minister for Foreign Affairs, whose principles are known to the Government of your Majesty.

And soon after the Sultan issued a firman to Fuad Pasha, conferring on him full powers for punishing all persons who have taken any part in the effusion of human blood in Syria, as follows:—

FIRMAN.

To my Vizier, Mehemed Fuad, one of the most illustrious Ministers and chief councillors of my empire, and Minister for Foreign Affairs, now appointed on an extraordinary and special mission to Syria, with full powers on my part, decorated with the first classes of the Orders of Medjidie and of distinction, and bearer of the Nishan Iftihar of military

service.

You who are my zealous Vizier as above.

I have learnt with the greatest concern the outbreak of war between the Maronites and Druses who inhabit Mount Lebanon in Syria, owing to a quarrel which has, as you know, arisen between them.

I need not tell you that the favourite object of my wishes is, that every class of my subjects, who are all equal in my eyes, should enjoy perfect security, ease, and contentment, and it is most especially and particularly my desire, that one people should not in any mode whatsoever commit an aggressive act on another. Therefore, the cruel and tyrannical acts which have been perpetrated in Mount Lebanon are altogether contrary to my wish, and it has become necessary to charge specially, and with full powers, some able, zealous, and intelligent person, for the purpose of putting an end to those excesses, and remove (or destroy) the persons who have provoked these internal troubles, and caused the effusion of human blood.

You are my intelligent Mushir above-mentioned, and one of my most illustrious Ministers, endowed with the above qualities, and in whom I have the most perfect confidence; I have ordered that you be appointed to this important charge with full powers on my part, and a sufficient number of troops has also been sent. So that acting with that perfect knowledge of State affairs, as well as with that zeal and intelligence which distinguishes you, and in accordance with your duty, you will, God helping, immediately start from here for that place, where you will be the referee of all civil and military functionaries. You will, by adopting the necessary measures, cause to cease the confusion and civil war which has ensued between the above Maronites and Druses, and procure the return of peace and security to those parts. You will ascertain who have been instrumental in the odious act of shedding human blood, and immediately punish them according to the prescriptions of my imperial code. In a word, you are freely entrusted with the adoption of all the military and civil measures, for the extinction of this evil. You will, therefore, act accordingly. Such is my order, &c.

On the 3rd August, Earl Cowley sent two protocols, which were signed at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs by the representatives of Great Britain, Austria, France, Prussia, Russia, and Turkey, the one sanctioning the French expedition to Syria, the other disclaiming all interested motives on the part of the allies of the Porte for undertaking this expedition. On the 14th August, Lord John Russell forwarded to Lord Dufferin the instructions of her Majesty's Government for his guidance as her Majesty's commissioner in Syria, as follows:

Foreign Office, August 14, 1860.

MY LORD,-You are already informed of the object of the mission with which you are charged, as a member of the commission about to proceed to Syria, and you will easily understand that it is impossible for her Majesty's Government to foresee all the difficulties you will have to encounter, or to point out to you in detail the different matters on which you may have to treat. I will therefore confine myself at present to those general directions which may serve to guide your conduct, without giving any specific instructions.

Your first care, after putting yourself in relation with the commissioner of the Porte, and with those of Austria, France, Prussia, and Russia, will

be to inquire, in concert with them, into the origin and causes of the late deplorable events, to determine the share of responsibility incurred by the chiefs of the insurrection and the agents of the administration, and to call for the punishment of the guilty. The assurances which have been given at Constantinople, and the powers which the Turkish commissioner has received from the Sultan, exclude all doubt that you will find on his part all the assistance which you have a right to expect, in order that the inquiry which you will conduct in concert with him may have for its result the execution of severe and impartial justice with regard to the chiefs, as well as the subordinate instruments of crime.

It will be your duty, on the other hand, to appreciate the extent of the disasters which have been suffered by the Christians, and to consider of the means best fitted to alleviate, and even to indemnify, as far as possible, the losses which have been sustained. There is another point which equally deserves attention; I mean the arrangements which it may be useful to make in order to establish, for the future, order and security in Syria, and prevent the return of similar calamities. You will find in an equitable examination of facts, and of the circumstances which have given rise to them, the data necessary to enable you to suggest the modifications which it may be necessary to make in the present arrangements, and in the organization of the Lebanon, as settled in 1842 and 1845. A report on these modifications should be made by all the commissioners collectively.

Such are the only instructions which I have to give you. The commissioners of Austria, of France, of Prussia, and of Russia, will, I have reason to hope, receive instructions identical in substance; you will apply yourself to act with your colleagues in the spirit of harmony, and you will, I doubt not, find them animated by the same spirit.

I shall communicate the present instructions to her Majesty's ambassador, to whom as well as to me you will transmit your reports.

I shall also desire her Majesty's consuls in Syria to lend you every aid which may contribute to the success of your mission.

I am, &c.

(Signed)

J. RUSSELL,

On the 15th September, Mr. Mowbray Morris, of the Times office, sent to Lord John Russell the following Druse account of the late events in Lebanon, which was entrusted by them to the special correspondent of the Times, for the information of her Majesty's Government :

It is well known to the whole world, and the ears of people in all lands have been filled with the report that, ever since the year 57 A.H. (A.D. 1841), the Maronites have pertinaciously contemplated the uprooting of the Druse community from the Druse Mountain (Mounts Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon), and the establishment of their own independence therein; being puffed up with the idea of their great numbers and wealth, and being also led to pride by the representations of certain interested persons.

They commenced hostilities in the year above-mentioned, and in the year 61 (A.D. 1845), in hopes of bringing about this result. But God frustrated their rebellious designs, and punished them as their conduct had merited, so that it was thought they would not in future attempt such acts, or be puffed up with similar hopes.

But when the Bishop Bolus Missad became patriarch over the abovementioned nation, the idea was again entertained by him, and the hope