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be deemed to be free and exempt from capture which shall be found on board the ships belonging to the citizens of either of the contracting parties, although the whole lading or any part thereof should appertain to the enemies of the other, contraband goods being always excepted. It is also agreed, in like manner, that the same liberty be extended to persons who are on board of a free ship; and they shall not be taken out of that free ship unless they are officers or soldiers, and in the actual service of the enemy: Provided, however, and it is hereby agreed, that the stipulations in this article contained, declaring that the flag shall cover the property, shall be understood as applying to those Powers only who recognize this principle, but if either of the two contracting parties shall be at war with a third, and the other neutral, the flag of the neutral shall cover the property of enemies whose Governments acknowledge this principle, and not of others.

Art. XVII. All vessels sailing under the flag of the United States, and furnished with such papers as their laws require, shall be regarded in Italy as vessels of the United States, and reciprocally, all vessels sailing under the flag of Italy, and furnished with the papers which the laws of Italy require, shall be regarded in the United States as Italian vessels.

Art. XVIII. In order to prevent all kinds of disorder in the visiting and examination of the ships and cargoes of both the contracting parties on the high seas, they have agreed, mutually, that whenever a vessel of war shall meet with a vessel not of war of the other contracting party, the first shall remain at a convenient distance, and may send its boat, with two or three men only, in order to execute the said examination of the papers, concerning the ownership and cargo of the vessel, without causing the least extortion, violence, or illtreatment; and it is expressly agreed that the unarmed party shall in no case be required to go on board the examining vessel for the purpose of exhibiting his papers, or for any other purpose whatever.

Art. XIX. It is agreed that the stipulations contained in the present treaty relative to the visiting and examining of a vessel shall apply only to those which sail without a convoy; and when said vessels shall be under convoy the verbal declaration of the commander of the convoy, on his word of honor, that the vessels under his protection belong to the nation whose flag he carries, and when bound to an enemy's port, that they have no contraband goods on board, shall be sufficient.

Art. XX. In order effectually to provide for the security of the citizens and subjects of the contracting parties, it is agreed between them that all commanders of ships of war of each party, respectively, shall be strictly enjoined to forbear from doing any damage to or committing any outrage against the citizens or subjects of the other or against their vessels or property; and if the said commanders shall act contrary to this stipulation, they shall be severly punished and made answerable in their persons and estates for the satisfaction and reparation of said damages, of whatever nature they may be.

Art. XXI. If by any fatality, which cannot be expected, and which

may God avert, the two contracting parties should be engaged in a war with each other, they have agreed and do agree, now for then, that there shall be allowed the term of six months to the merchants residing on the coasts and in the ports of each other, and the term of one year to those who dwell in the interior, to arrange their business, and transport their effects wherever they please, with the safe conduct necessary to protect them and their property, until they arrive at the ports designated for their embarkation. And all women and children, scholars of every faculty, cultivators of the earth, artisans, mechanics, manufacturers, and fishermen, unarmed and inhabiting the unfortified towns, villages, or places, and, in general, all others whose occupations are for the common subsistence and benefit of mankind, shall be allowed to continue their respective employments, and shall not be molested in their persons, nor shall their houses or goods be burnt or otherwise destroyed, nor their fields wasted by the armed force of the belligerent in whose power, by the events of war, they may happen to fall; but if it be necessary that anything should be taken from them for the use of such belligerent, the same shall be paid for at a reasonable price.

And it is declared that neither the pretence that war dissolves treaties, nor any other whatever, shall be considered as annulling or suspending this article; but, on the contrary, that the state of war is precisely that for which it is provided, and during which its provisions are to be sacredly observed as the most acknowledged obligations in the law of nations.

Art. XXII. The citizens of each of the contracting parties shall have power to dispose of their personal goods within the jurisdiction of the other, by sale, donation, testament, or otherwise, and their representatives, being citizens of the other party, shall succeed to their personal goods, whether by testament or ab intestato, and they may take possession thereof, either by themselves or others acting for them, and dispose of the same at their will, paying such dues only as the inhabitants of the country wherein such goods are shall be subject to pay in like cases.

As for the case of real estate, the citizens and subjects of the two contracting parties shall be treated on the footing of the most favored nation.

Art. XXIII. The citizens of either party shall have free access to the courts of justice, in order to maintain and defend their own rights, without any other conditions, restrictions, or taxes than such as are imposed upon the natives. They shall, therefore, be free to employ, in defense of their rights, such advocates, solicitors, notaries, agents, and factors as they may judge proper, in all their trials at law; and such citizens or agents shall have free opportunity to be present at the decisions and sentences of the tribunals in all cases. which may concern them, and likewise at the taking of all examinations and evidences which may be exhibited in the said trials.

Art. XXIV. The United States of America and the Kingdom of Italy mutually engage not to grant any particular favor to other nations, in respect to commerce and navigation, which shall not immediately become

common to the other party, who shall enjoy the same freely if the concession was freely made, or on allowing the same compensation if the concession was conditional.

Art. XXV. The present treaty shall continue in force for five years (5) years from the day of the exchange of the ratifications; and if, twelve (12) months before the expiration of that period, neither of the high contracting parties shall have announced to the other, by an official notification, its intention to terminate the said treaty, it shall remain obligatory on both parties one (1) year beyond that time, and so on until the expiration of the twelve (12) months, which will follow a similar notification, whatever may be the time when such notification shall be given.

Art. XXVI. The present treaty shall be approved and ratified by His Majesty the King of Italy, and by the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Washington within twelve months from the date hereof, or sooner if possible.

In faith whereof the Plenipotentiaries of the contracting parties have signed the present treaty in duplicate, in the English and Italian languages, and thereto affixed their respective seals.

Done at Florence this twenty sixth day of February in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-one.

George P. Marsh.

Visconti Venosta.

20.

DANEMARCK, ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE. Convention de naturalisation signée à Copenhague, le 20 juillet 1872*).

Treaties and Conventions. Rev. Ed. 1873. App. p. 909.

du 18 mars 1873.

Texte anglais.

Patente royale danoise

The United States of America and His Majesty the King of Denmark being desirous to regulate the citizenship of the citizens of the United States of America, who have emigrated, or who may emigrate from the United States of America to the Kingdom of Denmark, and of Danish subjects, who have emigrated, or who may emigrate from the Kingdom of Denmark to the United States of America, have resolved to conclude a

*) En anglais et en danois. Les ratifications ont été échangées à Copenhague, le 14 mars 1878.

Convention for that purpose, and have named as their Plenipotentiaries, that is to say, the President of the United States of America:

Michael J. Cramer, Minister Resident of the United States of America at Copenhagen;

and His Majesty the King of Denmark:

Otto Ditlev Baron Rosenörn-Lehn, Commander of Danebrog and Danebrogsmand, Chamberlain, His Majesty's Minister for Foreign Affairs, etc. etc. etc.

who, after having communicated to each other their respective Full-Powers, found to be in good and due form, have agreed upon and concluded the following articles, to wit:

Art. I. Citizens of the United States of America who have become, or shall become, and are naturalized, according to law, within the Kingdom of Denmark as Danish subjects, shall be held by the United States of America to be in all respects and for all purposes Danish subjects, and shall be treated as such by the United States of America.

In like manner, Danish subjects who have become, or shall become, and are naturalized, according to law, within the United States of America as citizens thereof, shall be held by the Kingdom of Denmark to be in all respects and for all purposes as citizens of the United States of America, and shall be treated as such by the Kingdom of Denmark.

Art. II. If any such citizen of the United States, as aforesaid, naturalized within the Kingdom of Denmark as a Danish subject, should renew his residence in the United States, the United States' Government may, on his application, and on such conditions as that Government may see fit to impose, readmit him to the character and privileges of a citizen of the United States, and the Danish Government shall not, in that case, claim him as a Danish subject on account of his former naturalization.

In like manner, if any such Danish subject, as aforesaid, naturalized within the United States as a citizen thereof, should renew his residence within the Kingdom of Denmark, His Majesty's Government may, on his application, and on such conditions as that Government may think fit to impose, readmit him to the character and privileges of a Danish subject, and the United States' Government shall not, in that case, claim him as a citizen of the United States on account of his former naturalization.

Art. III. If, however, a citizen of the United States naturalized in Denmark, shall renew his residence in the former country without the intent to return to that, in which he was naturalized, he shall be held to have renounced his naturalization.

In like manner, if a Dane naturalized in the United States, shall renew his residence in Denmark without the intent to return to the forner country, he shall be held to have renounced his naturalization in the United States.

The intent not to return may be held to exist, when a person nauralized in the one country, shall reside more than two years in the other ountry.

Art. IV. The present Convention shall go into effect immediately on Nouv. Recueil Gén. 20 S. I.

E

or after the exchange of the ratifications, and shall continue in force for ten years. If neither Party shall have given to the other six months previous notice of its intention then to terminate the same, it shall further remain in force until the end of twelve months after either of the Contracting Parties shall have given notice to the other of such intention.

Art. V. The present convention shall be ratified by the President of the United States of America by and with the advice and consent of the Senate thereof, and by His Majesty the King of Denmark, and the ratifications shall be exchanged at Copenhagen as soon as may be within eight months from the date hereof.

In witness whereof the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the same and have affixed thereto their respective seals.

Done at Copenhagen the twentieth day of July in the year of our Lord One Thousand Eight Hundred and Seventy Two.

Michael J. Cramer.

0. D. Rosenörn-Lehn.

21.

ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE, TURQUIE.

Convention d'extradition signée à Constantinople, le 11 août

1874*).

Imprimé officiel américain.

Texte français.

Les États-Unis d'Amérique et Sa Majesté Impériale le Sultan, ayant jugé convenable, afin d'assurer une meilleure administration de la justice et prévenir les délits dans leurs territoires et jurisdictions respectifs, de se livrer réciproquement, dans certaines circonstances déterminées, les personnes condamnées ou accusées des crimes indiqués ci-après, qui se seraient soustraites à la poursuite de la justice, ont résolu de conclure une convention d'extradition, et ont nommé à cet effet pour leurs Plénipotentiaires : le Président des États-Unis d'Amérique:

George H. Boker, Ministre Résident des États-Unis d'Amérique près la Sublime Porte;

et Sa Majesté Impériale le Sultan:

Son Excellence Aarifi Pacha, son Ministre des Affaires Étrangères; lesquels, après s'être réciproquement communiqué leurs pleins pouvoirs, qui

*) En anglais et en français. Les ratifications ont été échangées à Constan. tinople, le 22 avril 1875.

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