Val. Union, June 22, 1872; Panamá Star, Feb. 24, 1849; Hewlett's Stat., MS.; Hearn's Cal. Sketches, MS., 3; Little's Stat., MS., 6-8, 12; Sayward's Pion. Remin., MS., 12-13; Auger, Voy. en Cal., 105-16; Crescent City Herald, Nov. 29, 1854; Chas Holland, in Coast Review, May 1873, p. 75; Coke's Ride, 185, 359-60; Grass Val. Foothill Tidings, March 15, 22, 29, Apr. 5, 12, 19, 26, May 3, 10, 17, 1879; Cassin's Stat., MS., 18; Fresno Expositor, June 22, 1870; Fay's Stat., MS., 11-13; Lambertie, Voy. Cal., 239-40, 259-63; Hist. Stanislaus Co., 103-4; Perry's Travels, 90-1; S. F. Call, Jan. 19, 1873; Jan. 10, 1875; S. F. Mer. Gaz. and Shipp'g Reg., Jan. 3, 1857; S. F. Whig and Advert., June 11, 1853, 2; S. F. Post, Aug. 8, 1877; S. F. Manual, 197-204; S. F. Herald, Jan. 29, June 1, 4, 6, 8, July 19, 23, Aug. 1, 1850; May 21, 1852; Cil. Spirit Times, Dec. 25, 1877; S. F. Morn. Globe, Aug. 19, 1856; S. F. Town Talk, May 6, 1856; Ferry, Cal., 106-7; Lecky's Rat., i. 275; Cerruti's Ramblings, 28-9; Fisher's Cal. 42-9; Thompson's Stat., MS., 21-6; Fitzgerald's Cal. Sketches, 179-81; Mrs Tibbey, in Miscel. Stat., 19-20; Peachy's Mining Laws, 1-86; Lett's Cal. Illust., 102-4; Findla's Statement, MS., 9; Cal. Rev. and Tax. Scraps, 4-10; S. F. Bulletin, 1855-7, passim; Brooks' Four Months, 15, 17, 51-3, 59-61, 65, 68-72, 77, 89, 91, 183, 206; Id., Hist. Mex. War, 536; Grass Val. Union, Nov. 15, 1867; Meadow Lake W. Sun, Nov. 24, 1864; C. Costa Gazette, Apr. 9, 1879; Cal. Digger's Hand-Book, 7-9, 12-14, 27-8, 30-8, 43, 66, 72–8; S. F. Pacific News, Dec. 22, 1849; Jan. 1, 10, Apr. 26-7, 1850; May-Dec. 1850, passim: Unbound Doc., 12, 50, 318, 327-8, 383, 408-11; El Universal, June 5, 1849; Nov. 30, 1850; Tyler's Bidwell's Bar, MS., 2-7; Trinity Times, Jan. 27, 1855; Trask's Geol. Cal., 23-4; Torres, Perip., 81, 148-9; Todd's Sunset Land, 45; South. Quart. Review, v. (N. S.) 301-21; Kirkpatrick's Jour., MS., 37; Kip's Cal. Sketches, MS., 5, 36-41, 48-52; Kelly's Excursion, ii. 23-4; Matthewson's Stat., MS., 8-9; Upham's Notes, 328-9; Seventh U. S. Census, 985; Siskiyou Co. Affairs, MS., 10; Sherwood's Cal., 3–27; S. F. Cal. Courier, July-Dec. 1850, passim; Sac. Union, 1854-6, passim; St Amant, Voy., 575-9; Miguel Urrea, in Soc. Mex. Geog., ii. 44; Grass Val. National, Dec. 31, 1874; S. José Mercury, Jan. 12, 1865; Direct. Grass Val., 1865, 69-88; Garniss' Early Days S. F., MS., 15; S. Diego Arch., 325, 349; Hayes' Scraps, San Diego, i. 94; Id., Angeles, ii. 102-8, 258, 272, 279; xviii. 101-3; Id., Mining Cal., i.-vii., passim; Cal. Gold Regions, 15; Cal. Pol. Scraps, 267-74; Swan's Trip to the Gold Mines; Cal. Pion., no. 49, pp. 48-9; Barstow's Stat., MS., 2, 4-7, 14; Capron's Hist. Cal., 229-34; Borthwick's Three Years in Cal., passim; Bonwick's Mormons, 350-1, 370-1, 379, 391; Knox' Underground, 797814; Savage Coll., MS., iii. 188; U. S. Land Off. Rept, 1855, 141-2; Simpson's Gold Mines, 5, 7-8, 11, 13, 27; Marysville W. Appeal, Aug. 24, 1867; Marysville D. Appeal, Oct. 23, 1864; Marysville Direct., 1858, 23-30, 94; Barry's Up and Down, 125-30; Hutchings' Illust. Cal. Mag., i. 218, 340; iii. 343, 469, 506, 519; iv. 452, 497; Valle, Doc., 72 et seq.; Hist. Doc. Cal., i. 507-9, 520; iii. 371, 373, 379-82; Vallejo, Col. Doc., xxxv. 63; xxxvi. 189, 213; Bigler's Diary, MS., 76; Browne's Min. Res., 15-72, 193-200; Martin's Nar., MS., 54-5; Marryat's Mountains; Kane, in Miscel. Stat., 10; Hawley's Observ., MS., 8-9; Mariposa Gazette, Feb. 26, 1869; Jan. 17, June 27, 1873; Id., Chron., Dec. 8, 1854; U. S. Govt Doc., Spec. Sess., March 1853, Sen. Doc. 4, pp. 405; Id., 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. 1, p. 488; McDaniel's Early Days, MS., 7; McCollum's Cal., 45; Jacob's Prec. Metals, ii. 41 et seq.; Janssens, Viday Ad., MS., 221; Bakersfield South. Cal., June 8, Nov. 23, 1876; Barnes' Or. and Cal., 14-18, 118; Misc. Hist. Papers, Doc. 26, 34; Soc. Mex. Geog., Bolet., ii. 44; Vowell's Mining Districts, MS., 23-4; Ballou's Advent., MS., 25; Wheaton's Stat., MS., 6, 9; Columbia Gaz., Dec. 9, 1854; Id., Clipper, Dec. 2, 1854; Sonora Herald, Dec. 9, 1854; Schlagintweit, Cal., 216-311; Safford's Narr., MS., 21-2; Son. Co. Hist., 29-38; Weston's Life in the Mines, MS., 7; La Voz de Sonora, Oct. 5, 1855; Velasco, Son., 307; Van Dyke's Stat., MS., 3-5, 8; Yuba Co. Hist., 44, 136; Vallejo D. Recorder, Nov. 5, 1870; S. F. Alta California, 1849-56, passim; Wright's Big Bonanza, 567-9; Son. Democrat, Jan. 31, 1880; Sutton's Stat., MS., 3-4, 11; Yreka Union, Feb. 20, 1864, June 5, 1839; Woodward's Stat., MS., 3, 5; Wood's Sixteen Months, 50-4, 57, 64, 84, 100, 125-30, 135, 144-8, 171-6; Id., Pioneer Work, 64-5, 98-9. CHAPTER XVII. BIRTH OF TOWNS. 1769-1869. MEXICAN TOWN-MAKING-MISSION, PRESIDIO, AND PUEBLO-THE ANGLO- FOR three quarters of a century California had been a colonial appendage of Mexico, occupied as a military frontier, with friars to superintend the subjugation of the natives, and convert them into citizens useful to themselves and to the state. They were, for lack of ready material, to swell the ranks of the colonists, who, under protection of the sword and cross, formed nuclei for towns, raising up in due time a self-sustaining province of tribute-paying subjects. The missions being gradually changed into locally self-governing pueblos, the teaching and protecting friars and soldiers were to pass onward with the extending border line. But the Mexicans did not possess the true spirit of hard-working, thrifty colonists and home-builders. They were easily deterred by such obstacles as distance from convenient centres and home associations, especially when their indolent disposition was disturbed by danger from beasts and savages. Even for contiguous states within the republic, colonization had to be fostered by military settlements, with semi-compulsory enlistment; hence progress fell into the ruts of MINING METHODS. Val. Union, June 22, 1872; Panamá Star, Feb. 24, 1849; Hewlett's Stat., MS.; Hearn's Cal. Sketches, MS., 3; Little's Stat., MS., 6-8, 12; Sayward's Pion Remin., MS., 12-13; Auger, Voy. en Cal., 105-16; Crescent City Herald, Nov. 29, 1854; Chas Holland, in Coast Review, May 1873, p. 75; Coke's Ride, 185, 359-60; Grass Val. Foothill Tidings, March 15, 22, 29, Apr. 5, 12, 19, 26, May 3, 10, 17, 1879; Cassin's Stat., MS., 18; Fresno Expositor, June 22, 1870; Fay's Stat., MS., 11-13; Lambertie, Voy. Cal., 239-40, 259-63; Hist. Stanislaus Co., 103-4; Perry's Travels, 90-1; S. F. Call, Jan. 19, 1873; Jan. 10, 1875; S. F. Mer. Gaz. and Shipp'g Reg., Jan. 3, 1857; S. F. Whig and Advert, June 11, 1853, 2; S. F. Post, Aug. 8, 1877; S. F. Manual, 197-204; S. F Herald, Jan. 29, June 1, 4, 6, 8, July 19, 23, Aug. 1, 1850; May 21, 1852; Cal. Spirit Times, Dec. 25, 1877; S. F. Morn. Globe, Aug. 19, 1856; 8. F. Town Talk, May 6, 1856; Ferry, Cal., 106-7; Lecky's Rat., i. 275; Cerruti's Ramblings, 28-9; Fisher's Cal. 42-9; Thompson's Stat., MS., 21-6; Fitzgerald's Cal. Sketches, 179-81; Mrs Tibbey, in Miscel. Stat., 19-20; Peachy's Mining Laws, 1-86; Lett's Cal. Illust., 102-4; Findla's Statement, MS., 9; Cal. Rev. and Tax. Scraps, 4-10; S. F. Bulletin, 1855-7, passim; Brooks' Four Months, 15, 17, 51-3, 59-61, 65, 68-72, 77, 89, 91, 183, 206; Id., Hist. Mex. War, 536; Grass Val. Union, Nov. 15, 1867; Meadow Lake W. Sun, Nov. 24, 1864; C. Costa Gazette, Apr. 9, 1879; Cal. Digger's Hand-Book, 7-9, 12-14, 27-8, 30-8, 43, 66, 72-8; S. F. Pacific News, Dec. 22, 1849; Jan. 1, 10, Apr. 26-7, 1850; May-Dec. 1850, passim: Unbound Doc., 12, 50, 318, 327-8, 383, 408-11; El Universal, June 5, 1849; Nov. 30, 1850; Tyler's Bidwell's Bar, MS., 2-7; Trinity Times, Jan. 27, 1855; Trask's Geol. Cal., 23-4; Torres, Perip., 81, 148-9; Todd's Sunset Land, 45; South. Quart. Review, v. (N. S.) 301-21; Kirkpatrick's Jour., MS., 37; Kip's Cal. Sketches, MS., 5, 36-41, 48-52; Kelly's Excursion, ii. 23-4; Matthewson's Stat., MS., 8-9; Upham's Notes, 328-9; Seventh U. S. Census, 985; Siskiyou Co. Affairs, MS., 10; Sherwood's Cal., 3-27; 8. F. Cal. Courier, July-Dec. 1850, passim; Sac. Union, 1854-6, passim; St Amant, Voy., 575-9; Miguel Urrea, in Soc. Mex. Geog., ii. 44; Grass Val. National, Dec. 31, 1874; S. José Mercury, Jan. 12, 1865; Direct. Grass Val., 1865, 69-88; Garniss' Early Days S. F., MS., 15; S. Diego Arch., 325, 349; Hayes' Scraps, San Diego, i. 94; Id., Angeles, ii. 102-8, 258, 272, 279; xviii. 101-3; Id., Mining Cal., i.-vii., passim; Cal. Gold Regions, 15; Cal. Pol. Scraps, 267-74; Swan's Trip to the Gold Mines; Cal. Pion., no. 49, pp. 48-9; Barstow's Stat., MS., 2, 4-7, 14; Capron's Hist. Cal., 229-34; Borthwick's Three Years in Cal., passim; Bonwick's Mormons, 350-1, 370-1, 379, 391; Knox' Underground, 797814; Savage Coll., MS., iii. 188; U. S. Land Off. Rept, 1855, 141-2; Simpson's Gold Mines, 5, 7-8, 11, 13, 27; Marysville W. Appeal, Aug. 24, 1867; Marysville D. Appeal, Oct. 23, 1864; Marysville Direct., 1858, 23-30, 94; Barry's Up and Down, 125-30; Hutchings' Illust. Cal. Mag., i. 218, 340; iii. 343, 469, 506, 519; iv. 452, 497; Valle, Doc., 72 et seq.; Hist. Doc. Cal., i. 507-9, 520; iii. 371, 373, 379-82; Vallejo, Col. Doc., xxxv. 63; xxxvi. 189, 213; Bigler's Diary, MS., 76; Browne's Min. Res., 15-72, 193-200; Martin's Nar., MS., 54-5; Marryat's Mountains; Kane, in Miscel. Stat., 10; Hawley's Observ., MS., 8-9; Mariposa Gazette, Feb. 26, 1869; Jan. 17, June 27, 1873; Id., Chron., Dec. 8, 1854; U. S. Govt Doc., Spec. Sess., March 1853, Sen. Doc. 4, pp. 405; Id., 31st Cong., 1st Sess., Sen. 1, p. 488; McDaniel's Early Days, MS., 7; McCollum's Cal., 45; Jacob's Prec. Metals, ii. 41 et seq.; Janssens, Viday Ad., MS., 221; Bakersfield South. Cal., June 8, Nov. 23, 1876; Barnes' Or. and Cal., 14-18, 118; Misc. Hist. Papers, Doc. 26, 34; Soc. Mex. Geog., Bolet., ii. 44; Vowell's Mining Districts, MS., 23-4; Ballou's Advent., MS., 25; Wheaton's Stat., MS., 6, 9; Columbia Gaz., Dec. 9, 1854; Id., Clipper, Dec. 2, 1854; Sonora Herald, Dec. 9, 1854; Schlagintweit, Cal., 216-311; Safford's Narr., MS., 21-2; Son. Co. Hist., 29-38; Weston's Life in the Mines, MS., 7; La Voz de Sonora, Oct. 5, 1855; Velasco, Son., 307; Van Dyke's Stat., MS., 3-5, 8; Yuba Co. Hist., 44, 136; Vallejo D. Recorder, Nov. 5, 1870; S. F. Alta California, 1849-56, passim; Wright's Big Bonanza, 567-9; Son. Democrat, Jan. 31, 1880; Sutton's Stat., MS., 3-4, 11; Yreka Union, Feb. 20, 1864, June 5, 1839; Woodward's Stat., MS., 3, 5; Wood's Sixteen Months, 50-4, 57, 64, 84, 100, 125-30, 135, 144-8, 171-6; Id., Pioneer Work, 64-5, 98-9. CHAPTER XVII. BIRTH OF TOWNS. 1769-1869. MEXICAN TOWN-MAKING-MISSION, PRESIDIO, AND PUEBLO THE ANGLOAMERICAN METHOD-CLEARING AWAY THE WILDERNESS--THE AMERICAN MUNICIPAL IDEA-NECESSITIES ATTENDING SELF-GOVERNMENT— HOME-MADE LAWS AND JUSTICE-ARBITRATION AND LITIGATION-CAMP AND TOWN SITES-CREATION OF COUNTIES-NOMENCLATURE-RIVERS AND HARBORS-INDUSTRIES AND PROGRESS. FOR three quarters of a century California had been a colonial appendage of Mexico, occupied as a military frontier, with friars to superintend the subjugation of the natives, and convert them into citizens useful to themselves and to the state. They were, for lack of ready material, to swell the ranks of the colonists, who, under protection of the sword and cross, formed nuclei for towns, raising up in due time a self-sustaining province of tribute-paying subjects. The missions being gradually changed into locally self-governing pueblos, the teaching and protecting friars and soldiers were to pass onward with the extending border line. But the Mexicans did not possess the true spirit of hard-working, thrifty colonists and home-builders. They were easily deterred by such obstacles as distance from convenient centres and home associations, especially when their indolent disposition was disturbed by danger from beasts and savages. Even for contiguous states within the republic, colonization had to be fostered by military settlements, with semi-compulsory enlistment; hence progress fell into the ruts of slow pastoral life, in which the well-known prolificness of the race ranked as chief factor. Under like conditions there would have been like drawbacks, only in less intensified degree, when California became a part of the United States. Development would have been very gradual but for the same incentive which had promoted the occupation of America, and the rapid extension of Spanish conquests to the borders. of Arizona-gold. The broader effect of its discovery was here greatly owing to the facilities provided for immigration by a more advanced age, no less than to the energetic, enterprising character of the chief participants. The Anglo-Americans were in good training for the conquest of nature. During the past two centuries much of their time had been spent in subduing the wilderness, in killing off the wild beasts and wild men, and planting settlements along the gradually retreating frontiers; so that when they came to California they were ready to make short work of whatever should stand between them and that grand development which was to see a valley of pathless plains and silent foothills blossom within one brief year into countless camps and busy highways. Before this their adventurous vanguard had displayed to easy-going pueblo dwellers their bent for city building by planning more than one pretentious site; but it was in the mining region that this talent was to appear in impromptu evolutions, out of which should spring regulations so admirable in principle and adaptability as to serve as a basis for later communities, and to eclipse the century codes of Europe. The concurrence of the miners at some promising locality, and the demand of numerous and less fortunate late comers, called for a distribution or readjustment of ground claims on the principle of free land and equal rights, at least among citizens of the United States, as title-holders, and with special consideration for the discoverer. This was the foundation of the mining-camp system. |