and drew up the famous treaty which settled all dispute as to that particular part of the boundary line.

It has been related as an historical fact that in these negotiations both nations withheld maps which were unfavorable to their claims. The Americans had one which had been discovered but a short time before in Paris, and was supDosed to have been drawn up by Benjamin Franklin, while in the possession of the English was one made by Richard Oswald, who was one of the commissioners who negotiated in the treaty which gave the United States its independence. Later both nations showed these maps to their own people in evidence of how conclusively they had got the best of the bargain. Up to the present time, however, the United States has always regarded the signing of this treaty of 1842 as a diplomatic triumph.

The treaty of 1842, however, made no mention of any part of the boundary south of the monument which had been erected at the source of the Saint Croix, and until Secretary Knox and Ambassador Bryce signed their treaty of 1910 the lower part of the line in places was still contested. But with the signing of this latest treaty and the final settlement of the whole chaotic matter no point now remains between the United States and Canada which is in the slightest dispute.

MAINS. See ELECTRICAL TERMS.

MAINTENANCE, in its legal signification, the interference by a person in litigation in which he is not primarily interested, by assisting either party with money or otherwise. It includes champerty (q.v.), which consists of maintenance for reward or for a share in the proceeds of the litigation promoted. An agreement of this kind is illegal and void and at common law is punishable as an offense tending to obstruct justice. To-day where the common law prevails the wrongful intention with which the assistance is given is regarded as the gist of the offense. In many jurisdictions maintenance is no longer recognized as a criminal offense and in many States is not regarded as a civil cause of action by the injured party against a maintainor of the suit against him. See CRIMINAL LAW and consult the authorities referred to under that title.

MAINTENON, măn-të-nôn, Françoise d'Aubigné, MARCHIONESS DE, French queen: b. Niort, Poitou, 1635; d. Saint-Cyr, 1719. Her birthplace was the prison in which her parents were confined because of religious trouble. After her father's death in her 10th year she became the ward of her guardian and aunt, Madame de Neuillant, who gave her a somewhat limited education and through whose efforts she became converted to the Catholic faith at about the age of 14. She was then returned to her mother, whose income was insufficient for the child's support. Her humiliation did not embitter her bright and cheerful disposition, however, and when at 16 the famous wit and man of letters, Scarron, deformed, old and infirm as he was, became her husband, and she was soon the centre of the clever literary people who frequented his house. When Scarron died, her good sense and delightful disposition recommended her to many friends, who pointed her out to Louis XIV as a fitting per

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son to take charge of the education of the children born to him by Madame de Montespan. She undertook the office of governess to the royal children, won their affection and respect as well as that of the king, who married her in 1685 when she was 50 and he 47. There can be no doubt that she exercised a beneficent influence over the king's private life. She was undoubtedly disinterested and charitable, her character above stain in a profligate age, and her mind clear and resolute in pursuing the course she thought to be right. She survived the king four years and died at the nunnery at Saint Cyr which she had changed into a place of education for the poor daughters of families, having enjoyed to the end all the honor and position of a royal widow. Consult Blennerhassett, C. J., 'Louis XIV and Madame de Maintenon' (New York 1911); Dyson, C. C., 'Madame de Maintenon: Her Life and Times, 1635-1719) (London 1910); Geffroy, 'Mme. de Maintenon d'après sa correspondence authentique) (Paris 1887); Noailles, 'Histoire de Mme. de Maintenon' (ib. 1848-58); Pilastre, E., Vie et caractère de Mme. de Maintenon' (ib. 1907).

MAINZ, mints, Germany, a town in the grand-duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the left bank of the Rhine, opposite the mouth of the Main, 20 miles by rail southwest of Frankfort. It is a fortress of the first rank, an episcopal see and a river port. The town rises gradually from the Rhine in the form of an amphitheatre. A railway bridge spans the Rhine a little above its junction with the Main, and a stone bridge connects with the opposite suburb of Kastel. A handsome quay, 330 feet wide, extends along the Rhine for a considerable distance, and large modern harbors have been constructed. The principal edifices are the cathedral, recently restored, a vast building of the 11th century; the former electoral palace, now containing the city library (230,000 vols.), picture gallery, museum of Roman and Roman-German antiquities, etc., the old collegiate church of Saint Stephen, Occupying the highest site in the town, the church of Saint Peter, the German House, or grand-ducal palace with the arsenal adjoining, the courts of justice, the government buildings, public hall, two new concert halls, central railway station, etc. One of the most interesting objects in the town is the house of Gutenberg which contained his first printing office. A bronze statue of Gutenberg, by Thorwaldsen, stands in an open space near the theatre. The great open-air resort is the Neue Anlage, outside the gates, consisting of extensive public gardens, and commanding fine views of the town and surrounding district. The manufactures consist chiefly of leather, furniture, hardware, carriages, carpets, tobacco, beer, chemicals, musical instruments, gold and silver wares, machinery, soap, hats, etc. The trade, particularly transit, is extensive. The principal articles are Rhenish wine, corn, flour, oil, coal and wood. Mainz owes its foundation to a Roman camp which Drusus pitched here. On the decline of the Roman power it was almost entirely destroyed, but was afterward rebuilt chiefly by Charlemagne, and became the first ecclesiastical city of the German Empire, of which its archbishop-elector ranked as the premier prince. Pop. 110,634.

MAIPO, mi'poo, or MAIPU, a river in Chile, having its rise in the Andes Mountains and flowing almost due west into the Pacific Ocean. It is 120 miles in length. The falls and rapids furnish valuable water power, which has not been utilized to any great extent. The city of Santiago is a few miles north of the river. On 5 April 1818 was fought on the banks of the Maipo the battle which decided the independence of Chile.

MAIR, măr, Charles, Canadian writer: b. Lanark, Ontario, 21 Sept. 1840; d. 1906. He was educated at Queen's University, Kingston, and entered journalism. He aided in quelling the Riel insurrections and was one of the organizers of the "Canada First" party. Among his works are 'Dreamland and Other Poems (1868); 'Tecumseh,' a drama (1886).

MAISON CARRÉE, mā-zon' ka'rā, Roman temple at Nimes, France, the most perfect of its type remaining. It was probably built early in the Christian era, its inscription dedicating it to the adopted sons of Augustus, Gaius and Lucius Cæsar, although by some authorities its date is placed at about the 2d century. It is built on the plan of the Parthenon although its dimensions are smaller. It stands on a podium 11 feet high, measures 40X82 feet and is entered by a flight of 15 steps. There are 30 columns, of which 20 are in the side and rear walls while 10 form the portico. The temple now houses collections of antique sculpture and coins.

MAISONNEUVE, ma-zon-nev, Paul de Chomedey, SIEUR DE, French colonizer: b. Champagne, France; d. Paris, 9 Sept. 1676. He enlisted in the French army at 13 and later organized a band of colonists with whom he landed at Quebec in 1641. In 1642 he founded Montreal and was for 22 years its governor but was absent for a time in 1652 when he returned to France to conduct to America a new party of settlers. He displayed great administrative ability, but through the jealousy of De Mésy, governor-general of Canada, was in 1664 recalled to France by De Tracy. Though no charges were made against him he found no possibility of reinstatement in office and resigned in 1669.

MAISTRE, mā'tr, Joseph Marie, COMTE DE, French philosopher and savant: b. Chambéry, 1 April 1754; d. Turin, 26 Feb. 1821. He was of French extraction and was a senator of Piedmont at the time of the French invasion (1792). He left his country in consequence of that event, and afterward followed his king to Sardinia. In 1803 he was sent Ambassador to Saint Petersburg, and returned finally to Turin in 1817. De Maistre was familiar both with Greek and Latin literature, and his writings in French have obtained the highest praise of critics. He was a conservative in politics, religion and philosophy, a supporter of absolute monarchy and of the infallibility of the Pope, His Mémoires politiques et correspondance diplomatique (published posthumously, 1858), however, shows him in the light of a much more discerning and less uncompromising politician than his formal treatises, and indicates a large and liberal appreciation of the revolution which he opposed. As a diplomatist he exerted himself to effect the restoration of all

his former possessions to his master, and to obtain the transfer of Genoa. Among his political writings are his Eloge de Victor Amadée III; Considérations sur la France' (1796); Essai sur le principe générateur des constitutions politique' (1810), in which he maintains the divine origin of sovereignty; 'Du Pape (1819); Soirés de Saint Petersborg' (1821; new ed., 1888); 'De l'Eglise gallicane' (1821-22); and 'Du Congès de Rastadt' (the last with the Abbé de Padt). Quatre chapitres inédits sur la Russie par le comte Joseph de Maistre was published by his son in 1859. Consult Descostes, Joseph de Maistre avant la révolution' (Paris 1893); Lescure, Joseph de Maistre et sa famille' (ib. 1893); Paulhan, F., Joseph de Maistre et sa philosophie' (1893).

MAISTRE, Xavier DE, French soldier, essayist and novelist, brother of Joseph de Maistre (q.v.): b. Chambéry, October 1763; d. Petrograd, 12 June 1852. He served in the Piedmontese army when very young, and his literary career began with his writing, 'Voyage autour de ma chambre' ('Journey Around My Room, 1794), while in prison at Turin for participation in a duel. When Savoy was annexed to France he went to Russia and there secured a commission in the army, where he rose to the rank of major-general. He lived for a time in Naples after the restoration of the Piedmontese dynasty, but eventually returned to his adopted country and died there. His style was graceful and his work was marked by strong delineation of character and exceptional descriptive power. (See JoURNEY AROUND MY ROOM). He also wrote 'Le Lépreux de la cité d'Aoste (1811); 'Les prisonniers du Caucase) (1815); 'La Jeune Siberienne' (1815); 'Expédition nocturne) (1825): His complete works were published in three volumes (Paris 1825).

MAISUR, mi-soor'. See MYSORE.

MAITIN, mi'tăn, José Antonio, Venezuelan poet: b. Porto Cabello, 1798 d. Choroni, Venezuela, 1874. In 1824 he returned from Havana to his own country whence he had fled on account of persecution, and made his home in the valley of Choroni. In 1844 his best poems were collected and published with the title 'Echoes from Choroni, and in 1851 a collected edition of all his works appeared.

MAITLAND, Edward, English mystic and writer: b. Ipswich, 27 Oct. 1824; d. Tonbridge, 2 Oct. 1897. He was educated at Caius College, Cambridge, and was destined for the ministry, but declined to take holy orders because of his incompatible religious beliefs. He was one of the "Forty-niners" in California and later went to Australia where he became a commissioner of Crown lands. He was married and widowed in Australia and in 1857 returned to England where he engaged in literary work of an humanitarian order. He made the acquaintance of Mrs. Anna Kingsford in 1874 and with her crusaded against materialism, vivisection and the use of animal food. In 1876 he announced that he had acquired a new sense which enabled him to see the condition of peoples' souls, as well as those of trees and animals, and likewise revived his memory of his own previous incarnations. He joined the Theosophical Society in 1883, but shortly afterward withdrew from

it and with Mrs. Kingsford founded the Hermetic Society which was of mystic rather than occult character. After the death of Mrs. Kingsford in 1888 he maintained that they remained in communication. In 1891 he founded the Esoteric Christian Union. He wrote, for the Spectator and the Examiner; reviewed books for the Athenæum, and collaborated with Mrs. Kingsford in writing The Key of the Creeds (1875), and 'The Perfect Way; or the Finding of Christ' (1882). Author of The Pilgrim and the Shrine' (1867); The Higher Law (1869); 'By and By: an Historical Romance of the Future) (1873); 'Clothed with the Sun: Being the Book of the Illuminations of Anna (Bonus) Kingsford' (1889); 'The New Gospel of Interpretation' (1892); 'Anna Kingsford, Her Life, Letters, Diary and Work, By her Collaborator, with a Supplement of Post-Mortem Communications) (2 vols., 1896). After the completion of the Life of Mrs. Kingsford, which, like most of his writings, was largely autobiographical, his mental powers failed rapidly.

MAITLAND, Frederic William, English historian: b. London, 28 May 1850; d. 19 Dec. 1906. He was graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, and studied law; in 1884 was made reader of English law at Cambridge and from 1888 was professor of the same branch there. He read widely on legal history. founded the Selden Society in 1887 for the study of the history of English law and was a generally recognized authority. Among his works are 'Gloucester Pleas (1884); History of English Law,' with F. Pollock (1895); 'Canon Law in England' (1898); 'English Law and the Renaissance (1901), etc.

MAITLAND, J. A. Fuller. See FULLERMAITLAND, J. A.

MAITLAND, SIR Peregrine, British soldier: b. Hampshire, England, 1777; d. London, 30 May 1854. He enlisted in the army in 1792 and was promoted rapidly, serving in Spain and at the battle of Waterloo, where he was a major-general. In 1818 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada and in 182834 was governor of Nova Scotia. He was made lieutenant-general in 1830 and commanded the Madras army, 1836-38. From 1843-47 he was governor and commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Hope.

MAITLAND, SIR Richard, LORD LETHINGTON, Scottish poet and antiquary: b. Scotland, 1496; d. Edinburgh, 20 March 1586. He was educated at Saint Andrews and was one of the great lawyers of his day, and although he became blind in 1561 was nevertheless made a member of the Privy Council, and in 1562 keeper of the great seal. His manuscript collection of early Scottish poetry is preserved at Magdalene College, Cambridge. A selection from his collection, together with his own poems, was published in 1786, and his poems were reprinted in 1830 by the Maitland Club, a literary organization founded in his honor in Glasgow in 1828.

MAITLAND, William, Scottish statesman: b. Scotland, about 1528; d. Leith, 9 June 1573. He was a son of Sir Richard Maitland, Lord Lethington (q.v.), and was educated at Saint Andrews and on the Continent. He early

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entered political life and was interested in the Knox reform movement; in 1558 he was ap pointed Secretary of State by Mary of Guise, and is commonly called "Secretary Lethington." He was one of the commissioners who concluded the Treaty of Berwick and in 1560 was speaker of the Scottish Parliament. He was one of Mary's ministers on her return from France, but was suspected of having betrayed her to Queen Elizabeth. In 1563 Maitland conducted a prosecution for treason against Knox whom he had earlier supported, and in 1565 he became lord of the sessions but was removed from office for implication in Rizzio's murder; he was also connected with the murder of Darnley. He contrived Mary's escape from Lochleven but fought against her at Langside. After the assassination of Moray he became the leader of the queen's party and was active in her support. He joined Kirkcaldy at Edinburgh Castle, and encouraged him to hold out until the last. He was taken prisoner at its surrender and died in prison. Consult Skelton, 'Maitland of Lethington and the Scotland of Mary Stuart) (1887-88).

MAITLAND, Australia, town, in Northumberland County, in New South Wales, on the Hunter River, about 119 miles north of Sydney by rail. It is connected by railroad with Newcastle, about 15 miles distant. The Hunter River divides the town into East and West Maitland, two distinct municipalities, West Maitland being the larger. The Hunter River frequently overflows its banks and floods the town and surrounding country. Although serious devastation results, the soil has been enriched by this flooding, and so fertile is this section that Maitland is called the "garden of New South Wales." Grapes, grains, tobacco and vegetables grow in abundance. Large coal fields are near the town. Considerable manufacturing is carried on, especially in West Maitland. Pop. of East and West Maitland, 11,313.

MAIZE. See CORN, INDIAN.

MAIZEROY, René, BARON (real name René Jules Jean Toussaint), French novelist : b. Metz, 2 May 1856. He was educated at the Jesuit College of Saint Clement, the Toulouse Lycée and the Saint Cyr Military School, becoming second lieutenant in the 53d regiment of Infantry. He resigned from the army in 1881 and entered upon a literary career. He contributed to Le Gaulois, Figaro, Gil Blas, La Vie Moderne and Clarion, and became a voluminous writer of fiction, also producing several pantomimes, ballets and dramas. Author of 'Le Capitaine Bric-a-brac' (1880); (Souvenirs d'un officier' (1888); 'L'Adorée'; 'P'ti'Mi'; 'Le Reflet'; 'En Volupté'; (Glorita, fille et marquise'; 'Yetto, mannequin'; Ville d'Amour'; 'La Mer (1895); 'La Remplaçante (1906); 'L'Amour en danger' (1912), etc.

MAJESTY (Latin, majestas). Majestas, in a collective sense, was used in republican Rome to signify the highest power and dignity, the attribute of the whole community of citizens, the populus. The majestas was also ascribed to the dictator, consul, and even Senate, though in the case of the last the word auctoritas was used in preference. At a later period,

under the Roman emperors, majestas was the name of the imperial dignity, whilst that of a magistrate was called dignitas. To kings the attribute of majesty was given much later. The courtiers introduced the title into France under Henry II. In the Treaty of Crespy (1544) Charles V is styled imperial, Francis I royal majesty, and in the Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis (1559) the titles of most Christian and Catholic majesty are found for the first time. In England Henry VIII first adopted the title majesty, grace and highness being the titles formerly employed. At present this title is given to all European emperors and kings.

MAJOLICA AND MEZZA-MAJOLICA. Spelled also maiolica. It is generally claimed that the word was derived from the island of Majorca, whence the first pieces of this ceramic ware were imported to Italy. The term majolica has become a very confused and indefinite expression and used by writers with different meaning. The term, in its first application, referred only to the early Italian lustre-ware made (15th century) with transparent silicious glaze and outer surface of metallic sheen in imitation of the lustre-ware of Hispano-Moresque creation. Later, the early enamel-covered and color-decorated wares of Italy were called majolica regardless of metallic lustre surface, and the lustre-ware having Oriental style of form and decorative treatment was termed mezza-majolica. But the term majolica has in modern times been vulgarized into a broader definition by the public including practically everything in ceramics having glaze coating and painted decoration. Leading experts retain the more distinctive terms. Lustre decoration consists of imparting a metallic or pearl-like (nacreous) sheen to the outer surface of the ceramic ware by coating over the already decorated and fired piece with a thin layer of a pigment containing either gold, silver, copper, etc., and then firing under moderate heat. The effects are very delicate and beautiful and are known, according to the different sheens produced, as ruby (rubino), gold, silver, mother-of-pearl (madreperla), etc.

Mezza-Majolica. The earliest production of this ware was in Persia and Turkey, but it is only in quite recent years that the actual fabriques have been located. To this Turkish ware belong the pieces heretofore labeled "Lindos" and "Rhodesian" ware from the location of the sites where examples had been excavated. The actual sites of production now satisfactorily proven and dates of discovery of these prototypes of mezza-majolica are as follows: Rekka (1896), Sultanabad (1905), Rhages, quite recently. The ware formerly termed "Siculo-Arabian" is now said to have had its home in Syria or Egypt, and the socalled "Rhodesian" ware in Osmanli-Turkey. The latter has most brilliant coloring (blue, grayish-black, green, etc., and, later, red) and ornamentation as well as most masterly technique in execution. At Fostat, in Lower Egypt, lustred and unlustred ware was produced before the 12th century. We find among the Persian examples cylindrical vases, pearshaped bottles, plates, tiles, bowls, mosque lamps, etc. In the Persian polychrome enameldecorated ware of the 17th century we find dark

as

blue, yellow, green, purple, red, black, turquoise, all on very white ground, with typical Persian decoration (arabesques, flowers, turbaned heads, figures, etc.). Such 17th and 18th century ware was produced in northeast Persia, Bokhara, Kirman, Kashan, etc. Practically all this ware had its body coated (engobe). The Mohammedan tiles (known in Arabic rojolos) were very beautiful and utilized in covering outside spaces of the mosques as well as the internal wells. Grand effects are those presented in the Blue Mosque, at Tabriz (15th century) and at Khoda Bende Khan shrine at Sultanich (14th century), etc. Spain produced glazed ware as early as the 8th century (mosque of Cordova has examples). Through its Moorish artists Spain produced lustre-ware, an industry doubtless derived from Oriental sources, at an early date, Calatuyad having both domestic and export trade in the 12th century. This same gold-lustre ware was produced in Malaga during the 14th century, and, by the end of the 15th century, Manises, near Valencia, was the centre for the gold-lustre ware industry, retaining its pottery kilns to the present day. The yellowish tin-glaze on Spanish majolica covers both the inside and outside of vessels. Color is mostly cobalt blue, but coats-of-arms show a sparse use of brown and violet. The great Alhambra vase and pieces of a similar character belong to the 14th century and were produced in Granada. This Hispano-Moresque art was continued by the Christians after the Moors were expelled, but it soon became decadent in merit. The Spanish colored glazed tiles (azulejos) had the centre of that industry, in the early period, in Seville, but no lustre-ware appears to have been made there. In the Spanish decoration predominating motifs were plant life, Arab scripts, figures of animals and concentric circles. The frequent display of heraldic coats-of-arms shows Christian tendency later. The ware consisted mostly of dishes, basins, ewers, vases, apothecary pots (albarellos), etc. Talavera, in the 16th to 18th centuries, produced tin-enameled ware prolifically. For some time, at least, Paterna, Quarte, Villelonga, Alaqua, Carcer, Moncada, etc., produced gold-lustre ware. The quality of the gold-lustre remained good into the 17th century though other ware became inferior long before. And the modern lustre shows coppery effect instead of the earlier pale gold tones. Alcora produced the best pieces. Sicilian (Siculo-Arabian) mezza-majolica dates back to the 9th century.

ware

Majolica. Italy imported her lustre-ware from Spain and the island of Majorca, apparently, till about the 15th century, but, by the middle of the 14th century she had started her own mezza-majolica fabriques and by the first half of the 16th century the industry was in its zenith, to become thoroughly decadent by the end of the 16th century. The recent discovery in Faenza of the piece decorated with Astorgio Manfredi (1393-1405) coat-of-arms and the documentary statement of the contemporary writer Pietro del Bono (1330) make it appear that Italy was producing opaque underglaze majolica in the 14th century besides her silicious transparent colored glazes (mezzamajolica). By the 16th century Italian majolica was being made in Pesaro, Urbino, Gubbio,