M

the thirteenth letter of the English and most of the other West European languages, is one of the four liquids, or semi-vowels; it is also classed as a labio-nasal, its sound being produced when with lips closed and the whole uvula lowered the breath makes a humming noise as it issues through the nostrils. The lips play the same part in the pronunciation of m as in that of b, but in pronouncing b the nasal has no part. Hence when that passage passage is obstructed or closed the sound produced is that of b not of m.

The M as a capital letter has the same form in the Greek and the Latin alphabets and in all the alphabets derived from them, and in all those alphabets generally the same sound value.

In English there are a few words of Greek origin, mostly technical, in which mn begins a syllable or a word: in such cases the m is silent, for example, mnemonic, nemonic.

In many words derived from other languages the m of the original word is changed to n in English, examples: Comitatus (Lat.) county, or contrariwise n is changed to m; Anglo-Saxon henep becomes hemp. Often p is added after m to give that letter greater distinctness, for example, exemtus, exemptus, unkemmed, unkempt.

M. QUAD. See LEWIS, CHARLES BERTRAND. MAARTENS, Maarten, mär'těn märtěnz, pseudonym of the Dutch author, Joost MARIUS WILLEM VAN DER POORTEN SCHWARTZ: b. Amsterdam, 15 Aug. 1858; d. Zeist, Holland, 4 Aug. 1915. He passed his early life in England; was educated in Germany and at the University of Utrecht, was admitted a barrister but chose literature as a profession, and in 1890 published his first work, The Sin of Joost Avelingh, which at once arrested the attention alike of critics and of the reading public. This, like all his volumes, was written at first hand in English, not, as has been sometimes supposed, translated from Dutch MS.. Maartens thus presented the curious instance of an author electing to address wholly a foreign public. Indeed it was only with reluctance, to safeguard himself against unsatisfactory translations, that he consented to the publication of his books in Dutch. His further works are 'An Old Maid's Love' (1891); A Question of Taste' (1891); 'God's Fool (1892); (The Greater Glory' (1894); My Lady Nobody (1895); 'My Poor Relations' (1903); Dorothea' (1904); "The Healers' ; "The Woman's Victory' (1906); The New Religion (1907); Brothers All (1909); 'The Price of Lis Doris'

(1910);

(1909); 'Harmen Pols, Peasant' 'Eve' (1912). In America The Greater Glory' first appeared serially in 'The Outlook.' God's Fool' is perhaps Maartens' best, but The Sin of Joost Avelingh' and 'The Greater Glory' have had the greatest popular success. These books afford a by no means flattering picture of the Dutch bourgeoisie, but are admittedly accurate.

MAASIN, mä-ä'sin, Philippines, (1) a pueblo of the province of Leyte, island of Visayas, situated on the extreme southwestern coast, 75 miles southwest of Tacloban. It is a handsome, well-built city, and has a large trade, mostly in hemp. Pop. 18,500; (2) a town of the province of Iloilo, Panay, on a tributary of the Sague branch of the Jalaur River, 18 miles northwest of Iloilo. Pop. 9,700.

MAASTRICHT. See MAESTRICHT.

MAAT, or MA'T, in ancient Egypt, the goddess of truth and justice. She is said to have guided the souls of the dead to Osiris (q.v.).

MAB, the fairy queen of Connaught and a familiar name in Celtic folklore. Mab has been celebrated by Shakespeare and other English poets. The name is of uncertain origin, being variously derived from the Midgard of the Eddas, the Habundia or Dame Abonde of Norman fairy lore, and from the Cymric mab, a child. According to Voss, Mab was not the fairy queen, the same as Titania, this dignity having been ascribed to her only by mistaking the use of the old English word queen, which originally meant only a woman. Queen Mab is mentioned in Shakespeare's 'Romeo and Juliet,' Ben Jonson's (Satyr, Randolph's pastoral of Amyntas,' Drayton's Nymphidia' and Milton's 'L'Allegro.'

MABALACAT, mä-bä-lä'kät, a pueblo of the province of Pampanga, Luzon, 16 miles north of Bacolor, the provincial capital. It is on the main road, and on the Manila and Dagupan Railroad. Pop. 10,600.

MABERY, ma'bèr-i, Charles Frederic, American chemist: b. North Gorham, Me., 13 Jan. 1850. He was graduated at the Lawrence Scientific School, Harvard, in 1876, and was assistant instructor in chemistry there from 1875 to 1883, when he became professor of chemistry in the Case School of Applied Science of Cleveland, Ohio, and emeritus professor since that date to 1901. In the investigation of the composition of American petroleum his work has brought him into special prominence. He

has also done valuable work in connection with electric smelting. The results of his original investigations since 1876 were published in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and in various chemical journals at home and abroad.

MABIE, Hamilton Wright, American editor, critic and essayist: b. Cold Spring, N. Y., 13 Dec. 1846; d. Summit, N. J., 31 Dec. 1916. He was graduated at Williams College in 1867 and from the Columbia University Law School in 1869. He joined the staff of the Christian Union (now the Outlook) in 1879 and later became associate editor. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and received honorary degrees from Williams, Union, Western Reserve and Washington and Lee universities. In his lectures and papers he constantly advocated the reading of good books, and his own works on literature, etc., have done much to cultivate a good taste in the American reading public. Among others he published Norse Stories Retold from the Eddas' (1882); 'Nature in New England' (1890); My Study Fire,' first series (1890); 'Short Studies in Literature' (1891); 'Under the Trees and Elsewhere) (1891); Essays in Literary Interpretation' (1892); My Study Fire,' 2d series (1894); 'Nature and Culture' (1897); 'Books and Culture' (1897); Work and Culture (1898); The Life of the Spirit' (1889); 'William Shakespeare Poet, Dramatist and Man' (1900); Works and Days' (1902); 'Parables of Life' (1902);. 'Backgrounds of Literature (1903); Myths Every Child Should Know' (1905); Fairy Tales Every Child Should Know (1905); The Great Word' (1905); Heroes Every Child Should Know' (1906); Legends Every Child Should Know' (1906); Christmas To-day' (1908); Introductions to Notable Poems' (1909); 'American Ideals, Character and Life (1913); Japan, To-day and To-morrow' (1914).

MABILLEAU, Léopold, French economist: b. Beaulieu (Indre et Loire), 1856. After teaching in a number of institutions he became in 1906 professor at the National Conservatory of Arts. He held many positions for the improvement of social conditions and lectured in the United States on social and economic questions. Mabilleau was made an officer of the Legion of Honor and a number of his works have been crowned by the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences. He has edited the works of several authors, has contributed to French magazines and has published Victor Hugo' (Paris 1893; 5th ed., 1911); 'Histoire de la philosophie atomistique' (1895); 'La prévoyance sociale en Italie) (1898); 'La co-operation en France) (1900); 'La mutualité francaise, doctrine et applications) (1904); Notions élémentaires d'instruction civique de droit usuel et d'économie politique' (1912). The latter was in collaboration with E. Levasseur and E. Delacourtie.

MABILLON, Jean, zhon mä-be-yon, French ecclesiastic and author: b. Saint Pierre du Mont, Champagne, 23 Nov. 1632; d. Paris, 27 Dec. 1707. Having joined the Benedictines of Saint Maur, he was chosen to assist Dom Jean d'Achery in the compilation of his 'Spicilegium Veterum Scriptorum,' and subsequently edited the works of Saint Bernard (1690) in

the series of the fathers published by his congregation. In 1683 he was sent to Germany by Louis XIV to collect documents relating to French history; and the applause with which his Iter Germanicum,' a narrative of the journey, was received, induced the king to send him to Italy in 1685 to make purchases for the royal library. A result of this tour was his 'Musæum Italicum' (1687-89), a work of great value. Later he was selected by his superiors to refute Rancé, abbot of La Trappe, who had condemned the custom of permitting monks to study. His 'Essay on Monastic Studies,' which appeared in consequence in 1691, was equally remarkable for sound argument and good temper. His most important other works are Vetera Analecta (1675-85); 'De Re Diplomatica) (1681); and 'De Liturgia Gallicana' (1685). He edited and published with Ruinart Acta Sanctorum Ordinis Sancti Benedicti' (1668-1702) and prepared the first four volumes of the Annales Ordinis Sancti Benedictini (1703-39). A collection of his 'Ouvrages posthumes' appeared in 1724, and his Inedited Correspondence with Montfaucon, Magliabecchi, etc., was edited by Valery (1847). Consult Baackner, A., Mabillions Reise durch Bayern im Jahre 1863) (Munich 1910); Denis, P., 'Dom Mabillon en so Méthode historique' (Paris 1910).

MABINI, mä-bë'nē, Apollinario, Filipino insurgent: d. Philippine Islands, 1903. He was educated in the Catholic College of Manila, entered the public service under Spanish rule, became advocate of the treasury, resigned in 1896, and entered the insurrection. He was imprisoned for nine months by the Spaniards and then associated himself with Aguinaldo, Rizal and Agonchillo. Although a sufferer from paralysis he was the soul of the revolutionary movement and by many is considered the ablest man produced in the revolution. He became privy councillor of Aguinaldo and for a time was Minister of Foreign Affairs and chief of the Supreme Court in the latter's so-called government. In 1899 he surrendered to the United States, was sent into exile, but allowed to return in 1903 when he took the oath of allegiance. He was the brains of the Malolos government but opposed the Malolos constitution because he believed that the Islands needed a strong centralized government and also because it did not provide for a separation of Church and State. He was of the Tagalog tribe. Consult Worcester, Dean C., The Philippines, Past and Present' (2 vols., New York 1914) and 'Philippine Insurrection Records' in the Archives of the War Department, Washington, D. C.

MABINOGION, măb-i-no'gi-on, The, the name generally but incorrectly applied to all mediæval Welsh stories. Of the general title 'Mabinogion, which Lady Charlotte Guest's English version (1838-49) has made familiar, John Rhys gives an explanation. "An idea prevails," says Principal Rhys, "that any Welsh tale of respectable antiquity may be called a mabinogi; but there is no warrant for extending the use of the term . . . For, strictly speaking, the word mabinog is a technical term belonging to the bardic system, and it means a literary apprentice. In other words, a mabinog was a young man who had not yet acquired the art of

making verse, but who received instruction from a qualified bard. The inference is that the (Mabinogion' meant the collection of things which formed the mabinog's literary training -his stock in trade, so to speak; for he was probably allowed to relate the tales forming the four branches of the Mabinogion' at a fixed price established by law or custom. If he aspired to a place in the hierarchy of letters, he must acquire the poetic art." In Lady Charlotte Guest's later edition in one volume (1877),– the most convenient edition for reference,- 12 tales in all will be found. Of these, the most natively and characteristically Welsh in character are such tales as the vivid, thrice romantic 'Dream of Rhonabwy,' which owes little to outside sources. The Lady of the Fountain,' on the other hand, shows in a very striking way the influence of the French chivalric romances that Sir Thomas Malory drew upon so freely in is 'Morte d'Arthur. In the admirably edited Oxford text of the Welsh originals by Rhys and Evans (1887-90), 'The Lady of the Fountain' appears under the title of Owain and Lunet'; and Lunet's name at once recalls Tennyson's 'Idylls of the King.' The old manuscript volume of the 'Mabinogion,' known as the 'Llyfr Coch o Hergest,' the 'Red Book of Hergest,' written in the dialect of South Wales, is in the famous library of Jesus College, Oxford, the one college in the older English universities which has a time-honored connection with Welsh scholarship and Welsh literature. The tales, though in their present form not older than the 12th century, embody traditions that were afloat prior to that date. Consult John, I. B., The Mabinogion' (London 1901); and Lloyd, E. J., The Mabinogion as Literature (in the Celtic Review, Edinburgh 1911).

It was

MABLY, Gabriel Bonnot de, gä-bre-el bon-ō de mä-ble, French ecclesiastic and publicist: b. Grenoble, 14 March 1709; d. Paris, 23 April 1785. His family name was Bonnot. Like his younger brother, the philosopher Condillac (q.v.), he was destined for the Church, and after studying at the seminary of Saint Sulpice in Paris was ordained subdeacon. He showed little liking for theology, and for some time was secretly employed in affairs of state by his relative Cardinal de Tencin, minister of Louis XV, conducting the most difficult negotiations and writing elaborate reports with an ability for which the minister received all the credit. Later he applied himself to literature, and in 1748 published his 'Droit publique de l'Europe,' which achieved a remarkable success. followed by 'Observations sur les Grecs' (1749); 'Observations sur les Romains' (1751); 'Entretiens de Phocion' (1753); (Observations sur l'histoire de France (1755); 'Principes des négociations' (1757); De la manière d'écrire l'histoire' (1773); 'De la législation (1776); 'De l'Idée de l'histoire' (1778); and Principes de morale) (1784). Having been requested by the government of Poland to prepare for them a code of laws, he visited that country in 1771, and published in 1781 a work 'Du Gouvernement de la Pologne.' He was also consulted by the American Congress in 1783 on the preparation of the Constitution, and embodied his views in his 'Observations sur le gouvernement et les Lois des Etats-Unis d'Amérique) (1784). In this work

3

he foretold the speedy downfall of the United States. He was an idealiser of ancient Rome and was enamored of the socialistic state and the communism of wealth, and from his pessimistic views on modern social organization was known as the "prophet of woe." Consult Guervier, 'L'Abbé Mably, moraliste et politique) (1886); de la Serae, 'Mabylet les physiocrates' (1911).

MABUCHI, mä-boo'che, Japanese writer and religious teacher: b. 1693; d. 1769. He was distinguished as a scholar, and utilized his great learning in the endeavor to purify the native religion, Shinto, from the accretions of Chinese and Buddhist philosophy, etc., whereby he regarded it as having been corrupted. His love and knowledge of antiquity enabled him to present the native faith in its original simplicity, and his teachings were exemplified in his own life. To him modern students are largely indebted for direct access to ancient Japanese poetry. He added greatly to the knowledge of the past. He was the first of the three great scholars (Motoöri and Hirata being the others) who dedicated themselves to this work of simplifying the ancient faith of the country.

He

MABUSE, ma'buz', Jan, Flemish painter: b. Mauberge, Hainault, in 1472; d. Antwerp, 1 Oct. 1552. His real name was Jean Gossart (or Gossaert). When he became a member of the Guild of Saint Luke at Antwerp in 1503, he signed the register as Jennyn van Henegouwe (John of Hainault). He signed his early pictures Jennyn Gossart and those of his middle and last period Joannes Malbodius (John of Mauberge). In the register of the Guild of Our Lady at Middleburg he is entered as Jan de Waele (John the Walloon). It is not known from whom he learned his art, but at Antwerp he fell under the influence of Quentin Matoys (15th century). In 1508 Mabuse, as he is familiarly known, went to Rome with his patron, the magnificent Philip of Burgundy, visiting Verona and Florence on the way. He stayed in Rome a year and returned to the court of Burgundy in November 1509. then was employed at the Duke of Burgundy's castle of Zuytburg, painting for Philip. After Philip's death in 1524, he entered the service of Adolphus of Burgundy. When Christian II of Denmark visited the Low Countries he asked Mabuse to paint his dwarfs and in 1528 he requested the artist to design the tomb for his queen, Isabella, in the abbey of Saint Pierre, near Ghent. Mabuse also painted the children of Christian II-John, Dorothy and Christine, which came into the collection of Henry VIII of England. Mabuse also design d and erected the tomb of Philip of Burgundy in the church of Wyck. Van Mander's biography accuses him of habitual drunkenness, but the great works produced by him, as well as their number, prove that he was a hard-working and painstaking artist, perfectly in command of his powers. In 1527 he accompanied Lucas of Leyden on a pleasure trip to Ghent, Mechlin and Antwerp. Mabuse seems to have been the first of the Netherland painters to go o Italy. He brought back a new style; and from his time to that of Rubens and Van Dyck it was considered the proper thing for all Flemish painters to go to Italy.

The best specimen of his early and purely Netherland is the famous 'Adoration of the Magi, long at Castle Howard, England, and purchased by the National Gallery, London, in 1911 for the extraordinary sum of $192,000. This great picture was painted in 1500 for the abbey of Grammont in eastern Flanders and was sold by the monks in 1605 to the Archduke Ferdinand, who placed it in a private chapel in Brussels. In the 18th century Charles of Lorraine acquired it and at his death in 1775 the picture passed to England. The signature of Jan Gossart appears in golden letters on the band of the crown on the negro king. In this great work there are 30 figures with an architectural background, much in the style of Memling and Roger van der Weyden.

The National Gallery (London) contains five other precious works by Mabuse, including the portrait of Jacqueline of Burgundy; portrait of a man holding his gloves and the portrait of a man with a rosary. Hampton Court has the 'Three Children of Christian II, King of Denmark'; 'Adam and Eve in Paradise; a portrait of Holbein'; 'Eleanor of Austria'; and a Holy Family. The Louvre has a magnificent portrait of Jean Carondelet, chancellor of Flanders; a Virgin and Child'; a portrait of 'Bénédictin); and a man and his wife. Saint Luke painting the Blessed Virgin and Child' formerly in the cathedral of Mechlin but now in that of Prague, painted in 1515, is a fine example of Italianized Netherland art. Another celebrated picture was a large triptych, 'The Descent of the Cross,' painted for Maximilian of Burgundy for the monastery of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas at Middleburg, which perished when that building was burned in 1568. Dürer saw it in 1520 and admired it extremely, although he said "the composition was not as good as the execution.' Mabuse excelled in portraiture. Occasionally Mabuse turned to mythological subjects, such as Neptune and Amphitrite (1516) in the Berlin Museum. His architecture is beautifully drawn and his painting of rich materials - damasks, embroideries and tapestries is superb. Consult Segard, Achille, Mabuse, Jan' (in Les Arts, No. 123, p. 1, with illustrations including 'Adoration of the Magi,' Paris 1912); Weisz, Ernst, Jan Gossart) (Freis 1913).

MAC, or MC, a Gaelic prefix, as MacGregor, MacDonald, McKinley, etc. It corresponds with son in surnames of Teutonic origin, Fitz in those of Romance origin, or Ap or Ab in Welsh surnames.

MACA, a tribe of people living in the forests of the eastern slope of the Andes in central Ecuador. They live in huts of palm leaves, make pottery, hunt and cultivate yucca, corn and tobacco. The various tribes, not yet classified as to language, frequently war with one another. Their weapons are spears, blowguns and poisoned arrows. They dry the heads of slain enemies.

MACABEBE, mä-kä bā'ba, Philippines, a pueblo of the province of Pampanga, Luzon, situated at the head of the Pampanga River delta, nine miles from Manila Bay and seven miles southeast of Bacolor. Pop. 10,400.

MACABER (ma-kä'ber) DANCE. DANCE OF DEATH.

See

MACADAM, măk-ăd'am, John Loudon, Scottish engineer: b. Ayr, 21 Sept. 1756; d. Moffat, Dumfriesshire, 26 Nov. 1836. In 1770 he was sent to an uncle at New York, where he remained during the War of Independence, and realized a considerable fortune as agent for the sale of prizes. At the close of the war he returned to Scotland, and in 1798 was appointed agent for revictualing the navy in the western ports of Great Britain, and took up his residence at Falmouth. He afterward resided for many years at Bristol. It was here, in 1815, on being appointed surveyor-general of the Bristol roads, that he resumed experiments he had made in Scotland, and first had full scope for putting in practice the important improvements in road-making which had long before occupied his thoughts. By 1823 his general success was admitted; and in 1827 he was made general surveyor of roads. In carrying out his improvement he had expended several thousand pounds from his private resources; and the House of Commons, having been satisfied of the fact by the investigation of a committee, both reimbursed the actual outlay and presented him with an honorary tribute of £2,000, presenting to him a total of £10,000. His invention was rapidly introduced throughout the civilized world, and his own name was made synonymous with it.

MACADAM, a modern system of roadmaking invented by J. L. Macadam (q.v.), which consists in forming the roads out of hard materials such as granite, or basalt broken into pieces, none of which are too large to pass through an iron ring 21⁄2 inches in diameter, and then deposited evenly in a bed of from 6 to 12 inches in thickness. The bed thus laid becomes perfectly compact and smooth, and in proportion as it is worn away or cut into ruts by traffic can easily be restored by a new coating of materials. See ROADS AND ROAD-MAKING.

McADOO, măk’a-doo', William__Gibbs, American jurist: b. near Knoxville, Tenn., 4 April 1820; d. 1894. He was graduated in 1845 from the East Tennessee University at Knoxville, sat in the Tennessee legislature 184546 and served in the Mexican War in 1847. He was afterward admitted to the bar and was attorney-general of the Knoxville judicial district, 1851-60. He removed to Georgia in 1862, served in the Confederate army during the Civil War and in 1871 became judge of the 20th judicial district of Georgia. He published a volume of poems and, with H. C. White, 'Elementary Geology of Tennessee.'

near

MCADOO, William Gibbs, American cabinet minister and railroad official: b. Marietta, Ga., 31 Oct. 1863. Descended from a distinguished Southern family, his father, Judge William Gibbs McAdoo, a jurist and soldier of the Mexican and Civil wars, became attorney-general of Tennessee some years after losing his wealth in the general devastation in the South caused by the Civil War. The subject of this sketch was educated at the University of Tennessee and admitted to the bar in 1885, notwithstanding that circumstances obliged him to leave the university in his junior year and earn his living as a clerk of the United States Circuit Court. He practised law in Chattanooga till 1892, when he came to New York and opened a law office. In 1898 he

formed a law partnership with Mr. William McAdoo (a native of Ireland and no relation whatever), who since 1910 has been chief city magistrate, and was formerly Assistant Secretary of the Treasury under President Cleveland. In his early days Mr. McAdoo had gained some practice in railroad work by running a street railway in Knoxville, an undertaking that proved a failure. His railroading propensities revived during his first years in New York City and he conceived the plan of tunneling the Hudson. With the aid and confidence of capitalists he succeeded in carrying that great undertaking to a successful issue. In 1902 he organized the New York and New Jersey Railroad Company (now the Hudson and Manhattan, of which he was elected president and director), and completed the Hudson tunnel scheme. He was vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee in 1912, and in the following year Mr. Wilson, on his accession to the Presidency, invited him to take the office of Secretary of the Treasury. Mr. McAdoo severed his railroad connections and devoted himself to a task that was destined to become historic in the annals of national finance. The enormous financial transactions in which the United States government was involved owing to the European War are a matter of common knowledge. The raising of huge war loans and the financing of Allied belligerents were only the more conspicuous events of Mr. McAdoo's tenure of the Treasury. He was a leading architect of the Federal Reserve System and an active promoter of the Federal Farm Loan System. Throughout the vast network of national finance taxation, distribution of government funds, war-risk insurance and the insurance of soldiers and sailors, economic problems of trade and agriculture, etc., Mr. McAdoo handled the complex ramifications and details with remarkable facility and judgment. When the United States government took over the entire railroads of the country in January 1918 Mr. McAdoo was appointed Director-General of Railroads. Up to the end of the close of the war he performed the duties of both offices - Treasury and Railroads. He tendered his resignation to the President on 22 Nov. 1918. Mr. McAdoo was married in 1885 to Miss Sarah Fleming of Chattanooga; she died in 1912, leaving three sons and three daughters. On 7 May 1914 he married Miss Eleanor Wilson, daughter of President Wilson.

MCADOO, Pa., a borough on the Lehigh Valley and Pennsylvania railroads, five miles south of Hazleton and 78 miles northwest of Philadelphia. There are rich deposits of anthracite coal in the vicinity, and, consequently, coal-mining is one of the chief industries. Shirts are also manufactured here. In this borough of McAdoo are situated the picturesque Silver Brook Hollow and Tresckow water falls. Pop. 3,389.

MCAFEE, măk'à-fē, Cleland Byod, American clergyman: b. Fulton, Mo., 25 Sept. 1866. He was educated at Park College, Union Theological Seminary, New York, and Westminster College, Missouri. He was ordained a Presbyterian minister in 1888, and from that date to 1891 he was professor of mental and moral philosophy in Park College. In 1901 became pastor of the Forty-first Street Presbyterian Church, Chicago, which he held until 1904, when he became

5

pastor of the Lafayette Avenue Church, Brooklyn. In 1912 he was made professor of didactic and polemical theology at the McCormick Theological Seminary, Chicago. He received the degree of Ph.D. in 1892. His books are 'Where He Is (1898); 'Wherefore Didst Thou Doubt (1900); Faith, Fellowship and Fealty' (1902); The Growing Church) (1903); The Worth of a Man' (1903); The Tenth Commandment' (1903); The Mosaic Law in Modern Life' (1906); Studies in the Sermon on the Mount) (1910); The Greatest English Classic' (1912); His Peace' (1913); Westminster Confession of Faith (1914); The Old and the New in Theology (1914), and Psalms of the Social Life' (1917).

At

MCAFEE, Joseph Ernest, American clergyman: b. Louisiana, Mo., 4 April 1870. He is a brother of Cleland Boyd McAfee and was graduated from Park College in 1889, after which he studied in Union, Auburn and Princeton theological seminaries from 1889 to 1896. Park College he taught Greek, the history of religion and ethics until 1906. In that year he became associate secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Home Missions of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of which he has been secretary since 1914. He has been engaged in educational work among recent immigrants. He has published Missions Striking Home (New York 1908); World Missions from the Home Base (1911); Religion and the New American Democracy' (1917).

MACAIRE, mă-kār (Le Chevalier Richard), a French chanson de geste of the 12th century, and one of the great poems of the Middle Ages, the theme of which is the false accusation brought against the queen of Charlemagne, called Blanchefleur. Macaire is a fusion of two legends: that of the unjustly repudiated wife, and that of the dog that detects the murderer of his master. Macaire, a French knight, aided by Lieutenant Landry, murdered Aubry de Montdidier (q.v.) in the forest of Bondy. Montdidier's dog, named Dragon, showed such aversion to Macaire that suspicion was aroused and Macaire and the dog were summoned to a single combat. The result was fatal to Macaire, who died, confessing his guilt. Dragon was called the Chien de Montargis because the murder took place near the castle of Montargis. The encounter was depicted over the chimney of the great hall in the castle in the 15th century. Macaire is only preserved in the FrancoVenetian geste of Charlemagne (Bibl. St. Mark MSS. XIÏI), in a mixed form of French and Venetian dialects. It has been reprinted several times. Consult Macaire' (Paris 1866), ed. Guessard in the series of Anciens poètes de la France'; Paris, Paulin, 'Hist. litt. de la France) (Vol. XXIII, 1873); Gautier, L., Epopées françaises (Vol. III, 3d ed., 1880); Paris, G., 'Hist. poét de Charlemagne (1865). Jean de la Trille, 'Discours notable des duels (Paris 1607), says the encounter with the dog took place under Charles V. The story was also told in another chanson de geste of the 12th century called 'La Reine Sibille,' which only exists in fragments. There are two French plays on the subject: one 'La Chien de Montargis by Guilbert de Pixérécourt (1814), which was translated and played at Covent Garden, London (1814); and the other, 'Le chien d'Aubry.'