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The Diatessaron is a Syriac harmony of the Gospels, made about A.D. 170 by Tatian, an Assyrian and disciple of Saint Justin Martyr. The only manuscript records thereof are two Arabic versions, discovered one in Rome and the other in Egypt, which were published by Ciasca in 1888.

The Peshitta, or Syriac Vulgate, was made by Rabbula, A.D. 411-435. The Peshitta Pentateuch, dated A.D. 464, in British Museum, is the earliest dated Biblical manuscript. The Peshitta Gospels number 125, Acts 58, Paul's Epistles, 67; two of these New Testament MSS. are of the 5th century.

The Philoxenian Syriac version has reached us only in a manuscript of Apocalypse at Trinity College, Dublin, and in the four minor Catholic Epistles.

The Harklean Syriac version is witnessed to by 35 manuscripts dating from the 7th century and later; its text is like to that of D.

The Palestinian Syriac version is found in lectionaries and fragmentary manuscripts; these latter date from the 11th century and later.

2°. Armenian Manuscripts date from A.D. 887, are very numerous and have not yet been accurately collated.

3. Coptic Manuscripts. By the time Egypt became Christian, the 3d or 4th century, its ancient language had been evolved into the following dialects: Sahidic, or Theban, of Upper Egypt; Akhmîmic, a dialect that was later superseded by Sahidic; Fayûmic, the dialect of Fayum; Middle Egyptian; Bohairic, or Memphitic, the dialect of Bohaireh,-i.e., of the northwestern province of the Delta. The chief Sahidic manuscripts of the Bible, that have been collated, are among the 58 volumes, discovered (1910) in the Fayum and, now called the Morgan Collection,-six books of the Old Testament and the entire New Testament except the Apocalpyse. The British Museum also has parts of the Old Testament, Acts and Apocalypse. Moreover, the bilingual T, Cod. Borgianus, 5th century, in the Vatican, preserves fragments of Mark, Luke and John in both Greek and Sahidic. Bohairic is well represented by manuscripts of the same character as Aleph-B. The Curzon Catena, dated A.D. 889, is the earliest extant Bohairic manuscript and is in the Parkham Library. Cf. Crum, Catalogue of Coptic Manuscripts in the British Museum' (1905); Wallis Budge, 'Coptic Biblical Texts of Upper Egypt' (1912).

WALTER DRUM, S.J., Professor of Scripture, Woodstock College, Maryland.

MANUTIUS, ma-nu'shi-ŭs, Aldus (Ital. Manuzio, Manuzzi and Manucci), Italian printer: b. Sermonetta, near Belletri, in the neighborhood of Rome (and hence sometimes known as Romanus), 1450; d. 6 Feb. 1515. He began his studies at Ferrara, and continued them at Rome where he was tutor to princely families. He learned Greek in Ferrara under Guarini and at the suggestion of the Prince di Carpi established a printing-press at Venice 1489. He gained the reputation of being learned in Greek, Hebrew and Latin and entertained in his house many scholars of the day, forming his "Neacademia" or New Academy,

He

which later was styled "Academia della Fama." He was the author of 'Dictionarium Græcum' (1497); Institutiones Græco-Latinæ (150108); Grammaticæ Institutiones Græcæ' (1514); 'De Metris Horatianis (1509). His son PAULUS (b. 12 June 1512; d. 6 April 1574) continued (1533) to manage the printing-press at Venice, and subsequently (1561) presided over the papal press, Typographia Vaticana, at Rome. wrote a commentary to Cicero's Letters, and 'Epistolæ Selectæ.' ALDUS, the younger son of Paulus (b. 13 Feb. 1547; d. Rome, 28 Oct. 1597), was a scholar and author from his earliest youth. He continued his father's work at Venice and Rome. Consult Renouard, Annales de l'Imprimerie des Aldes' (1834); Didot, 'Alde Manuce et l'Hennénisme à Venise' (1873); Goldschmid, 'A Biographical Sketch of the Aldine Press at Venice' (1887); Omont, "Catalogues des Livres Grecs et Latins, imprimés par Alde Manuce à Venise' (1892). Consult De Vinne, T. L., Notable Printers of Italy During_the Fifteenth Century) (1910). See ALDINE EDITIONS.

MANX CAT, a breed of house-cats, originating in the Isle of Man, which are characterized by very high hindquarters, and, as a rule, by a very short tail. See Cat.

MANX LITERATURE. The Celtic dialect of the Isle of Man, one of the three subdivision of the Gaelic language, is closely related to the Irish and the Scottish Gaelic, and nearer to the latter than the former. (See CELTIC LANGUAGES; GAELIC LITERATURE). The literature of the language consisted mainly of ballads and carvels (or Christmas carols). The earliest monument of the vernacular is 'The Book of Common Prayer,' translated by Bishop Phillips in 1610 (reprinted in 1895). In later times the orthography closely followed English. In the middle of the 18th century English was a foreign tongue to about two-thirds of the common people, but since that time the decline in the use of Manx has been very rapid, and only two or three thousand of the islanders now speak it. The last edition of the Bible published in Manx was dated 1819, and the last edition of the New Testament was published in 1840. Consult Rhys, 'Outlines of the Phonology of Manx (1895); Kelly, 'Practical Grammar of Manxs) (1803; reprinted 1859); Goodwin, First Lessons in Manx (1866); Jenner, The Manx Language, Its Grammar, Literature and Present State) (Trans. London Philol. Soc. 1875); Moore, Surnames and Place Names of the Isle of Man (1890); 'Folklore of the Isle of Man' (1891); Manx Carols) (1891); and History of the Isle of Man' (1900).

MANZANILLO, män-thä-nēl'yō, Cuba, city, port of entry, in the western part of the province of Santiago de Cuba, on the Gulf of Guacanabo on the southern shore. It has a large harbor which is protected by a number of small islands. The city is the port for Bayamo, an inland city about 40 miles east by north from Manzanillo. The low land and the mangrove swamps around the place make it very unhealthy. It is well built and has a number of fine churches, hospitals and schools, among the schools four are high schools. Urban pop. about 15,115; municipal 62,845.

MANZANILLO, Mexico, seaport, in the state of Colima, on the Pacific at the entrance to the Bay of Cuyuttan, about 40 miles west of Colima, the capital of the state. A railroad connects Manzanillo and the capital, and the city has steamer connections with the principal ports on the Pacific Coast. In normal times its imports total $1,500,000 annually.

MANZANITA, a popular name for various species of Arctostaphylos of the family Ericaceæ, especially A. pungens and A. manzanita. They are shrubs or small trees which sometimes exceed 20 feet in height, and often form impenetrable thickets in the region, Pacific Coast of North America from Oregon southward. They have alternate, evergreen, entire leaves, usually white or pinkish flowers in panicled racemes, and generally smooth berry-like drupes. Another wellknown species often called by this name is the bearberry (q.v.), a trailing evergreen shrub which extends from the Arctic region to the mountains of Mexico, whose red berries form one of the principal foods of ptarmigan and other related birds. The great-berried manzanita (A. glauca), a California species, bears fruit more than half an inch in diameter. Of the 30 species of the genus, probably a dozen are used for ornamental purposes; some Central American ones in greenhouses where the climate prevents outdoor use; the shrubby western kinds in mild climates; and only the trailing kinds in cold localities. The gnarled roots are an important source of fuel in the untimbered parts of California.

MANZANO, Juan Francisco, hoo-än' fränthes'kō män tha'no, Cuban poet: b. Havana, August 1797; d. there, 1854. A negro slave he wrote and published several volumes of verse before he was manumitted (1837), gaining especial fame by 'Mis treinta Años' (1836), translated into French, German and English, and by "Apuntes Autobiográficos,' which was never printed in Spanish, but was published in English by Richard Robert Madden in 1840 under the title 'Poems by a Slave in the Island of Cuba recently Liberated.' Manzano's other works include Cantos à Lesbia' (1821), several excellent lyrics reprinted in Calcagno's Poetas de Color (1868), and a drama 'Zafira' (1842).

MANZANO MOUNTAINS, a range on the east side of the Rio Grande Valley in Bernalillo, Torrence and Valencia counties southeast of Albuquerque, N. Mex. It extends from Tijeras Canyon on the north to Abo Pass on the south, a distance of 45 miles. The very steep western front of the mountain is granite and schist, capped by a thick sheet of limestone which dips east and constitutes the long sloping plateau of the summit and east side. The highest summits are Manzano Peak, 10,086 feet; Osha Peak, 10,023 feet, and Mosca Peak, 9,723 feet, which are about 5,000 feet above the Rio Grande. To the east is the Estancia Valley, long famous for its salt lakes. Near Bosque Peak is a large spring. region is forested with yellow pine, piñon and juniper, and is included in the Manzano Forest Reserve. Deer, bear and wild turkeys and many minor wild animals remain in these mountains. Ores of gold, lead and silver are mined on the west slope. Most of the long canyons on the eastern slope contain streams from large springs. The water is utilized by many settlers

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mostly Mexicans who have occupied the region for several centures. Their small plazas or settlements are Chilili, Tejique, Torreon, Escabrosa, Punta del agua and Manzano. The latter has given name to the mountain, the plaza taking its name from a grove of apple trees (Manzano in Spanish) of prehistoric origin. The old ruins of Abo and La Cuara are near the south end of the range.

MANZANOS, män-zä'nōs, a natural park in Lincoln, Bernalillo and Santa Fé counties in New Mexico, southeast of Albuquerque. The Manzano Range, the highest peak of this section, numerous table-lands and valleys, with many springs and small streams, are the chief features of this park. The Rio Grande is on the west side; the base of the mountains is about 1,000 feet above the river and about 11,000 feet above the level of the sea. The almost perpendicular, stupendous red cliffs which rise above the plain and form the western face of the mountains are almost unscalable. South of the red-cliff region is the canyon of Las Moyas, and south of this canyon Bosque Peak, the highest point of the range. Near the summit of the peak is a spring which gushes up in a lake about 50 feet wide.

The view from the summit of the range at some points includes the green valley of the Rio Grande, mountains west of Albuquerque and north to the walls of Sante Fé, and intervening valleys and mountains. On the west of the park, or the western border, are the white Manzano salt lands, on the southeast the gypsum desert. On the level mountain tops are stretches of clearing where the grass grows luxuriantly. Between Hell Canyon and Chilili is a region of immense pine and piñon forest. Some of the animals found here are deer, bear and wild turkey. Grains, vegetables, alfalfa, fruit and other farm products are raised. Sheep, horses and cattle are raised extensively.

MANZONI, män-zō'nē, Alessandro, Italian poet and novelist: b. Milan, 7 March 1785; d. there, 22 May 1873. He studied at Milan and Pavia, and published in 1806 his poem on the death of his friend Imbonati, which was followed in 1815 by his 'Sacred Hymns' ('Inni Sacri'). In 1819 appeared his first tragedy, 'Il Conte di Carmagnola,' the first drama in which an Italian defied the unities. This play was reviewed and praised by Goethe, who took a warm interest in every subsequent production of Manzoni. The death of Napoleon inspired one of the finest odes of the century, 'Il Cinque Maggio) ((The Fifth of May'). In 1823 his second tragedy, 'Adelchi,' appeared. This, as well as its predecessor, finds more favor in personal reading than on the stage. After this Manzoni divided his time between country pursuits at his residence in the neighborhood of Milan and the composition of his romance 'I promessi Sposi' ('The Betrothed'), a Milanese story of the 17th century, published in 1827, and which has been translated into most of the European languages (Eng. in Bohn's Library 1883). He strove earnestly to make Tuscan the universal language in Italy. As a poet he outrivaled all his Italian contemporaries. Verdi's 'Manzoni Requiem' is a magnificent musical tribute to his memory. (See BETROTHED, THE). Consult Sauer, 'Alessandro Manzoni (1872); Stoppani, 'I primi anni A. Manzoni' (1874);

Bersezio, A. Manzoni, studio biografico e critico (1873); Cambu, A. Manzoni, reminiscenze) (1885); Waille, 'Le romantisme de Manzoni (Paris 1890; Eng. trans. by GeddesWilkins, Boston 1911).

MAORIS, mä'ō-riz or mow'riz, native inhabitants of New Zealand, a people of Polynesian race, as is attested not only by ethnological considerations, but by their own legend that they came from Hawaiki (Hawaii or Samoa). Their carefully kept genealogies go back less than a score of generations, so that it seems probable that their coming to New Zealand was four or five centuries ago. Remains of a previous population with Papuan characteristics have been found. The Maoris are well built, with longer bodies and shorter legs than the European type; they have black hair, little whisker on the face, and smooth bodies, wide open, straight black eyes, heads slightly macrocephalic, the index being 77, nose straight and color slightly brown. Their costume, no doubt adopted only upon their coming to a colder country than their early home, was a loose garment, woven from the fibre of Formium tenax. Tattooing they brought with them to New Zealand and perfected it. They tattooed the face, decorating in this way the young warrior after his first successful fight, and adding fresh designs for each new exploit. They also knew how to make carvings of great delicacy, and armed themselves with stone weapons. Their religious beliefs were crude, but tinged with animism; they recognized the soul as distinct from the body and surviving it; but connected an enemy's cunning and bravery so closely with his dead body that they ate it, thus to win his warlike virtues, locating intelligence in the brain and courage in the heart. Their worship combined ancestral cult with deification of natural forces and some fetishism. They were divided into tribes, six of these representing the divisions among the original settlers. A warlike people, their chief had absolute power and could pronounce "tapu" or taboo (q.v.) at will. Before the coming of the English they were mostly vegetarian, caught some fish, lived in bark or bough huts and made canoes. Polygamy was practised, and the arikis or priest-chieftains acted as physicians, having some knowledge of herbs. Both their numbers and physique have suffered sadly since the introduction of civilization. For the history of the Maoris since British occupation (see NEW ZEALAND, Government and History). Consult Cowan, James, The Maoris of New Zealand' (in 'Makers of Australasia' Melbourne 1910); Beel, J. N., 'Wilds of Maoriland) (London 1914).

MAP, or MAPES, maps, Walter, English scholar and poet of the 12th century. He was probably a native of Herefordshire. He studied at the University of Paris and became a favorite at the court of Henry II. He attended the Lateran Council of 1179, and was appointed archdeacon of Oxford in 1197. Map is now generally believed to have been probably author, or in large part, author of 'Lancelot in the Arthurian cycle. It is extremely probable, at any rate, that Map did contribute to the bringing of the cycle into its present state, but it is uncertain to what extent his work has survived. He is undoubtedly the author of a curious book 'De Nugis Curialium,' a notebook of the events

of the day and of court gossip. It was edited for the Camden Society in 1850 by Thomas Wright. To Map is attributed the famous drinking-song beginning:

"Meum est propositum in taberna mori"

MAP. The term map is derived from the Latin word "mappa," meaning a napkin. During the Middle Ages the name "mappa mundi,” signifying world napkin, was applied to geographical representations of the world on account of the fact that the maps made during that period, at least, were painted on cloth.

The object of maps and charts is to accurately exhibit to the eye by suitable methods of representation, on a reduced scale, and on a plane surface, the relative position of points, lines and other objects situated on the spherical surface of the earth. As commonly used the term chart is synonymous with map, but the former is usually applied to navigators' maps relating to the sea rather than the land; also to diagrams delineating the positions of the stars in the celestial vault, and to the mapping of hydrographic data; while the term map is almost exclusively applied to representations of the surface of the earth. For example, there are the "star charts" compiled and published by the various observatories, the "maps" of the United States Geological Survey, which represent the land areas, and the "charts" of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, which show the depths of the waters along the coast line of the United States.

History. The earliest maps consisted of simple drawings which merely represented the relative positions of a few known points on the earth's surface and defined in a general way the partly known and partly conjectured limits of the land and water areas. Map-making undoubtedly originated among the wandering tribes of mankind and not among those who inhabited permanent locations such as towns and villages, and were used by those tribes to perpetuate for the benefit of posterity landmarks identifying the regions traveled over by them during their wide excursions to unsettled parts of the world. This is evidenced by the well-known fact that the American Indians and the Eskimo and many of the Polynesian tribes, customary wanderers, are very acute in apprehending the meaning of maps, while the majority of the settled Negro tribes are absolutely lacking in this respect. It is stated that a map drawn by an Eskimo woman enabled Sir Edward Parry to discover Fury and Hecla Strait, while the experience of many pioneer surveyors and topographers, derived from their work through the extensive wildernesses of the American continent, will attest to the general accuracy of elementary Indian charts and of the capacity of those Indians to understand the maps made by others.

Among civilized peoples, the earliest examples of maps recorded are those of the Egyptians. According to Apollonius of Rhodes (230 B.C.) the Egyptians of Colchis, a colony which dated from the time of Rameses II (1340 B.C.), possessed maps engraved on wooden tablets which had been handed down to them from a preceding period. These maps defined with considerable accuracy the known limits of land and water areas and the positions of roads and towns. Other ancient Egyptian maps are the

Outline Sketch of Borgia Map (15th Century). nautical charts called "loxodromic" or "compass" maps made their appearance in Italy and were extensively used for navigating purposes between the ports on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. They were constructed with the aid of the compass and consisted of numerous straight lines which radiated from each port to all the other ports shown on the map. These lines marked with bearings and distances gave the ship courses between the various ports, and the maps embodied in a crude way the basic principle of modern map construction from the data obtained by the triangulations of trigonometrical surveys. With the aid of the loxodromic maps a very accurate representation of

Portion of Loxodromic Map (13th Century). the coasts of the Mediterranean countries was obtained and served admirably to correct the errors of the Ptolemaic maps which the Renaissance had introduced once more into western Europe.

The close of the 15th century witnessed a

great revival in the art of map-making, which was materially aided by the newly perfected arts of wood and copper engraving. Furthermore, Purbach, Regiomontanus and others introduced trigonometry, and attempts were made to construct maps based on systematic geographical triangulations. Map-making became a favorite occupation with the Germans, French and Italians, and many valuable editions of maps were produced at Strassburg, Ulm, Basle, Cologne, Paris, Lyons, Vicenza, Venice, Bologna and Rome, representing the work of numerous eminent map-makers, among which those of Joh. Ruysch, Nicolaus Donis and Jacob Angelus de Scarparia were of especial prominence and value.

During the 16th century the number of mapmakers increased greatly and brought forward such illustrious cartographers as Johann Werner of Nuremberg, Sebastian Cabot and Gerhard Kramer (more commonly known as Mercator). The general endeavor of the Germans during this period was directed toward the improvement of the methods of projection originated by the Greeks, and led in the case of Mercator to the development of the projection which bears his name, and which is even at the present time very extensively used in the construction of nautical maps. About the latter part of the century the centre of map-making effort was transferred to Holland, mainly through the influence of the collection of maps published by Abraham Ortelius of Antwerp, under the title "Theatrum Orbis Terrarum,' which included new engravings of the best maps from all countries. This great work passed through many editions, each successive edition being characterized by an increased number of maps. The 12th edition contained 92 maps. The earlier editions were printed in Latin, but later, editions in German, French, Dutch, Italian and English were produced and obtained world-wide circulation.

The beginning of the 17th century inaugurated a still further improvement in the art, The important inventions, such as the telescope, the sextant and the chronometer, provided means for the taking of more accurate observations relative to time, latitude and longitude, while the application of trigonometry to geodesy by Snellius and Picard's measurement of a degree of the meridian between Paris and Amiens introduced more precise methods of computation. Some of the most important productions of this epoch are those of Johann Baptist Homann of Nuremberg, and the work of Nicolas Sanson, Guill de l'Isle and Jean Baptiste Bourignon d'Anville and other eminent geographers of France working under the royal patronage, and Dowets Atlas' published in England under the patronage of the Duke of Argyle.

These important works carry the art of mapmaking through a period of over 200 years and bring it to a point where instead of being treated as a matter of private business enterprise it was taken up as a governmental matter, and the original surveys, together with the maps based thereon, were executed at the cost of the state. The first step in this direction was taken by France, the object being the production of a series of maps for military purposes and as a cadastre for the land tax. For this purpose the entire country was covered with a network of