mento, without landed resources, had received proportionately larger benefits, by incurring a debt of less than half a million. Benicia's scrip was nearly at par. The main exhibit by S. F. was in grading and planking, two thirds of which cost had been contributed by the property owners. Similar was the showing for the county, which had expended $455,807 for the year ending June 1851, while the receipts were only $69,305. Most of the sums allowed were pointed out as suspicious. See report in S. F. Herald, Sept. 30, 1851; Aug. 5, 22, 30, 1850; Aug. 29, 1851; Cal. Courier, Id., and Oct. 26, Dec. 6, 1850; Cal. Polit. Scraps, 123; Richardson's Mining Erp., MS., 30; Alta Cal., Apr. 27, 1851, etc.; S. F. Picayune, Aug. 3-5, Sept. 5, 1850. The assessed value of property for 1851 was $17,000,000, and the estimated revenue $550,000, $400,000 being from licenses. This was declared amply sufficient for expenses, now reduced by $410,000, of which $290,000 was for salaries of municipal officers and police. Reprehensible as the mismanagement was, these aldermen were not worse than many of their accusers, nor half so bad as some later councilmen, who ranked us permanent citizens and esteemed members of the community; for the former were comparative strangers, afflicted by the prevailing mania for speedy enrichment, and with no intention of remaining in California. Geary's demeanor is not wholly spotless. His unassuming manners and ability, and his veto on many obnoxious measures, gave an éclat to his official career, which served greatly to gloss over several questionable features, such as amassing some $200,000 in less than three years, not derived from trade; illegally buying city lots; countenancing the purchase of the useless city hall on Stockton st; and other doubtful transactions connected with the disposal of city property and money. returned to Pa in Feb. 1852, served with distinction in the civil war, and became gov. of his native state. His portrait is given in Ann. S. F., 725.

He

CHAPTER XI.

SOCIETY.

1849-1850.

INGATHERING OF NATIONALITIES-PECULIARITIES OF DRESS AND MANNERSPHYSICAL AND MORAL FEATURES-Levelling of Rank aND POSITIONIN THE MINES-CHOLERA-HARDSHIPS AND SELF-DENIALS-A COMMUNITY OF MEN-ADULATION OF WOMAN—ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE OF STEAMERS -SANITARY CONDITION OF SAN FRANCISCO-RATS AND OTHER VERMINTHE DRINKING HABIT AMUSEMENTS - GAMBLING - LOTTERIES AND RAFFLES-BULL AND BEAR FIGHTING-THE DRAMA-SUNDAY IN THE MINES-SUMMARY.

SOCIETY during the flush times of California presents several remarkable features besides the Babylonian confusion of tongues, and the medley of races and nationalities. It was a gathering without parallel in history, for modern means of communication alone made it possible. The inflowing argonauts of 1849 found San Francisco not only a tented city, like the rest of the interior towns and camps, but a community of men. The census of 1850 places the female population, by that time fast increasing, at less than eight per cent of the total inhabitants of the country, while in mining counties the proportion fell below two per cent.1

1Calaveras shows only 267 women in a total of 16,884; Yuba, 221 in a total of 9,673; Mariposa, 108 in 4,379, yet here only 80 were white women; Sacramento, 615 in 9,087. In the southern counties, chiefly occupied by Mexicans, the proportion approaches the normal, Los Angeles having 1,519 women in a total of 3,530. U. S. Census, 1850, 969 et seq. The proportion in 1849 may be judged from the overland migration figures, which still in 1850 allows a percentage of only two for women, with a slightly larger fraction for children. Sac. Transcript, Sept. 30, 1850; S. F. Picayune, Sept. 6, 1850. Many writers on this period fall into the usual spirit of exaggeration by reducing the females even more. Burnett, Rec., MS., ii. 35-7, for instance,

( 221 )

2

It was, moreover, a community of young men. There was scarcely a gray head to be seen. From these conditions of race, sex, and age, exposed to strange environment, result phases of life and character which stamp the golden era of California as peculiar.

Of nationalities the flow from Europe alone equalled in variety that of the medieval crusades, with notable prominence to the leading types, the self-complacent Briton, the methodic and reflective German, and the versatile Gaul. The other continents contributed to swell the list. Africa was represented, besides the orthodox negro, by swarthy Moors and straight-featured Abyssinians. Asia and Australasia provided their quota in pig-tailed, blue-garbed Mongols, with their squat, bow-legged cousins of Nipon, lithe and diminutive Malays, dark-skinned Hindoos enwrapped in oriental dreaminess, the well-formed Maoris and Kanakas, the stately turbaned Ottomans, and the ubiquitous Hebrews, ever to be found in the wake of movements offering trade profits. The American element preponderated, however, the men of the United States, side by side with the urbane and pic turesque Hispano-Americans, and the half-naked aborigines. The Yankee fancied himself over all, with his political and commercial supremacy, being full of great projects and happy devices for surmounting obstacles, even to the achieving of the seemingly impossible; and fitted no less by indomitable energy,

3

assumes only 15 per mille for San Francisco, which naturally had a larger proportion of women than the mining camps.

Calaveras exhibits in its total of 16,884 only 69 persons over 60 years; Yuba only 21 in its total of 9,673. Ib.

3

Helper, Land of Gold, 53-4, states that the 'general dislike to their race induced many to trade under assumed names.' See also McDaniels' Early Days, MS., 4.

Their selfishness, tempered by sagacious self-control, is generally of that broad class which best promotes the general weal. They readily combine for great undertakings, with due subordination, yet without fettering individuality, as manifested in the political movements for which they have been fitted from childhood by participation in local and general affairs. Lambertie extols the audacious enterprise 'qui confond un Francais,' and the courageous energy which yields to no reverses. Voy., 209-10. Auger, Voy., 105-6, also admires the power to organize. See California Inter Pocula, this series.

NATIONAL DIVERSITIES.

223

shrewdness, and adaptability than by political and numerical rights to assume the mastery," and so lift into a progressive state a virgin field which under English domination might have sunk into a stagnant conservative colony, or remained under Mexican sway an outpost ever smouldering with revolution.

As compared with this foremost of Teutonic peoples, the French, as the Latin representatives, appeared to less advantage in the arts heedful for building up a commonwealth. Depth of resource, practical sense, and force of character could not be replaced by effervescing brilliancy and unsustained dash. They show here rather in subordinate efforts conducive to creature comforts, while Spanish-Americans were conspicuous from their well-known lack of sustained energy.

The clannish tendencies of the Latin peoples, due partly to the overbearing conduct of the Anglo-Saxons, proved not alone an obstacle to the adoption of superior methods and habits, but fostered prejudices on both sides. This feeling developed into open hostility on the part of a thoughtless and less respectable portion of the northern element, whose jealousy was roused by the success achieved by the quicker eye and experience of the Spanish-American miners. The Chinese did not become numerous enough until 1851 to awaken the enmity which in their case was based on still wider grounds."

5 Among the less desirable elements were the ungainly, illiterate crowds from the border states, such as Indiana Hoosiers and Missourians, or 'Pike County' people, and the pretentious, fire-eating chivalry from the south. While less obnoxious at first, the last named proved more persistently objec tionable, for the angularities of the others soon wore off in the contact with their varied neighbors, partly with the educated youths from New England. Low's Stat., MS., 7; Findla's Stat., MS., 9; Fay's Facts, MS., 19.

In catering for others, or making the most of their own moderate means. 'Les plus pauvres,' exclaims Saint Amant, Cal., 487, on comparing their backward condition with that of the adaptive Americans.

They were slow to take lessons from their inventive neighbors. A warning letter against the Chilians came from South American. Unbound Doc., 327-8. Revere, Keel and Saddle, 160-1, commends their quickness for pros. pecting, and their patience as diggers. Bosthwick's Cal., 311; Barry and Pat ten's Men and Mem., 287 et seq.; Fisher's Cals., 42-9; Alta Cal., June 29, 1851. 8 As will be seen later.

'All of which is fully considered in another volume of this work.

Certain distinctiveness of dress and manner assisted the physical type in marking nationalties; but idiosyncrasies were less conspicuous here than in conventional circles, owing to the prevalence of the miner's garbchecked or woollen shirts, with a predominance of red and blue, open at the bosom, which could boast of shaggy robustness, or loosely secured by a kerchief; pantaloons half tucked into high and wrinkled boots, and belted at the waist, where bristled an arsenal of knife and pistols. Beard and hair, emancipated from thraldom, revelled in long and bushy tufts, which rather harmonized with the slouched and dingy hat. Later, a species of foppery broke out in the flourishing towns; on Sundays particularly gay colors predominated. The gamblers, taking the lead, affected the Mexican style of dress: white shirt with diamond studs, or breastpin of native gold, chain of native golden specimens, broad-brimmed hat with sometimes a feather or squirrel's tail under the band, top-boots, and a rich scarlet sash or silk handkerchief thrown over the shoulder or wound round the waist. San Francisco took early a step further. Traders and clerks drew forth their creased suits of civilization, till the shooting-jacket of the Briton, the universal black of the Yankee, the tapering cut of the Parisian, the stovepipe hat and stand-up collar of the professional, appeared upon the street to rival or eclipse the prostitute and cognate fraternity which at first monopolized elegance in drapery.10

Miners, however, made a resolute stand against any, approach to dandyism, as they termed the concomitants of shaven face and white shirt, as antagonistic to their own foppery of rags and undress which attended deified labor. Clean, white, soft hands were an abomination, for such were the gambler's and the preacher's, not to speak of worshipful femininity. But horny were the honest miner's hands, whose one only

10 Fay's Facts, MS., 10. Placer Times, Oct. 27, 1849, and contemporaries, warn their readers against such imitation of foppery.