MONT), but was compelled by Gen. Jubal A. Early (q.v.) to retreat from that point by way of the Kanawha and Ohio rivers to Parkersburg, and thence by rail to the east. Gen. George Crook's wing of Sigel's column from the Kanawha penetrated to the Tennessee and Virginia Railroad at Wytheville (q.v.). See also CLOYD'S MOUNTAIN.

On 6 May General Sherman moved from the vicinity of Chattanooga against General Johnston at Dalton (q.v.). The Union army had in round numbers 100,000, the Confederates being about half as strong. After vainly attacking the gaps and ranges in front of Dalton for several days, Sherman passed his army through Snake Creek Gap leading to the rear of Dalton. This compelled General Johnston to retire from his camps, and he was defeated at Resaca (q.v.). Johnston resisted stubbornly at every step, but he was successively flanked out of every new position until he reached Atlanta. (See ROME; DALLAS; NEW HOPE CHURCH; MARIETTA; PINE MOUNTAIN; KOLBS FARM; KENESAW MOUNTAIN; SMYRNA CAMP GROUND). Fighting had been in progress at some points of the line from May till September. Johnston was succeeded by Hood 18 July, and on the 20th Hood attacked at Peach Tree Creek (q.v.) and was repulsed with great loss. He then moved out of Atlanta and attacked, and was again defeated. (See LEGGETT'S OR BALD HILL). General McPherson, commanding the Army of the Tennessee, was killed. The next attack was at Ezra Church (q.v.) 28 July, upon the Army of the Tennessee, this also being repulsed after three hours' severe fighting, with much loss. See also STONEMAN'S MACON RAID.

On 2 September Sherman occupied Atlanta, which was evacuated as a result of his moving to the rear of the city on Jonesboro (q.v.). Hood first raided Sherman's railroad communications, fighting heavily at Allatoona 5 October, and soon after moved northward. General Thomas was sent to resist his movement if he invaded Tennessee, and Sherman started 15 November on his March to the Sea (q.v. See also GRISWOLDVILLE). While it was originally intended by General Grant that he should move from Atlanta to Mobile, the harbor there having been captured 5-23 August by Farragut and Canby, he decided upon the alternative which Grant had suggested before the campaign opened, and started for Savannah.

The fight of Farragut's fleet in the harbor of Mobile, which decided Sherman's march to Savannah, was one of the most brilliant in naval warfare. (See FORT GAINS AND FORT MORGAN; MOBILE BAY; FORT BLAKELY). The Confederate fleet was destroyed, including the far-famed ironclad ram Tennessee. Sherman reached Savannah with slight opposition. (See FORT MCALLISTER; also HONEY HILL). On 17 December he summoned Hardee to surrender. The latter refused, and on the night of the 20th retired with his force of 10,000 without molestation. The next morning the Union army entered.

Meantime Hood had invaded Tennessee with the entire army with which Sherman's three armies had been confronted from March till September. General Thomas left with two small but excellent corps, by great exertion organized an army to oppose Hood. SPRING HILL). On 30 November General Scho

VOL. 7-2

(See

field, commanding in the field in front of Hood, inflicted a nearly fatal blow upon him at Franklin (q.v.). After General Thomas' forces were united at Nashville (q.v.) 15-16 December, he attacked Hood's entrenchments in front of the city and dispersed and practically_annihilated his army. See also RUSSELLVILLE; STONEMAN'S RAID FROM EAST TENNESSEE; SALTVILLE.

The forced retreat of Hunter from Lynchburg over the mountains of West Virginia left the Shenandoah unprotected. General Early entered it, drove Sigel across the Potomac (see MARTINSBURG; MARYLAND HEIGHTS), then on 9 July defeated Wallace, who was in small force at Monocacy, Md. (q.v.), threatened Baltimore and appeared before Washington 11 July. Here he was met by veterans of the Sixth and Nineteenth corps, Army of the Potomac, hurried to Washington by Grant, and forced into rapid retreat. (See WASHINGTON, EARLY'S ATTEMPT ON; SNICKER'S FERRY AND BERRY'S FERRY; STEPHENSON'S DEPOT; SHEPHERDSTOWN; KERNSTOWN, SECOND BATTLE OF). Upon the withdrawal of the troops from the Army of the Potomac Early again sent a force under Gen. John McCausland, into Pennsylvania, and these invaders burned Chambersburg 30 July. (See MCCAUSLAND'S RAID). Sheridan, being assigned to command, forced Early beyond Staunton; and devastating the Valley, he withdrew to Cedar Creek. While Sheridan was absent Early attacked and drove the army out of its camps. Gen. H. G. Wright, however, rallied the troops near Middletown and restored the battle. Sheridan arriving, the army advanced, and Early was so seriously defeated as to close the campaign in the Valley. See SHEPHERDSTOWN; SMITHFIELD; OPEQUON; FISHER'S HILL; CEDAR CREEK; MILFORD; NINEVEH.

The first movement of the final campaigns of 1865 began 2 January in Tennessee, when General Schofield with the Twenty-third corps left Columbia, Tenn., for Clifton on the river bound for the east. The corps left Alexandria on transports soon after 1 February, and landed at the mouth of Cape Fear River, 9 February, where the Tenth corps was established, which, under Gen. Alfred H. Terry, had captured Fort Fisher (q.v.) that had been most stubbornly and gallantly defended against the army and the fleet by Gen. W. H. C. Whiting. Fort Anderson was attacked by army and fleet, and abandoned 19 February; the position of Town Creek was carried 20 February, and Wilmington (q.v.) was taken 22 February. Operating next by way of Newbern, Gen. R. F. Hoke was defeated at Kinston (q.v.) 10 March. Goldsboro (q.v.) was occupied by General Schofield on the 21st. Sherman's army joined Schofield here on the 23d. On 26 January General Terry had been dispatched to co-operate with Admiral Porter in reducing Fort Fisher at the mouth of Cape Fear River. A previous expedition under General Butler, 13-16 December, had failed, but the fleet had remained, and Porter had appealed to Grant to send another force. Terry's troops effected a landing above the fort 13 January. The next morning he was entrenched across the peninsula. Early on the 15th the fleet opened a terrific bombardment, which was continued until a force of marines was landed in the afternoon to co-operate in the assault of the army. This was delivered at 3.30 in the afternoon, the flank of the work next the river being

carried. Then followed severe fighting for each succeeding traverse. It was not until 10 o'clock at night that the fort was finally carried. Sherman started northward from Savannah 1 February (see SAVANNAH TO GOLDSBORO). Marching through swamps, and crossing all streams at flood, he was before Columbia on the 16th. It was surrendered without fighting the next day. Charleston, being cut off from interior communications, was evacuated by Gen. W. J. Hardee 18 February. Fayetteville, N. C., was reached 11 March. The first opposition stronger than skirmishing was at Averasboro 16 March, where General Hardee made a brief stand. On 19 March Johnston's army, which had been collected on Sherman's front at Bentonville (q.v.), checked his advance and nearly overwhelmed his left wing before the right wing, which was widely separated from the left, could reach it. On the 21st Johnston was defeated after sharp fighting, and Sherman marched for Goldsboro, which he reached 23 biw di

fighting; Columbus was carried by a night assault 16 April; Macon surrendered 20 April. Here Wilson received notice of the ShermanJohnston truce. An expedition, sent out 7 May by Wilson from Macon, under Colonel Pritchard, Fourth Michigan, captured Jefferson Davis, 10 May, at Irwinsville, Ga. On 6 February the Confederates made a heavy attack at Hatcher's Run on Grant's left, but were finally repulsed with a Union loss of about 1,500. (See HATCHER'S RUN [DABNEY'S MILL AND ARMSTRONG'S MILL] BATTLE OF). The night of 24 March Gen. J. B. Gordon made a daring and most successful assault upon the right of Grant's lines at Petersburg, capturing Fort Stedman (q.v.) and three strong works. These were recaptured the next day.

The Army of the Potomac was the last to move in the opening campaigns of 1865. It had occupied its lines before Petersburg without general movement from November till the last of March. The general movement, which was

37 sobb Federal

March. See also STONEMAN'S RAID IN EAST TENNESSEE, SOUTHWESTERN VIRGINIA AND WESTERN NORTH CAROLINA.

On 2 March Sheridan advanced up the Valley, defeated Early at Waynesboro (q.v.) and proceeded through Charlottesville and along the Richmond and L. Railroad, destroying roads and stores, and joined Grant at Petersburg. Gen. James H. Wilson, operating under Gen. George H. Thomas, crossed the Tennessee 22 March with a thoroughly equipped mounted force of 12,500, and 1,500 dismounted, to follow, until horses could be captured. (See WILSON'S RAID FROM CHICKASAW TO SELMA AND MACON). His first objective was Selma, Ala. A portion of Forrest's cavalry was encountered and defeated at Montevallo 30 March. The fortifications of Selma (q.v.) were carried against Forrest 2 April, and immense war supplies and plants for the manufacture of war materials destroyed. Montgomery surrendered 12 April; West Point was captured 15 April, after sharp

to the left, began on the 29th, and brought on the battle of Dinwiddie Court House (q.v.) and White Oak Road on the 31st, and the battle of Five Forks (q.v.) on 1 April, in which latter engagement the Confederates were defeated. On 2 April the Confederate entrenchments were carried, and General Lee abandoned his lines during the night, having notified President Davis during the forenoon that he would begin a retreat on Amelia Court House that night. Jefferson Davis received this dispatch in church. He and his Cabinet immediately collected personal effects and Confederate archives, and left Richmond on a special train. Gen. Godfrey Weitzel received the surrender of the city on 3 April.

General Lee's army was assembled at Amelia Court House 5 April, and continued its retreat at night. On the 6th General Meade advanced on Amelia Court House, but, finding that General Lee had left, he moved toward Deatonsville (Sailor's Creek), where the most

Goodrich, A. M., Cruise and Captures of the Alabama (Minneapolis 1906); Gillmore, Q. A., 'Engineer and Artillery Operations against Charleston (New York 1868); Gordon, J. B., 'Reminiscences of the Civil War' (New York 1905); Gordon, G. H., The Army of Virginia' (Boston 1880); Gough, J. E., 'Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville) (London 1913); Grant, U. S., 'Personal Memoirs' (New York 188586); Greeley, H., The American Conflict (Hartford 1864-67); Henderson, G. F. R., Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War (New York 1898); Hood, J. B., 'Advance and Retreat' (New Orleans 1880); Hosmer, J. K., 'The Appeal to Arms' (New York 1907), and The Outcome of the Civil War' (New York 1907); Howard, O. O., Autobiography (New York 1907); Humphreys, A. A., From Gettysburg to the Rapidan' (New York 1883); Irwin, R. B., 'History of the Nineteenth Army Corps (New York 1893); Johnson, Rossiter, History of the War of Secession (Boston, 1889); Jones, J. B., A Rebel War Clerk's Diary) (Philadelphia 1866); Johnston, J. E., Narrative of Military Operations during the Late War' (New York 1874); Livermore, T. L., 'Numbers and Losses in the Civil War (Boston 1900); Longstreet, H. D., 'Lee and Longstreet at High Tide) (Gainesville, Ga., 1904); Longstreet, J., 'From Manassas to Appomattox (Philadelphia 1896); Maclay E. S., History of the Navy' (New York 1902); McClellan, H. B., 'Life and Campaigns of Maj.-Gen. J. E. B. Stuart' (Boston 1885); McClellan's Own Story) (New York 1887); McKim, R. H., Numerical Strength of the Confederate Army) (New York 1912); McPherson, E., Political History of the United States during the Great Rebellion' (Washington 1882); McGuire, H. H., and Christian, G. L., The Confederate Cause and Conduct of the War between the States' (Richmond 1907); Meade, G. G., Life and Letters' (New York 1913); Michie, P. S., 'Life of Gen. McClellan' (New York 1901); Moore, Frank, Rebellion Record' (New York 1861-68); Mahan, A. T., "The Gulf and Inland Waters' (New York 1883) and The Navy in the Civil War' (New York 1905); Nicolay and Hay, 'Abraham Lincoln: A History (New York 1890); (Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies' (U. S. Naval War Records Office, Washington 1894-1904); Paris, Comte de, History of the Civil War in America' (Philadelphia 1875-88); Parker, F. A., The Battle of Mobile Bay' (Boston 1878); Pennypacker, I. R., 'Life of G. G. Meade' (New York 1901); Pickett, L. C., 'Pickett and His Men (Philadelphia 1913); Pike, J. S., 'First Blows of the Civil War' (New York 1879); Pollard, E. A., The Lost Cause' (New York 1866); Porter, D. D., Naval History of the Civil War (New York 1886); Porter, Horace, Campaigning with Grant' (New York 1897); Powell, W. H., History of the 5th Army Corps' (New York 1896); Rhodes, C. D., History of the Cavalry of the Army of the Potomac (Kansas City 1900); Rhodes, J. F., History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850) (New York 1888-1906); Roman, A., The Military Operations of General Beauregard in the War between the States' (New York 1884); Rockwell, A. P., 'The Tenth Army Corps in Virginia' (Boston 1912);

Ropes, J. C., and Livermore, W. R., Story of the Civil War' (New York 1894-1913); Vaughan-Sawyer, G. H., Grant's Campaigns in Virginia (London 1908); Schaff, Morris, 'Sunset of the Confederacy) (Boston 1912); Scharf, J. T., History of the Confederate States Navy (New York 1887); Schofield, J. M., Forty-Six Years in the Army (New York 1897); Schurz, Carl, 'Reminiscences' (New York 1907-08); Schwab, J. C., The Confederate States of America: Financial and Industrial History) (New York 1901); Scribner, 'Campaigns of the Civil War' (New York 1881-83); Semmes, R., 'Memoirs of Service Afloat (Baltimore 1869), and 'Cruise of the Alabama) (New York 1864); Sheridan, P. H., 'Personal Memoirs (New York 1888); Shreve, W. P., The Third Army Corps' (Boston 1910); Sherman, John, 'Recollections of Forty Years in the House, Senate and Cabinet' (Chicago 1895); Sherman, W. T., Personal Memoirs (4th ed., New York 1892); Simms, J. H., Morgan's Raid and Capture' (East Liverpool, Ohio, 1913); Smith, W. F., From Chattanooga to Petersburg' (Boston 1893); Sinclair, A., Two Years on the Alabama' (Boston 1895); Snead, T. L., The Fight for Missouri (New York 1886); Soley, J. R., 'The Blockade and the Cruisers' (New York 1903); Speed, Thomas, "The Union Cause in Kentucky, 1860-1865) (New York 1907); Steele, M. F., Jackson's Valley Campaign (Fort Leavenworth, Kan., 1907); Stephens, A. H., 'Constitutional View of the Late War between the States (Philadelphia 1868-70); Stevens, Hazard, 'Military Operations in South Carolina in 1862 (Boston 1912); Swinton, W., 'Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac (rev. ed., New York 1882); Swinton, W., The Twelve Decisive Battles of the War' (New York 1867); Van Horne, T. B., The Army of the Cumberland' (Cincinnati 1875); Victor, O. J., History of the Southern Rebellion' (New York 1861-63); Walker, F. A., History of the 2nd Army Corps' (2d ed., New York 1891); "War of the Rebellion Official Records' (Vols. I-CXXXVI); Wheeler, Joseph, 'Campaigns of Wheeler and His Cavalry' (Atlanta 1899); Whiting, W., War Powers of the President' (Boston 1863); Wilson, Henry, 'Rise and Fall of Slave Power in America' (Boston 1872-77); Wilson, J. H., 'Under the Old Flag' (New York 1912); Wise, J. S., The End of an Era' (Boston 1902); Wise, G., Campaigns and Battles of the Army of Northern Virginia' (New York 1916); Woodbury, A., Burnside and the 9th Army Corps' (Providence 1867); Wise, J. C., History of the Artillery of the Army of Northern Virginia) (Lynchburg 1915). See also the bibliographies under the titles of individual battles and of persons engaged.

H. V. BOYNTON.

Revised by IRVING E. RINES.

CIVILIAN, in common speech a word denoting a person whose employments are wholly of a civil character as distinguished from one who belongs to the army or navy, while in legal acceptation it designates one who is learned in civil or Roman law.

CIVILIS, Julius, Germanic leader of the Batavi in their revolt against the Romans, 6970 A.D. At one time he held a command in the Roman army, but being more than once charged