A manuscript in prose of 'Macaire' was found in the Bibliothèque de l'Arsénal in Paris about 1866.

MACAIRE, Robert, name of the villain in the French melodrama, Auberge des Adrets' (1823), in which Frédéric Lemaitre made his reputation. The character was modified by Lemaitre in his comedy 'Robert Macaire,' a sequel, in collaboration with Benjamin Antier. It was performed at the Theatre des FoliesDramatiques, Paris, in 1834. In this, which Theophile Gautier calls "the great triumph of the revolutionary art" which followed the "Revolution of July," is expressed audacity and wit. It is an attack against social order. "Frédéric Lemaître," says Gautier, "created in the personage of Robert Macaire a kind of humor that is almost Shakespearean. In it we find terrible gaiety, sinister laughter, bitter derision, pitiless raillery and a biting sarcasm, mingled with elegance, suppleness and astonishing grace. Robert Macaire and Bertrand are Don Quixote and Sancho Panza in crime." Consult Alhoy, Maurice, and Huart, L.. 'Les cent Robert Macaire, composes et dessinés par H. Daumier (Paris). Robert Louis Stevenson and W. E. Henley wrote a play 'Robert Macaire' (Stevenson's Works, Vol. XX). Consult The New Review (Vol. XII, p. 685).

MCALESTER, ma-kǎl'es-tér, Miles Daniel, American general: b. New York, 1833; d. 1869. He was graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1856 and entering the engineer service became chief engineer of the Department of the Ohio in 1862. He served under Grant before Vicksburg and took part in the operations against Mobile.

MCALESTER, Okla., city and county-seat of Pittsburg County. It is situated on two main trunk lines of railway-the Missouri, Kansas and Texas and the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railways, and has an interurban railway system that connects with the coal mines in the outlying district. McAlester is surrounded by rich agricultural land and stock-raising is an extensive business, thousands of cattle being shipped every year from McAlester. It is also the centre of the immense coal fields of eastern Oklahoma. Almost 50 companies are now operating in this new field with an annual output of 3,500,000 tons, all having their main offices in the city. McAlester also has extensive wholesale interests with an annual business of $6,000,000 in southwest Oklahoma, western Arkansas and northern Texas. The city has a high school, which cost $350,000, seven ward schools and two business colleges. The chief public buildings are the Busby Hotel, Federal Building, Masonic Temple, Mine Rescue Station and Busby Theatre. The Oklahoma State Penitentiary is located near the city. McAlester has the city manager form of government. Pop. 20,504.

MACALESTER college, Saint Paul, Minn., a coeducational institution, founded in 1885 under the auspices of the Presbyterian Church. A four-years' college course leads to the degrees of bachelor of arts and bachelor of science, and a conservatory of music grants the degree of bachelor of music. The average annual enrolment of students is 360, and its faculty 38. Its total endowment is $558,000. It

has seven buildings and total resources of $960,000. Its library has over 15,000 bound volumes. Its total income (tuition and endowment interest) is $60,806.

MCALL (ma-käl') MISSION, a Protestant association founded in 1871 by Robert Whitaker McAll and his wife for religious work among the working people of France. On 17 Jan. 1872 the first station was opened in Belleville, one of the manufacturing suburbs of Paris. The work consists largely in striving to interest people in the questions pertaining to salvation of souls and then urging them to affiliate with some one of the nearby Protestant churches. No effort is made by the mission to establish churches, but some educational work has been begun in the large cities. Friends of the movement in America founded an American McAll Mission in 1883 with Philadelphia as headquarters, and there are also auxiliary societies in Great Britain and Canada. It was a McCall missionary who introduced the Boy Scout movement into France. During the Great War its agents served as chaplains and in other capacities, and its establishments were converted into hospitals. The expense of the work in France in 1916 was $60,000.

MCALLISTER, Addams Stratton, American engineer: b. Covington, Va., 24 Feb. 1875. He was educated at the Pennsylvania State College and at Cornell University. In 1898 he became electrical engineer for the Berwind-White Coal Mining Company and in 1899 held a similar position in the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company. In 1901 he was assistant in physics in Cornell, instructor in 190203 and acting assistant professor of electrical engineering there in 1903-04. He also was lecturer on engineering at the Pennsylvania State College in 1909-14. In 1905 he became associate editor of the Electrical World and in 1912 was made full editor of this publication. In 1917 he became secretary of American Engineering Service of Engineering, a member of national lighting committee of the Advisory Commission of Council of National Defense and also a member of the War Committee of Technical Societies. In 1914-15 he was president of the Illuminating Engineering Society, afterward becoming its chairman and secretary. He is also president of the New York Electrical Society. Cornell gave him the degree of Ph.D in 1905. He is the inventor of alternating-current machinery. Dr. McAllister has contributed more than 100 articles on engineering to various technical journals and is the author of 'Alternating Current Motors' (1906; 3d ed., 1909), and Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (1907). He is a member of a number of clubs and societies, including Engineers' Club of New York and the New York Southern Society.

MCALLISTER, Ward, American society leader: b. Savannah, Ga., about 1830; d. 1895. He came of a family several of whose members were conspicuous at the bar. With his father, in 1850, he went to California, where he remained two years, and whence he removed to Newport, R. I., and afterward to New York City. Becoming possessed by marriage of a considerable fortune he was able, by means of influential connections through his mother and wife, to enter into social life with the advan

tages of personal qualifications and family prestige. As a raconteur as well as an accomplished gourmet he had already attained prominence within a select circle when, by a wellturned remark, he became the leader of leaders in New York society, which, according to his strict limitation, included but 400 persons. The popular expression "The Four Hundred" originated from this assertion of McAllister's. He made contributions to the press, which, however, impaired rather than strengthened his unique position, as did also his volume 'Society as I Have Found It' (1890).

MCALLISTER, Fort. See FORT MCAL

LISTER.

MACALLUM, Archibald Byron, Canadian educator: b. Belmont, Ontario, in 1859. After receiving his education in the Toronto and Johns Hopkins universities he became lecturer on physiology (1887) and professor in the medical faculty of Toronto University (1891-92). From 1892 to 1901 he was associate professor in the arts faculty there and full professor after 1901. In 1895-97 he was president of the Canadian Institute. In 1901 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society, Canada, and in 1906 of the Royal Society of London. In 1911 he was elected president of the American Society of Biochemists. He has published scientific articles in the Journal of Physiology, Proceedings of the Royal Society Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, American Journal of Morphology and Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.

MCALPINE, mă-kȧl'pin, William Jarvis, American engineer: b. New York, 1812; d. New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y., 16 Feb. 1890. He took up engineering in 1827 under J. B. Jervis, with whom he continued till 1839, and succeeded him as engineer of the Erie Canal enlargement. In 1851 he became State engineer of New York and State railroad commissioner in 1855-57. He was subsequently engineer of several important railways, constructed the city waterworks at Albany and Chicago, and in 1870 his plans for improvement of the cataracts of the Danube were accepted by the Austrian government. While engineer of the department of parks, 1879-80, he constructed the Riverside drive in New York.

MCANENY, George, American civic administrator: b. Greenville, N. J., 24 Dec. 1869. He was graduated at the Jersey City High School in 1885 and entered journalism, serving on the staff of several New York newspapers from 1885 to 1892. From 1892 to 1894 he was assistant secretary of the Civil Service Reform League, of which he became secretary in 1894. He held this position until 1903, serving on committees that drafted the municipal homerule section of the State constitution in 1894 and the State Civil Service Law in 1899. In 1902 he was a member of the New York Civil Service Commission and also of the commission to revise the city charter in 1908. In 1903-06 he read law with Edward M. Shepard. 1906-09 he was president of the City Club of New York; in 1910-13 he was president of the borough of Manhattan, and in 1914–16 president of the board of aldermen (fusion ticket), and was active in obtaining municipal markets for New York City. In 1902 he drafted the civil

In

service rules now in force in New York City; was a member of the commission appointed by the governor to revise the New York City charter (1908); chairman of the transit committee of the New York board of estimate and apportionment, which, with the Public Service Commission, developed New York's new $300,000,000 subway system, and chairman of committee on city plan 1914-16. In national politics he is a Democrat. In 1913 Paris gave him the medal of the Société des Architects Diplômes par le Gouvernment Français for services to city planning and architecture in the United States. In 1915 he received the medal of the Architectural League in New York. Hobart gave him the degree of LL.D. in 1914. He is chairman of board of trustees of College of the City of New York; a trustee of the Tusk egee (Alabama) Institute and of Jeanes Fund for Negro Education; vice-president Hampton Association National Municipal League, and president of the New York Kindergarten Association. In 1914 he was Dodge lecturer at Yale. The lectures were published under the title of 'Municipal Citizenship' (New York 1915).

MACAO, mä-kow' or mä-kä'ō, China, a Portuguese settlement and seaport on the west shore of the mouth of the Canton River, 40 miles west of Hongkong. It occupies a high peninsula, formerly the island of Macao, but now united by a narrow isthmus north of the town with the island of Hiang-shan, and, with the small islands of Taipa and Calôane, forms a province. The settlement is about eight miles in circuit, and its limits landward are defined by a barrier wall stretching across the isthmus, where a guard of Chinese troops is stationed to prevent foreigners from trespassing on the Inner Land. The town occupies a slope gradually descending to the sea, backed by a range of lofty hills, and having an extensive plain It is nearly surrounded with stretching east. water, and is open to the sea-breezes on every side. The houses occupied by the foreign population are large, roomy and open, and the shops are numerous. The city is divided into two wards, one inhabited by Chinese and the other by non-Chinese, each with its own administrator. The quay or "Praya Grande" is commodious, forms a pleasant drive and is protected by a battery. The harbor is formed between the peninsula on which the town stands and the large island of Twee-lien-shan, to the west. Macao is considered the healthiest residence in southeast Asia with a mean annual temperature of 74°. Near it, in a beautiful garden, is the grotto in which the poet Camoens is said to have finished the Lusiad.' The principal exports are tea, cassia and cassia oil, anise and anise oil and opium. The commerce (mainly in the hands of the Chinese), which is chiefly carried on with Hongkong, Canton, Batavia and Goa, has greatly declined since the opening of the rival free ports, and a considerable part of the colonial revenue is drawn from a tax on the gambling tables for which Macao is notorious. In 1913, 4,110 merchant steamers entered, with a gross tonnage of 1,008,814 tons, and 13,389 junks, totaling 303,764 tons. The Portuguese first obtained permission to form a settlement and to trade at Macao in 1557. From 1563 they were required to pay a yearly tribute to the Chinese government, and their trading privileges were much restricted

till 1844, when they were allowed to carry on commerce with the five ports then open to foreigners. Macao was then declared a free port, but the Chinese continued to ignore the territorial claims of the Portuguese until 1887, when a treaty was concluded. Macao from its convenient situation was the place of retreat for European merchants and missionaries when threatened by uprisings of race or religious feelings in China. Robert Morrison, the first Protestant missionary in China, was buried. here. Pop. about 74,866 (2,171 Portuguese).

MACAPA, mä-ka-pä, Brazil, town on the delta of the Amazon, 110 miles from the mouth of that river. It has a fine harbor with fortifications. The exports are chiefly timber and fine woods for the furniture trade. Pop. 4,000.

MACAQUE, ma-kǎk', one of the small, short-tailed Asiatic monkeys of the genus Macacus and family Cercopithecida, which are so docile, intelligent and interesting as a rule that they are common in menageries and frequently kept as pets; their gentleness and playfulness disappears as they grow old, however, and they are then likely to become morose and savage. They go about in troops, keeping by themselves, and differing from other monkeys in most of their actions and cries. Some of the best known are the quaintly crested capuchin or bonnetmonkey (M. sinicus), excessively common and pestiferous in southern India; the entellus monkey (q.v.) of northern India; the large pigtailed (M. leoninus) of Japan, whose likeness is seen in numberless Japanese drawings and carvings. Ranging over so wide a variety of countries their habits and food differ greatly. Besides the fruit, juicy leaves and insects eaten by most monkeys they devour small reptiles, young birds, frogs and crabs, the last-named forming the principal diet of a Malayan species (M. cynomolgus). One species is isolated in the mountains of Algeria and Morocco, whence they were long ago carried, no doubt, to the island of Gibraltar, where they are known to the English of the garrison as "Barbary apes" (M. inuus), and the small band upon the Rock are carefully protected from harm.

MACARONI (Ital. maccheroni), a peculiar paste or dough prepared from wheat flour and manufactured into tubes or ribbons. It is an Italian invention, and, though made by a simple process, has never been produced with so great success in any other country. The grain grown in the more southern countries of Europe is said to possess a greater amount of gluten, and is therefore better adapted to this manufacture. The wheat, after being washed, is freed from the husks and ground in water mills, when hot water is added till it is of the consistency of stiff dough. Five different qualities of flour are obtained by an equal number of siftings, the last giving the finest and most delicate that can be made. To reduce the dough to tubes or ribbons a hollow cylindrical cast iron vessel is used, having the bottom perforated with holes or slits. When this is filled with the paste a heavy iron plate is driven in by a powerful press, which forces the paste through the holes and gives it the shape of the perforations, the workman cutting off the pieces of the desired length as they come through. During this process it is partially baked by a fire made under the cylinder. Sometimes the flat

pieces are formed into tubes by uniting the edges before they are thoroughly dry. After being hung up for a few days they are ready for use. The largest tubes are called maccheroni, the smaller vermicelli and the smallest fedelini. Macaroni is prepared for the table by boiling and baking with grated cheese, and is in common with vermicelli and the other varieties much used in the preparation of soups. Since about 1880 the use of macaroni in the United States has largely increased, and where it was once only consumed by Italians in this country, it is now eaten by all classes. Numerous macaroni factories have been established in New York and elsewhere. The United States imports annually from Italy over 500,000 boxes of macaroni.

MACARONIC VERSE, a kind of facetious poetry in which foreign words are distorted and jumbled together; so called by Teofilo Folengo, a Mantuan monk of noble family, who published a book entitled Liber Macaronicorum,' a poetical rhapsody, made up of words of different languages. His principal poem was called macaronic, because it was mixed up of Latin and Italian, as macaroni is mixed up with cheese. Consult Morgan, 'Macaronic Poetry.'

MacARTHUR, Arthur, American soldier: b. Springfield, Mass., 2 June 1845; d. Milwaukee, Wis., 5 Sept. 1912. Having enlisted in the United States volunteer service in Wisconsin he served through the Civil War period, being promoted lieutenant-colonel and brevet-colonel in May 1865, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battles of Perryville, Ky., Stone River, Tenn., Mission Ridge and Danridge, Ga., Franklin, Tenn., and in the Atlantic campaign. He was mustered out of the volunteer service in June 1865 and entered the regular army with the rank of lieutenant in the 17th United States Infantry the following year. In the SpanishAmerican War he was appointed a brigadiergeneral of volunteers and assigned to the Philippine expeditionary forces. He was promoted brigadier-general in the regular army, 2 Jan. 1900; commanded the Military Division of the Philippines, major-general U. S. A., 1901, and lieutenant-general, 15 Sept. 1906. He returned in 1901, and in 1902 commanded the Eastern department, 1902-03 the Lakes, 1903-04 of California, and 1904-07 the Pacific division. He was retired by operation of law 2 June 1909.

MacARTHUR, Duncan, American pioneer: b. Dutchess County, N. Y., 14 June 1772; d. Ohio, 1839. His family removed in 1780 to the western frontier of Pennsylvania, and at 18 years of age he went to seek his fortune in the wilderness, and participated as a ranger or scout in the warfare with the Indians in Kentucky and Ohio, until the victory of General Wayne in 1794 gave peace to the Western country. About the commencement of the present century he settled in Ohio as a surveyor, and in 1805 became a member of the Ohio legislature, and was appointed major-general of the territorial militia. In the War of 1812 he received the commission of brigadier-general in the army, and succeeded General Harrison in 1814 in command of the army of the West. After the peace, as a joint commissioner with General Cass, he negotiated the treaty with the Indians of Ohio for the sale of their lands in that State,

which was ratified in 1818. He served again in the Ohio legislature 1815-21, and in 1823-25 was a representative in Congress from that State. In 1830 he was elected governor of Ohio.

MacARTHUR, Robert Stuart, American Baptist clergyman: b. Dalesville, Quebec, 31 July 1841. He was graduated from the University of Rochester, N. Y., in 1867, and from the Rochester Theological Seminary there in 1870, and from May 1870 to September 1911 was pastor of Calvary Baptist Church, New York, when he resigned, having been elected president of the Baptist World Alliance. He went to Russia to secure from the Tsar's government permission to buy land on which to erect a Baptist Bible College. He later went to Burma as president of the Alliance to assist in celebrating the centennial anniversary of Adoniram Judson's mission work in Burma. He was for a long period connected editorally with the Christian Inquirer and Baptist Review, and has lectured on foreign travel. His publications include Calvary Pulpit'; 'Current questions for Thinking Men'; 'Lectures on the Land and the Book'; Around the World'; Old Testament Difficulties'; 'Advent and Other Sermons'; 'Royal Messages of Cheer and Comfort'; 'The Christic Reign'; The Old Book and the Old Faith'; 'Divine Balustrades'; 'The Celestial Lamp); The Question of the Centuries,' and 'Quick Truths and Quaint Texts.'

MACASSAR, Celebes, the capital of a district of the same name in the island of Celebes on the west coast of the southern peninsula near the southern end of Macassar Strait separating Celebes from Borneo. It is the chief town of the Dutch government of Celebes. Macassar consists of the Dutch town and port, Vlaardingen, where the governor of Celebes resides, and the Malay town, which lies inland. The Portuguese claim to have visited Macassar in 1512; but there was no permanent Portuguese settlement until the 17th century when the English and Dutch also appeared on the scene. In 1660-68 the Dutch, after decisive victories on land and sea, succeeded in driving the Latins from Celebes and establishing themselves. All attempts of the English to supplant the Dutch were unsuccessful and the Dutch have been masters for two centuries and a half, with the exception of one short period of British occupation in the early 19th century. The important buildings are the official residence of the governor of Celebes; the new museum, containing a valuable collection of objects illustrative of the native arts and industries, arms, armor, costumes, choice fabrics and jewelry; and Fort Rotterdam, a relic of the time of Por tuguese supremacy and its capture by the Dutch. "Aside from the military forces quartered in Fort Rotterdam," writes A. S. Walcott, "Macassar has a population of about 27,000, including about 1,000 Europeans and 5,000 Chinese; but so many of the inhabitants live in the outlying kampongs to the north and south of the city proper, that it is hard to realize that the figures have not been greatly exaggerated. The houses of the kampongs vary in many details from those to which we have become accustomed in Java. They are generally raised several feet above the ground on poles, and have gabled roofs, shuttered windows and considerable ornamentation in the way of carved wood

9

work. The walls are of matting or of neatly plaited bamboo, the roofs of nipa, or palm-leaf thatch, The people of this southern end of Celebes are nearly all either Macassarese, or Bugis. They resemble the Javanese in face and figure, but are more sturdily built and are decidedly less polite and pleasing in bearing and manners. The Bugis are the seamen of the Archipelago, the greatest navigators and the most enterprising traders to-day and in times gone by the greatest pirates as well. All the people of the coast districts of southern Celebes are in religious proclivities MohametanAnimists Mohametans in their profession of faith, Animists and fetish-worshippers in their practices." Macassar trades in coffee, rice, copra, trepang, spices, gum, rubber, pearls, mother-of-pearl, cocoa oil, maize, sandal wood and valuable timber. Pop. about 27,000. Consult Gervaise, N., 'Description historique du royaume de Macaçar (Ratisbon 1700); Walcott, Arthur S., Java and her Neighbors' (New York 1914).

MACASSAR OIL, the trade name for an unguent that made its appearance in England early in the 19th century, manufactured by one Rowland. It took its name from the district of Macassar, where it was first produced, being pressed from the fruit, or seed, of the Schleichera trijuga, the East Indian kusum tree. This fixed vegetable oil is used by the natives for cooking, illuminating and for medicinal purposes. The name is now given to a pomade made of almond, olive or peanut oil, to which other substances are added to give color and perfume. The original Macassar oil became so well known that Byron spoke of it as "Thine incomparable oil, Macassar," and Lewis Carroll alludes to it in the Song of the Man sitting on the Gate in 'Alice Through the Looking-glass.' So general was its use that in England a covering was specially made to throw over the back of a chair or sofa as a protection from the grease in the hair; and to these coverings the name Anti-macassar was given. Anti-macassars were at first made of white cotton in crochet-work. They were stiff, hard and uncomfortable; but in the third quarter of the 19th century they were simpler and were more artistically worked in colored wools or crewels, or colored silks in pretty patterns. The Lady's Newspaper (1852) describes anti-macassar materials as "crochet cotton," "pink and drab crochet twine," etc. All the Year Round (1879) "the anti-macassar on the arm chair"; and Miss Braddon's Vixen' (1879) "To sit alone by the fireside and work anti-macassars in crewel" shows that the word was still familiar in England to a comparatively recent period. In the United States the word "tidy» was used to describe the article.

MACAULAY, ma-kâ'li, Catharine Sawbridge, English historian: b. Wye, Kent, 2 April 1731; d. Binfield, Berkshire, 22 June 1791. In 1760 she was married to George Macaulay, a London physician. She was an ardent Republican and a great admirer of Washington, with whom she corresponded, and whom she visited in 1785. She published a 'History of England from the Accession of James I to the Revolution (8 vols., 1763-71), once very popular and eulogized by Pitt in the House of Commons, but now neglected.

MACAULAY, James, Scottish novelist: b. Edinburgh, 22 May 1817; d. there, 20 June 1902. He was educated at the University of Edinburgh and for 35 years was in the service of the Religious Tract Society as editor-in-chief. In 1851-57 he was joint editor of the Literary Gazette and in 1858 became editor of the Leisure Hour Sunday at Home. The Boy's Own Paper and The Girl's Own Paper were founded by him. He was a voluminous writer, and among his published works the following may be mentioned: 'Across the Ferry; First Impressions of America and its People' (1871); Memory Helps in British History' (1873); 'All True: Records of Adventure (1879); 'Luther Anecdotes) (1883); 'Gordon Anecdotes (1885); 'Livingstone Anecdotes' (1886); 'Wonderful Stories of Daring, Peril and Adventure (1887); and 'Victoria, Her Life and Reign (1887).

MACAULAY, SIR James Buchanan, Canadian jurist: b. Niagara, Ontario, 3 Dec. 1793; d. Toronto, 26 Nov. 1859. He was an ensign in the British army during the War of 1812, and subsequently studying law was admitted to the bar in 1822. In 1829 he was appointed a judge of the King's Bench, from 1849 to 1856 he was chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas, and just prior to his death became judge of the Court of Error and Appeal. He was knighted in 1859.

MACAULAY, Thomas Babington, English essayist, historian and statesman: b. Rothley Temple, Leicestershire, 25 Oct. 1800; d. Holly Lodge, Kensington, 28 Dec. 1859.

Macaulay was the son of Zachary Macaulay, a Scotchman of remarkable character, who achieved distinction by his life-long advocacy of the abolition of slavery and by his efficiency, as a young man, in the governorship of Sierra Leone, the colony of African freedmen. The family removed to Clapham, then a suburb of London, where much of Macaulay's youth was spent. Hannah More was a friend of the family and she encouraged the lad as a writer and presented him with books to start his library. Young Macaulay was regarded as a prodigy, and his memory was something startling. He attended school near Cambridge under a Mr. Preston; his range of reading, particularly in poetry and fiction, was immense, but his taste for mathematics and the exact sciences steadily declined. In October 1818 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, and in the citadel of mathematics his aversion for this study became pronounced. Twice he gained the Chancellor's medal for poetry, and he displayed classical attainments, but was "gulphed" in mathematics. However, after a third trial, he won a Fellowship in 1824. His mental training was thus one-sided; and a certain lack of philosophical grasp and a dislike of facing abstruse intellectual problems became thus characteristic.

The association with his college mates, rather than his studies, left the deepest impression upon Macaulay. His great friend was Charles Austin, whose influence converted the young Tory into an uncompromising Whig, He shone in the Union Debating Society, developing powers that afterward became conspicuous in the House of Commons. Politics he had heard discussed from early childhood in the circles which gathered round his father's table,

and along with literature politics was his abiding passion. At college he had competed for a prize in history on the subject which he developed fuller in later years: "The Conduct and Character of William III."

Before leaving the university he began writing for publication in Knight's Quarterly Magazine (1823). Two lyrics, Ivry' and 'Naseby still live; but the most important contribution was the ingenious Conversation between Mr. Abraham Cowley and Mr. John Milton, touching the great Civil War.' It seems likely enough that the freshness and delicacy revealed in this early work became injured by the author's entrance into the rougher world of political strife. On the other hand, it may be maintained that Macaulay's gifts were preeminently those of the man in public life, and to him literature, always a delight, was nevertheless really but an avocation.

Macaulay's father unexpectedly became financially involved. Full of courage, the son began tutoring while still at Cambridge, and cheerfully assisted in supporting his sisters. Ultimately, together with his brother, he paid off all his father's obligations.

Macaulay was called to the bar in 1826 and joined the Northern circuit; but soon gave up the law for politics. Interestingly enough, his entrance into politics came by way of literature. In August 1825 appeared the essay on Milton,' the first of the series that Macaulay contributed to the Edinburgh Review, which, for the next 20 years, made both him and the Review famous. Jeffrey, the editor, expressed his frank wonder as to where Macaulay "picked up that style." Upon Jeffrey's resignation Macaulay was offered the editorship, but he was not willing to leave London. Papers on Machiavelli (1827), 'Dryden,' 'History) and 'Hallam's Constitutional History) (1828), followed, and soon after controversial articles on James Mill, Sadler and Southey, which revealed the declared Whig. Their reputation introduced him into both social and political life. He was made commissioner of bankruptcy in 1828 and in 1830, Lord Lansdowne, who had been favorably impressed by the attack on Mill, offered Macaulay a seat in Parliament for Calne in Wiltshire which he held until in 1832 he was elected for Leeds.

he

His time of entrance into the House of Commons was propitious. It was just before the death of George IV and the accession of William IV, and consequently on the eve of the battle for the reforms of 1832. Macaulay was 30 years of age, was widely read in history and literature and was a ready and fluent speaker aflame with interest in public questions. In 1824 he had made a notable speech at a meeting of the Anti-Slavery Society; later, in the discussion for Catholic emacipation, headed a coachload of M.A.'s from London to Cambridge, arriving in time to vote down a petition in the university senate against the act. He now threw himself ardently into the struggle for reform and took an honorable part in the fight from begininning to end. His Parliamentary success was immediate. "Whenever he rose to speak," Mr. Gladstone testified, "it was a summons like a trumpet-call to fill the benches." His earliest effort was on the removal of the civil disabilities of the Jews, which he followed by an essay on the subject in the