MANES WORSHIP, from Roman Manes (q.v.), a term to denote the worship of the dead, whether of an ancestor of the particular worshiper or of some deified hero of his race. Herbert Spencer thinks it developed from the belief in an other self, which survived after death, and the manes worship was the outcome of a desire and endeavor to propitiate the ghost. Sir John Lubbock says of manes worship that it is natural development of the dread of ghosts." He MANET, ma'na', Edouard, French artist: b. Paris, 23 Jan. 1832; d. Paris, 30 April 1883. Originator of the Impressionist movement, which finds its greatest expression in Claude Monet, Manet worked in an original manner before Impressionism was thought of. rendered great service to the movement, not solely by his works, but by taking upon himself the criticisms directed upon the whole Impressionist School. Dégas, Monet and Renoir, bold in art but timid of nature, resigned themselves to the misunderstanding and hostility of the public; but the more courageous Manet defended the movement with a strong controversial pen. He fought valiantly for himself and all the artists associated with his name. Manet studied with Couture about 1850 and traveled throughout Europe, growing enthusiastic over Rembrandt, Tintoretto, Velasquez and Goya, painted some fine works such as the 'Buveur d'absinthe' and the Vieux musicien' and in 1861 exhibited at the Paris Salon portraits of his parents and the Guiterero.' His 'Déjeuner sur l'herbe attracted much attention. Olympia' (in the Luxembourg) attracted more hostile criticism. It was a technical experiment significant for the period of its composition. Angels at the Tomb of Christ,' Lola de Valence,' 'Toréador tué,' 'Acteur tragique, Jésus insulté,' the Gitanos,' 'Rouvière and portrait of 'Eva Gonzalès' appeared before 1870. About this time Manet cast his lot with the Impressionists. The 'Fight of the Kearsarge and the Alabama' announced this transformation of his style and was followed by Musique aux Tuileries, the 'Bal de l'Opéra,' the 'Bon Bock' and the 'Liseur.' 'Argenteni (1875) shows his atmospheric researches. Next came a portrait of 'Desboutin' and the Linge' (1876), a portrait of 'Faure as "Hamlet" (1877); La Serre,' a symphony in blue and white in which George Moore, the author, appears in boating costume (1878); the scene in the 'Père Lathuile Restaurant' (1880); Portrait of Rochefort) (1881); and the 'Bar des Folies Bergère) (1882). "This work of Manet," writes a French critic, "so much discussed and produced under such tormenting conditions, owes its importance beyond all else to its power and frankness." Ten years of developing the first manner, tragically limited by the war of 1870; 13 years of developing the second evolution, parallel with the efforts of the Impressionists. The period from 1860 to 1870 is logically connected with Hals and Goya; from 1870 to 1883 (when he died) the artist's work is complicated by the study of light. He had all the pictorial gifts which make the glory of the masters — full, true, broad composition; coloring of great power; blacks and greys, which cannot be found often elsewhere than in Velasquez and Goya; and a profound knowledge of values. He tried his hand at everything: portraits, landscapes, seascapes, scenes of modern life, still life and under each in turn served his ardent creative brush. His pictures will always remain documents of the greatest importance on the society, the manners and customs of the Second Empire. A beautiful painter is what he was before everything else. It is almost inconceivable that the juries of the Salons failed to understand him. They waxed indignant over his subjects which offer only a restricted interest and they did not see the altogether classic quality of this technique without self-glorification, without tricks, without bitumen; of this vibrating color; of this rich paint; of this passionate design so suitable for expressing movement and gestures true to life; of this simple composition where the whole picture is based upon two or three values with the straightforwardness one admires in Rubens, Jordaens and Hals. Manet occupies an important place in the French School. He is its most original painter of the second half of the 19th century, the one who has really created a great movement. His work, the fecundity of which is astonishing, is unequalled. MANETHO, or MANETHO SEBENNYTA, Egyptian historian: native of Sebennytus, in the Delta, and of the priestly order. He is believed to have lived in the reigns of Ptolemy I and II and to have written in the reign of Ptolemy I (323-285 B.C.), or of Ptolemy II (285-247 B.C.). According to some he was priest of Diospolis or Heliopolis; others contend that he was high-priest of Alexandria. His name has been interpreted variously as "Beloved of Thoth" or "Beloved of Neith." Scarcely anything is known of the history of Manetho himself, and he is renowned chiefly for his Egyptian annals. On the occasion of Ptolemy I dreaming of the god Serapis at Sinope, Manetho was consulted by the monarch, and in conjunction with Timotheus of Athens, interpreter of the Eleusinian mysteries, declared the statue of Serapis, brought by orders of the king from Sinope, to be that of the god Serapis or Pluto; whereupon the god had a temple and his worship inaugurated at Alexandria. The fame of Manetho was much increased by his writing in the Greek language, and so being enabled to communicate from Egyptian sources a more correct knowledge of the history of his native country than the Greek writers who had preceded him. Of this history, only extracts given by Josephus in his work against Apion, and an epitome by Eusebius and other ecclesiastical writers, remain. It appears to have been written in a compendious annalistic style of narrative, resembling the accounts given by Herodotus. The work of Manetho was in three books, the first began with the mythic reigns of gods and kings and ended with the 11th dynasty of mortals; the second continued the history from the 12th to the 19th dynasty; the third from the 20th to the 30th dynasty, when Egypt fell under the dominion of Alexander the Great. The reigns of the gods are given as amounting to 24,900 years, and the epoch of Menes, founder of the monarchy, commenced 3,555 years before Alexander (332 B.C.). The difficulties attending the MANEY-MANGALDAN reconciliation of this chronology with the synchronestic history of the Hebrews, Greeks and other nations, have given rise to numerous speculations and chronological systems since the revival of learning. The accession of newer and better information from the original sources of Egyptian monuments, papyri and other documents has considerably enhanced the general value of the history of Manetho, which, prior to their discovery, had fallen into discredit. But the restoration of the history of Manetho, notwithstanding all these resources and the positive epoch of the monarchy, are still to be sought, though certain dynasties, in the second and third books of his works, can be reconciled with monumental evidence. Besides the true work of Manetho above cited, another work, Sothis,' or the 'Dogstar' (in allusion to the cycle of heliacal rising of that star of 1461 years) dedicated to Sebastos or Augustus, the title of the Roman emperors, has been handed down; but there is considerable support for the opinion that it is spurious, and was added by the epitomizers; and another work, called the 'Old Chronicle,' in which the history was arranged according to cycles, was compiled by them. Besides the history, Manetho wrote 'Ton Physikōn Epitome, treating on the origin of gods and the world and the laws of morality; and another work on the preparation of the sacred kyphi, a kind of frankincense. astronomical work called 'Apotelesmata' is a spurious production of the 5th century after Christ. Consult Boekh, 'Manetho (Berlin 1845); Bunsen, 'Egypt's Place in Universal History) (London 1848-67); Müller, C., Historici Græci Minores (2 vols., Leipzig 187071). The MANEY, George, American soldier and diplomat: b. Franklin, Tenn., 24 Aug. 1826; d. Washington, D. C., 9 Feb. 1901. He was educated at the University of Nashville, fought in the Mexican War (1846-47), in 1849 was admitted to the bar and in 1849-61 practised law. On 1 May 1861 he became colonel of the First Tennessee Infantry, and at Shiloh (6-7 April 1862) he commanded first his regiment and later the 2d brigade of the 2d division. Promoted brigadier-general for his conduct at Shiloh, he commanded the 3d brigade of Cheatham's division in Bragg's army at Murfreesboro (31 Dec.-3 Jan. 1863) and Chickamauga (19-20 Sept. 1863), subsequently was appointed to the command of Cheatham's division and participated in the battle of Atlanta (22 July 1864). In 1876 he was nominated by the Republican party for the governorship of Tennessee, but before the election retired from He was Minister to Colombia in the contest. 1881-83, and to Paraguay and Uruguay in 188993. In 1884 and 1888 he was a delegate to the Republican National conventions of those years. In 1868-77 he was also president of the Tennessee and Pacific Railway. MANFRED, king of Naples and Sicily, 1258-66: b. about 1231; d. 26 Feb. 1266. He was a natural son of the Emperor Frederick II, on whose death, in 1250, he became Prince of Tarentum, and acted as regent in Italy in the absence of Conrad IV, his half-brother. After the death of Conrad he was regent of the kingdom during the minority of his nephew Conradin. At the instigation of Pope Alex VOL. 18-14 ander IV a crusade was preached against him, The MANFRED. Lord Byron's powerful and imaginative "witch-drama," Manfred (1817), was composed under the spell of the aweinspiring scenery of the Alps, which Byron had visited in 1816 on the tour through Germany and Switzerland recorded in the third canto of 'Childe Harold.' The hero is a sort of combination of Faust and of the Byronic type portrayed in the earlier verse tales, a lofty and defiant spirit, dwelling alone in a dark castle among the higher Alps, haunted by remorse for an act the nature of which we are left to guess. Seeking to interview the spirit of the dead Astarte, the victim of his crime, and to obtain her forgiveness, he calls up the spirits over whom he has control and at length resorts to the abode of the evil principle itself. ghost is evoked, but returns an ambiguous answer to his question. On the morrow Manfred expires, after resisting a summons to repent from the old abbot of Saint Maurice and defying the demons who have come to possess his soul. Some biographers have seen in the poem a reflection of its author's relation with his half-sister, Aurora Leigh. In any case Byron has made his hero in his own image, infusing into him the characteristic Byronic spirit of proud rebellion and passionate despair. In style the poet aims at and partly succeeds in surate with his superhuman theme. Manfred' achieving an imaginative grandeur commenattracted the favorable notice of Goethe, to whose Faust,' translated in his presence by Monk Lewis in 1816, Byron is indebted for some of the essential elements in his drama. Consult The Works of Lord Byron' (edited of English Literature) (Vol. XII). by R. H. Prothero); and (Cambridge History JAMES H. HANFORD. Some MANGABEY, măngʻga-bā, one of the odd West African monkeys of the genus Cercocebus, nearly related to the guenons and to the macaques. They are distinguished by the whiteness of the eyelids and the backward growth of the hair on the crown of the head. of the species are well known, especially the sooty mangabey (C. fuliginosus) which always carries its long tail turned over its back. There are three or four species and they make docile pets. MANGALDAN, män-gäl-dän', Philippines, a pueblo of the province of Pangasinan, Luzon, situated 12 miles northeast of Lingayén, the provincial capital. It is on the coast road and is the meeting point of several roads extending to towns in the interior, and is on the route of the railroad from Dagupan to Manila. Pop. 15,800. MANGALORE, măng-ga-lor, India, a seaport town, on the Malabar coast, capital of the district of South Kanara, Madras presidency. It is clean and well built, surrounded by groves of coconut palms and stands on the edge of a fine salt-water lake or back-water formed at the mouths of two rivers. The port will not admit of vessels drawing more than 10 feet of water, except in spring tides; but there is good anchorage off the mouth of the river, in five to seven fathoms. Tile-making is an important industry. The exports are principally coffee, rice, sandal-wood, cassia and turmeric; the imports sugar, salt and piece-goods. There is a Roman Catholic college, and the Basel Lutheran mission in India has its headquarters here. The Roman Catholics have a bishop and several churches, a considerable number of the natives belonging to this faith. It was captured by the Portuguese in 1596 A.D., and by the English in 1668, finally falling into British possession in 1799. Pop. about 48,412. MANGANESE, măn-ga-nes, a metallic element which is widely distributed in nature, though it never occurs except in combination with other elements. The dioxide was believed to be a compound of iron until 1774, when Scheele proved it to be a compound of a previously unknown metal; and in the same year Gahn prepared the element in its metallic form. It was first called "magnesium," from the fact that it was prepared from a compound then called "magnesia nigra" (and now known as manganese peroxide or dioxide); but in 1808 the name was arbitrarily changed to "manganese,” by Buttmann. Manganese may be prepared in the metallic form by reducing any of its oxides with carbon at a white heat, and this is the method followed commercially. For experimental purposes, however, it is easier to obtain it by reducing the chloride with metallic sodium or magnesium. The physical properties of manganese vary somewhat according to the precise way in which the metal is obtained. Its melting-point may be taken as 3500° F., its specific gravity as 7.4 and its specific heat is 0.122. It is a gray, hard, brittle, lustrous metal, susceptible of taking a high polish, and resembling iron in most respects, both physically and chemically. It is not magnetic, however. The pure metal does not appear to be affected by dry air, but moist air oxidizes it, at least superficially. Some authorities describe it as oxidizing readily in common air, and as decomposing water with almost as great a facility as potassium; but it appears probable that the specimens from which these results were obtained contained impurities of some sort. Metallic manganese is not used in the arts, but some of its alloys with iron, aluminum and copper are valuable. It is particularly valuable in steel, its presence in small amount increasing the hardness, tenacity and elasticity of the metal. It is added to the molten steel, in the process of manufacture, in the form of an iron-manganese alloy containing from 10 to 80 per cent of the latter metal, and known in the arts as "spiege leisen" or "ferromanganese." The "manganese" of commerce is usually not the metal itself, but a mixture of its oxides. Manganese is used in the steel industry almost entirely in the form of two alloys, ferromanganese and spiegeleisen. These are both alloys of iron, manganese and carbon. Ferromanganese may contain as much as 80 per cent of manganese, but averages in this country about 70 per cent. In spiegeleisen the percentage of manganese is much lower; the standard figure upon which the price is based is 20 per cent. The average manganese content is about 18 per cent. Both alloys are high in combined carbon, the amount of which runs up to 7 per cent. The manganese alloys are added to molten steel from the converter, or open hearth furnace, for the purpose of introducing both manganese and carbon. The manganese cleanses the steel by combining with the contained oxygen and, to some extent, with the sulphur, and then carries these impurities into the slag. The carbon is for the purpose of giving the steel the required hardness and strength. By adding larger amounts of the alloys, manganese steel is produced, which is noted for its hardness, tenacity and durability. It is much used in the wearing parts of heavy machinery. In recent years the tendency has been to use more ferromanganese and less spiegeleisen, on account of the much smaller amount of ferromanganese that it is necessary to add to the steel. Spiegeleisen usually has to be melted in a cupola furnace before using, but ferromanganese can be added direct. The latter also introduces less carbon, which sometimes is an advantage. Ferromanganese and spiegeleisen are produced by smelting a mixture of manganese ore and iron ore in an ordinary blast furnace. A high temperature is required and the amount of fuel used is much greater than in iron smelting. A considerable_amount of the manganese goes into the slag. The slag from a ferromanganese furnace may contain as much as 10 per cent of manganese. A considerable tonnage of the iron manganese alloys is now produced in the electric furnace. Chemically, manganese is a dyad. It has the symbol Mn, and an atomic weight of 55 if 0=16, or 54.6 if H=1. It forms numerous oxides, the best known of which are (1) the monoxide, MnO, from which the manganous salts may be prepared, and which is itself obtained by heating manganese carbonate out of contact with the air; (2) the sesquioxide, Mn2O3, which exists in nature as the mineral braunite, and which is also formed when the monoxide is heated in air to a red heat; (3) the red or mangano-manganic oxide, MnsO., which corresponds to the magnetic oxide of iron, does not form salts, and exists in nature as the mineral hausmannite; (4) the black oxide, or dioxide, MnO2, which occurs in nature as pyrolusite and varvacite, and which is largely used in the arts in the preparation of oxygen and chlorine; (5) the trioxide, MnO3, which is difficult of preparation and very unstable; and (6) the heptoxide, Mn.O., a heavy, dark green liquid, prepared by treating potassium permanganate with cold concentrated sulphuric acid. Several of these oxides also occur in a hydrated form, as minerals. Of the soluble manganous salts, the chief representatives are the sulphate and the chloride. Manganous sulphate, MnSO., is prepared by treating the dioxide with sulphuric MANGANESE BRONZE acid, oxygen being liberated at the same time in accordance with the equation MnO+H2SO= MnSO.+O+H2O. It crystallizes with five molecules of water, as a pink-colored salt, and is used in dyeing and in medicine. The chloride, MnCl2, crystallizes with four molecules of water, and is obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of chlorine by the action of hydrochloric acid upon manganese dioxide. It is used in calico printing. Of the insoluble manganese salts we may specially note the sulphide and the carbonate. The sulphide, MnS, is thrown down as a flesh-colored precipitate, when a soluble manganous salt is precipitated by an alkaline sulphide. The carbonate, MnCOs, occurs native as the mineral rhodochrosite, and it may also be obtained as a white precipitate by adding an alkaline carbonate to a solution of manganeous sulphate or chloride. Two other important classes of manganese compounds are known, in which the manganese does not act as a base, but as an acid-forming element. These are the manganates and permanganates, which may be regarded as the salts or "manganic acid," H.MnO1, and "permanganic acid," HMnO, respectively. The potassium salts of these acids are by far the most important ones. Potassium manganate, K,MnO., may be prepared by melting manganese dioxide with caustic potash and a little potassium chlorate, dissolving the bright green mass so obtained in a small quantity of water, and crystallizing by evaporation in a vacuum. Potassium manganate is used in laboratory operations, but it is very unstable, taking up oxygen with great readiness, and depositing hydrated dioxide of manganese. If the green solution containing potassium manganate be allowed to stand in the air, it absorbs oxygen, changes in color to a bright purple and deposits hydrated manganese dioxide. The purple color is due to the presence of potassium permanganate, KMnO4, which may be obtained, by crystallization, in the form of purple prismatic crystals. Potassium permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent, and is extensively used in chemistry, in the arts and in medicine, on account of the facility with which it parts with oxygen, especially in the presence of organic matter. It forms the basis of "Condy's fluid," which is largely used as a disinfectant. The chief ores of manganese are the black oxide pyrolusite (MnO2, 63.2 % Mn); psilomelane (MnO2.H2O, 45-60 % Mn); braunite (3 Mn2O3. MnSiO3, 69.7 % Mn); wad which is an earthy oxide (Mn 15-40 %); manganite (Mn2O3.H2O, 62.4 % Mn); rhodochrosite (MnCO3, 61.7 % MnO), and franklinite [(Fe3nMn)O(FeMn)O3]. The ores are often associated with other metals, particularly with iron oxides, and with silver ores. Like residual limonite (see IRON ORES) manganese ore is usually secondary, resulting from the removal of more soluble substances during the weathering of slightly manganiferous rocks. For many years prior to 1914 Russia was by far the greatest producer of high grade manganese ores. Most of this output came from one locality near Chiatouri, south of the Caucasus Mountains. Some engineers have estimated the total reserves of high grade manganese ore in this one district to be upward of 100,000,000 tons, although this has been disputed. For some time before the war Russia's production averaged 211 more than half a million tons yearly. Next in importance to Russia as sources of manganese are Brazil and India. In Brazil there has been a very rapid development of the industry and the production of manganese ore in 1917 is estinated to have been about 500,000 tons. As the war has practically stopped the exportation of manganese from Russia and India, the deposits in Brazil have assumed very great importance. The United States has never been a large producer of manganese ore. A writer in the Mineral Industry some years ago stated that the manganese output of the country was "insignificant because of the trifling character of the deposits." In 1914 the total production in the United States of ore containing 40 per cent or more of manganese was only 2,635 long tons. In the production of ferromanganese and spiegeleisen and in the other arts using manganese compounds it is desirable to have an ore containing at least 40 per cent of the metal. Before the late war it was almost impossible to find a steel maker willing to buy a lower grade. During the war some steel makers bought ore containing only 28 per cent manganese and were glad to get it. Most of the manganese bearing ores mined in the United States are classified as manganiferous iron ores, which may or may not contain silver and lead. In these ores the manganese is mainly valuable as a flux in smelting operations, although it can sometimes be used for making spiegeleisen. The recent high prices have resulted in a material increase in the domestic production of high grade ore and the output for 1917 is estimated at about 120,000 tons. This amount is still much below the requirements. The United States Geological Survey has recognized the importance of the manganese situation and has recently issued a bulletin giving a list of all the shippers, prospective shippers and purchasers of manganese ores in the United States, completed up to 1 Oct. 1917. This list was reprinted in the Engineering and Mining Journal for 26 Jan. 1918. It included the names of 171 individuals and companies producing or about to produce manganese ores, and 117 companies that are listed as purchasers. The shippers are located in 21 different States, of which the most important are Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Georgia, Minnesota, Montana, Tennessee, Utah and Virginia. In 1910 the United States Geological Survey issued a very excellent monograph, Bulletin No. 427, entitled 'Manganese Deposits of the United States, by Edmund Cecil Harden, giving very complete data in regard to ores, alloys, production and uses. The same author contributed a paper entitled 'Manganese Ores of Russia, India, Brazil, and Chile,' to the Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers' (Vol. LVI, p. 31). In the same volume there is an article by Joseph T. Singewald, Jr., and. Benjamin Leroy Miller on The Manganese Ores of the Lafayette District, Minas Geraes, Brazil. In the Engineering and Mining Journal (issue of 9 Feb. 1918) is a popular article by Henry V. Maxwell entitled 'Prospecting for Manganese. See MINERAL PRODUCTION OF THE UNITED STATES. MANGANESE BRONZE, a metallic element in which the copper forming the base of the alloy is mixed with a certain proportion of ferro-manganese, and which has exceptional qualities in the way of strength and hardness. Various qualities are manufactured, each suited for certain special purposes. One quality, in which the zinc alloyed with the treated copper is considerably in excess of the tin, is made into rods and plates, and when simply cast is said to have a tensile strength of about 24 tons per square inch. Another quality has all the characteristics of forged steel without any of its defects. Another quality is in extensive use for toothed wheels, gearing, brackets and all kinds of machinery supports. From its non-liability to corrosion it is largely employed in the manufacture of propellers. MANGANITE, native hydrated oxide of manganese, MnO (OH), or Mn2O.H2O. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, but also occurs in columnar and stalactitic forms. It is brittle, and has a hardness of 4 and a specific gravity of about 4.3. It is steel gray to iron black in color, and opaque with a submetallic lustre. It occurs in the Harz region, in Norway and Sweden and in the British Isles. In the United States it is found in the Lake Superior mining district, and in Douglas County, Colo. It also occurs in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. Manganite is used as a source of manganese for the preparation of spiegeleisen and other alloys, and also in the manufacture of pigments and dyes. MANGASARIAN, Mangasar Mugurditch, American author and lecturer: b. Mashgerd, Armenia, 29 Dec. 1859. He was educated at Robert College, Constantinople, 1872-76 and at Princeton Theological Seminary. He entered the Presbyterian ministry in 1882 and held a pastorate in Philadelphia 1882-85, when he resigned to become an independent preacher and lecturer. In 1900 he organized the Independent Religious Society, Rationalist, at Chicago, and has been its lecturer since that time. He is the author of A New Catechism' (1902); The Truth about Jesus' (1909); 'How the Bible was Invented (1910), and numerous other works. MANGATAREN, män-gä-tä'ren, Philippines, a pueblo of the province of Pangasinán, Luzon, 18 miles south of Lingayén; it is on the Agno River road. Pop. 10,150. MANGE, a cutaneous disease to which dogs, horses, cattle, etc., are liable. It resembles in some measure the itch in the human subject, ordinary mange being due to the presence of a burrowing parasite. Both local application and internal remedies are used in its cure. Frequent washing of the skin is essential. See ITCH. MANGEL-WURZEL. See BEET. MANGIN, Joseph, French general: b. 1865. Descended from a distinguished Lorraine family, he served from his 24th year in Tonkin and in every part of Northern Africa, and accompanied Marchand on his historic journey from the Congo to the Nile in 1898. He first came under public notice in 1911, when, as military instructor to the Moroccan forces of Sultan Mulai Hafid, he defended Fez against the rebellious Berber tribes. In August 1912 he led a flying column of 4,000 men from Fez to Marakesh, effecting a dramatic rescue of nine French prisoners held by the pretender El Hiba. He received the congratulations of his government and was made a commander of the Legion of Honor. At the outbreak of the European War he was given a brigade command in the 5th Army, which took the shock of the first German onset at Charleroi. At the Marne he led a division and was heavily engaged at the battle of the Aisne. After participating in various other battles he arrived at Verdun with his division in March 1916. Here he led his men to the recapture of La Caillette Wood and (22 May) to the brilliant but shortlived reconquest of Douaumont. He was placed in command of the new 3d Colonial Corps in June and given charge of the crucial sector on the right bank of the Meuse. In October his command recaptured Douaumont and also Fort Vaux, with nearly 5,000 prisoners. He deprived the Germans of a wide sweep of territory around Verdun in December, and in the spring, conducted a big offensive between Soissons and Rheims, which was suddenly stopped. Mangin was relieved of his command and relegated to an obscure post through a cabinet crisis. With the accession of Clemenceau, Mangin was sent back to the field. In the summer of 1918 he commanded the French-American forces operating between the Aisne and the Marne, delivering smashing blows against the German lines which contributed enormously to ultimate victory. MANGLE, a machine for smoothing linen and cotton goods. See LAUNDRY MACHINERY. MANGO, măn'go, a genus of trees (Mangifera) of the family Anacardiacea. The 30 species are natives of southeastern Asia, where some of them have been distributed by man throughout the tropics of both hemispheres. The wood of various species is used for boat and canoe making, for house building and for boxes. It is gray, rather soft and easily worked. The trees are valued also for shade, being of large size and attractive form, and very leafy, the leaves large, leathery and evergreen. It is for their fruits, however, that they are most esteemed. These are widely used for human food, especially in the East, either ripe, in which condition they are eaten raw, with or without wine, sugar and spices, or unripe as preserves, jellies or pickles. They are also used for making wine and glucose. The finer varieties are considered equal to the choicest pineapples and even to the mangosteen. The most commonly planted and most widely distributed species is the common mango (M. indica), a native of India. It often exceeds 40 feet in height, bears terminal panicles of rather small pinkish or yellow flowers, followed by smooth kidney-shaped yellow or reddish fruits which often weigh more than half a pound. Each fruit contains one large flattened seed, almost as long and often nearly as wide as the fruit, but flattened like the seed of a melon. The kernel is often roasted and eaten like chestnuts. The pulp of the fruit is soft, luscious in the finer varieties but very fibrous in the inferior sorts. These have a more or less pronounced flavor, suggestive of turpentine, which is characteristic of all parts of the tree. Since 1782, when the mango was introduced into Jamaica with a lot of other plants taken from a French vessel captured on its way to Haiti, the fruit has spread throughout the West Indies and southern Florida. In Florida, however, the |