John Ruskin, in his essay, "The Roots of Honor," tries to differentiate between the trades and the professions. He roughly classifies mankind into five general occupations-the merchant, the soldier, the lawyer, the doctor and the teacher. The first class, merchants, includes all those who produce and sell for profit. It includes the farmer who sells the product of his soil, the mere laborer who sells his labor, and the merchant who buys and sells goods for profit. Success in trade is measured by the amount of money accumulated. Wealth is the objective. In the professions, however, wealth is never the standard for judging success. The minister may be most successful, as indeed may be the teacher and the lawyer, yet be very poor in worldly goods. Ruskin says that the professions include those who serve the public and receive merely a living wage. When they have their livelihood provided, they give themselves in entire consecration to the aims of their respective profession. With the lawyer, it is to enforce justice; with the physician, it is to preserve the health of man; with the soldier, it is to defend his country, and with the teacher it is to inculcate wisdom. Ruskin does not differentiate between teachers and preachers. As the world grows wiser we find that our aims are more and more identical.

At an educational meeting recently, the expression "the child or the dollar" was used frequently. It was not a point for argument, for the child must be considered of vastly more importance than the dollar. In fact, it would lead one to question a man's sanity or his humanity should he place the dollar above the child. The mere trades, the merchants of the world, work for the dollar. As the child stands above the dollar, so our profession is exalted on the same basis.

On the teachers' bookshelf in my office is a booklet, that one could read in an hour, entitled "Trades and Professions," by George Herbert Palmer. Two of the most impressive books on Pedagogy that I have read are "The Biography of Alice Freeman Palmer," by her husband, and the above mentioned little book, "Trades and Professions."

Professor Palmer says that the professional man gives himself to those whom he serves. If in buying groceries or meat the tradesman cuts off a half a pound too much we pay for the additional amount we receive. If the laboring man digging a ditch works over time we pay him for each hour

he works until the ditch is finished. When we summon a physician, however, we would think it strange if we were very ill to have him stop after a short period and say: "My fee is two dollars per visit, but you are very ill. I will leave now unless you pay me more money."

The minister of the gospel charges no extra sum because of the conversion of a particularly hardened sinner. Likewise the teacher who has the bright pupil does not charge extra for the adShe ditional information that the pupil absorbs.

is delighted to give all she has if the pupil will only receive it. The more she gives, the happier she is. And is not the same true of all the honored professions? Am I safe in saying this: That if, by reason of some public calamity, it were absolutely impossible for teachers to be paid their salary and we could get no other occupation, each of us would be willing to go ahead and do our duty by the children day by day for merely the joy of service and the satisfaction we find in our work? No, it would not be true for all. Among thousands of teachers by the law of averages there are some who have merely the mercenary spirit, but those. of us who feel joy in our work, who serve through love of the service and the good we do, would work for nothing if payment were impossible. We would do this as a public service because we believe in education. We love the children, we love our work, and we would do this for the children. Palmer goes even further-he says that if Harvard College could not pay him his salary, he finds enough joy in his work to be willing to pay Harvard College the amount of his salary for the privilege of carrying on his allotted work.

In the medical profession, men make great discoveries and do not patent them. It is unethical in their profession. They give them cheerfully for the good of humanity. Teachers can learn much in the way of professional spirit from our physicians. I have frequently said to physicians that I have known well: "Why are you so interested in hygiene, in public sanitation and in the prevention of disease? Do you not know that all these things diminish the need of your services and cut down your income to just the extent that you reduce disease?" I am glad to say that to every one to whom I thus spoke it was "in the accents of an unknown tongue." Not one of them considered for a moment my point of view, but regarded as their main consideration the health and welfare of mankind and not the paltry dollar. You know as well as I that two-thirds of the physicians who

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face the winter storms do so as cheerfully when they feel sure that payment is doubtful as when they feel it will be immediate.

Teachers may be classified into two general classes. You are either artists or artisans, tradesIt is not esmen or professional men and women. sential what your training has been, your age, your religion or your politics, the color of your eyes or hair or your social condition. The essential thing, though, is your attitude toward your work and on this basis you are classified. Are you enthusiasts or drudges, are you teachers or merely drivers and time servers?

No teacher needs watching. They may need suggestions and direction, but the minute a person needs to be watched he or she ceases to be a teacher they are drudges. If a superintendent can get teachers to have the true professional spirit his work is done. Can we not make this a personal appeal to each teacher? Are you a trader or a member of a profession? Are you an ox toiling for place and provender, or an eagle sporting in the crags and the sunlight? Are you an artist or an artisan? The artist creates, the artisan produces. The artist's face is lit with the sunlight

of inspiration. The artisan's is sodden with the The artists. benumbing effects of mechanical toil. appeal to the spirit, the artisans deal with material things. The artist's work is eternal as is the human soul, the artisan's is perishable as things earthly. The artist receives reverence, the artisan money. The artisan receives orders, the artist is rarely asked to produce. The spirit of his achievements is like the wind, it bloweth where it listeth, it comes not at call. We would not think of sending a poet an order with specifications for a poem. The artisan works by contract. The slave, smarting beneath the whip, was yet an artisan. The artist, however, can never cringe or be driven.

Thus as we are truly teachers, we are truly artists. We teach, not take; we give, yet is no one our debtor, nor are we impoverished thereby. Indeed, our wealth grows by our giving. We scatter, yet we are not made poor. In our truest moments we see ourselves glorified, reflected in the little loving faces inspired and exalted by our service. We measure success not in dollars, but in souls uplifted and ennobled and therein, indeed, we have the immeasurable reward of immortal life, for to live in souls ennobled by our service is not to die.

It was a slow process by which this Nation as a nation came to a full realization of the impossibility of our keeping out of the war. Many, as they cast their vote for the re-election of Woodrow Wilson to the presidency, said: "He will conBut tinue to keep us honorably out of the war." the day came when their President and they saw that an honorable peace under existing conditions A false, was not in the realm of the possible. treacherous peace with intrigues, bribery, and dipWhen a lomatic delays to gain time is execrable. nation becomes convinced that deception has been systematically practiced upon it, but one course is possible-to make conditions for a stable peace whose terms shall insure the obligation of the signatories to make "human right" and international custom permanent.

The observance of human right is commonly referred to as an ideal. Granting that it is an ideal, one is constrained to ask if civilization regards the ideal in human relations as unattainable. The Republic of the United States of America is founded on the inalienable rights of humanity. Though America has not as yet achieved her ideal of the inherent rights of the human being, yet her people have so far progressed that none can stand unapproving of the endeavor to embody an ideal in the terms of peace.

The unwritten body of rules governing the in

tercourse of nations, particularly on the high seas, touches closely the economic interests of agricultural, commercial, and industrial communities. The incorporation of that body into the terms of peace is easily deemed practicable.

which

Among the millions of Americans are some who find in the President's idealistic explanation of our aim-to make the world safe for democracyample ample pronouncement of the terms America's representatives should insist upon in a council of peace. There are others who would rest content if questions relating to commerce on the high seas, partial disarmament, the Monroe doctrine, and the rehabilitation of Belgium and northern France are settled in accordance with the ideas of the American people. A proportionally

larger part of the nation understand and endorse the conditions embodied in President Wilson's proposals, which are both idealistic and practical. The militaristic group would make all discussion of terms of peace contingent upon the defeated signatory-to-be writing at the top of the page, "I have sinned. (Signed) Germany." This group forgets that the school teacher who, after punishing a boy, makes him stand before the class and say he is sorry that he did wrong has for the rest of his life to reckon with that boy's grouch.

All of these groups are keenly interested in the terms of peace; but there is a law of human en

deavor, which each individual member of every group must comprehend and take into account: With nations as with individuals, in the endeavor to achieve an aim, be it spiritual or ethical, social or political, the aspirant will always be confronted with physical obstacles, with material conditions that must be controlled or overcome if victory is to crown the effort.

Everybody who would serve a cause to the utmost of his or her ability will find himself obliged to give to himself answer to the question: What can I do along material lines to bring our idea of our duty to a successful issue? An admirable lustration is President Wilson's answer when he confronted himself with that question. Though he is devoting his thought and energy to the conditions and demands attendant upon the conduct of the war, yet he replied with subscriptions that were large for a man who had always been on a salary-subscriptions to both the Red Cross and the Liberty Loan. As the President added his savings to those of his fellow citizens, he gave and he loaned for his country's service, because he knew that thought alone would not bring success to our great adventure for our people and for the peoples of the small nations.

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Today in the city of Washington the culture and temperament of the American people are apparent to even a casual observer. On the streets, in the cafés and restaurants, everywhere one meets the men in khaki; many of them are accompanied by their wives and children, some by their parents, others by their comrades. The city is filled far beyond its normal capacity. Neither the crowded dations nor their extremely high cost give rise to complainings. The women folk of the men enrolled in the military branch of the army are as calm and gentle as the wives of the men belonging to the industrial branch, men who are not going to the trenches or the battle field. There is an expression of quiet determination common to all; occasionally a far-away look steals over the face of the soldier, the wife, the father, or the mother, but the indication of sadness is momentary only.

Not only in Washington and its vicinity are people saying the final word cheerfully to those who have answered the call to arms, but wherever camps have been established the American home is extending the hand and saying "Godspeed." Who

does not know that at least two motives influence him to an act that is not habitual? And so the onlooker notes two desires influencing home folks and comrades: Pre-eminent, the desire to have the last impression on the soldier's mind that of love (or friendship) and confidence in his integrity on the mission taking him abroad; subordinate, the strong, the American desire to see for oneself just what the government is doing for the great army it has in training.

Visitors return home with a well-defined idea of the tremendous task of supplying food and equip

ment which confronts the government. They have a better conception of the possibilities of hunger and weakness in their soldier boys, and of defeat for the army America sends to France and Belgium unless the government proves equal to meeting this extraordinary demand on the resources of the country.

The supreme effort of patriotism that with a "Godspeed" bade sons and husbands go forth to battle; the clearer comprehension of the problems of food and equipment that confront the government, both will be worse than worthless if fathers, mothers, children, and friends do not make strenuous endeavor to help bear the material, the financial burden. We must each and all say: "I must help carry the load. The siren's song so often. hummed in the American ear-Uncle Sam has money, enough and to spare-shall not lull me into a state of indolence." The effort and the comprehension failing to make one put the shoulder to the wheel are worse than worthless, because the moral fibre is weakened when a deep emotion is combined with an intellectual insight and the combination results in nothing.

Sometimes we hear it said that money is the root of all evil. The speaker quotes incorrectly. "The love of money is the root of all evil." Money loaned for our country's service will help to keep vigorous the men from home, who are fighting for our cause in a foreign land; it will cheer those men to know that the folks at home have loaned money for the service of our country. Some of them will be conscious of the economy and often extraordinary frugality in the home that made the loan a possibility. Character will be invigorated by the moral, intellectual, and physical exertion necessary to make for the country's service a loan, the amount of which will be dictated by love of country, faith in the stability of the government, and intelligence in expenditures.

That love of money which would cry out: "Let the rich or let the poor or let anybody, excepting me, loan money for my country's service," should. ponder the question, "What shall it profit a man if he shall gain the whole world and lose his own soul?"

It is the fashion for enthusiastic temperaments to contrast the moderation of Americans of today with the ardor of the people of 1861 upon entering into the Civil War. Conditions are different. Public education has, however, ingrafted into the minds of an intelligent people those principles and standards of civilization that underlie devotion to one's country and to humanity. Under different conditions the tone and speech may differ, but the spirit is unchanged.

As millions of men, women, and children present themselves at the banks to file their subscriptions for the second Liberty Loan, each one will in reality be declaring as the money or the application is handed to the banker: "I lend this money for my country's service."

NATHAN HASKELL DOLE

BY AMOS R. WELLS, LITT.D., LL.D. Once there was a very learned man, who became oppressive to his friends because, no matter what topic of conversation was introduced, he knew more about it than any one else, and had always written extensively on the subject. One day, to get the better of him, his friends formed a conspiracy. The next time they met the sage, the conversation was turned by agreement upon the very unusual subject of Chinese music, on which they had read carefully. The learned man kept perfectly quiet and his friends were congratulating themselves upon the success of their scheme when he suddenly broke forth: "Since I wrote the encyclopedia article which you have evidently been reading, many important discoveries have been made in that field—” which he proceeded to unfold at great length.

Except for one particular, that sage might have been Nathan Haskell Dole of Boston; but he never makes his learning oppressive to his friends. His modesty is such that one might know him for many years, as I have known him, and still be amazed at the chance disclosure of unsuspected knowledge and of careful research in many fields of study which one had not known of his entering. Indeed, Mr. Dole carries a light and casual air which deceives those whom he meets into thinking that he is the reverse of a sage. For instance, he is inordinately fond of punning: his puns burst out on all occasions; and they are remarkably good puns, too, puns with a keen intellect behind them, puns with point, pungent puns. Only his most observant intimates have caught Mr. Dole in the full range of his immensely varied learning.

I have before me a list of his published works. It includes several novels, four or five volumes of poems, collections of essays, three or four

biographies, a history or two, a book of travels, ten volumes of translations from the Russian (especially Tolstoi), four volumes of translations from the Spanish, four volumes of translations from the French, two volumes of translations from the Italian, one volume of translations from the Swedish and Danish, besides. more than seventy volumes which he has edited, by himself and with others! It would be difficult to find any other literary man in the wide. world with a record of accomplishment similar to this.

In spite of this enormous amount of work, and in spite of years which have advanced to middle age, Mr. Dole impresses one as still a young man, in body as well as in spirit. He is always sprightly and buoyant, interested in everything, thoroughly alert and vigorous. His circle of friends and acquaintances is very large; he knows almost every one worth knowing. He is sure to bring to the meetings of our Boston Authors Club the most distinguished and interesting guests, now a brilliant actor, now a notable foreigner, now a fine musician, now a literary man of prominence.

Mr. Dole's versatility enables him to fit into an almost endless number of coteries, and so does his keen sense of humor. He is ready for any emergency, and in spite of his modesty he always has an interesting speech on tap. One of my most exhilarating memories is of a mock trial in which he served as the jury-the whole jury, because, as it was solemnly concluded, he was stupid enough for the entire twelve. During the trial he contrived to keep his face as devoid of expression as ever a human face was, and he was constantly interjecting the remark: "Your Honor, the jury desires to be instructed," and then would follow a question of inspired lunacy which set us all in a roar.

Probably Mr. Dole would rather be known as a poet than as a specialist in any of the other