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'As We Ride' (with Blanche Cole, 1902). 'The Changeful Earth (1911); 'Rocks and their Origins' (1912): The Growth of Europe' (1914); Ireland, the Land and the Landscape' (1915).

COLE, King, a legendary British king, described as a "merry old soul," fond of his pipe, and fond of his "bowl," and fond of his "fiddlers three." Colchester is said to have been his residence. Tradition says that he took Camulodunum from the Romans and named it the "Camp of Cole," which became Colchester. Another tradition says that Helena, the daughter of King Cole, was the mother of the Emperor Constantine.

COLE, Thomas, American landscape painter: b. Bolton-le-Moor, England, 1 Feb. 1801; d. Catskill, N. Y., 11 Feb. 1848. In 1819 his father and family emigrated to America. Here Cole began work as a wood engraver in Philadelphia, while his family went on to the West. In 1820 he followed them to Steubenville, Ohio, where he spent two years. He helped his father's wallpaper business by mixing colors and designing patterns. But he had always delighted in natural scenery and he was greatly interested in the surrounding landscape. His attention turned to painting and after a while he left home and after some wandering he came to New York in 1825. Here after a winter's work he sold some pictures, which enabled him to make a trip up the Hudson, already famous for its picturesque and romantic scenery. On his return he sold three pictures to Colonel Trumbull, William Dunlap and A. B. Durand, and this introduction gave him a definite position in American landscape painting, where he soon became a leader. In 1829, feeling a need for study of the recognized masters of landscape he went abroad. He went first to England and then to Italy. For almost four years he painted carnestly and studied the works of the painters whom he admired. He did not, however, attach himself to any one master nor did he copy many paintings; he received impressions on art and formed ideas but did not labor for advance in any particular kind of technical skill. The results of his tour were natural. Before leaving America he had had for his chief ideal the presentation of nature as he saw it. While he was abroad his mind turned more to a rendering of thoughts and ideas. On his return to America he painted the series of pictures called "The Course of Empire and some years afterward another series called 'The Voyage of Life, besides a number of other pictures in which his conceptions and ideas found almost allegorical expression. He also painted many purely American landscapes which became widely known, but the ideal pictures he came to think his greatest and most representative work. The general estimate, however, has been different; these ideal works have been neglected and Cole's chief work has been found in his purely American landscape. Cole will always be thought of as the leader of those earlier artists who devoted themselves to a presentation of the natural beauty of their country with a genius and a skill that delighted their own day and gave rise to a movement that has become rather the most characteristic thing in American painting. Cole was the leader and representative of the first group of American landscape

painters, often loosely called the "Hudson River School." The latter part of his life he lived at Catskill, N. Y. There is no recent life of Cole. The Life and Works of Thomas Cole' bv L. L. Noble, written shortly after Cole's death, gives a valuable but contemporary view.

COLE Timothy, American engraver: b. London, England, 1852. He came to America in 1857 and was rendered penniless by the Chicago fire in 1871. He studied under Bond and Chandler and in 1875 entered the employ of the Century Magazine (then Scribner's Monthly). In 1883 he was sent to Europe to engrave pictures by the old masters. His first series The Old Italian Masters' was finished in 1892. The Dutch and Flemish series followed in 1896 and the English in 1900. The 'Old Spanish Masters' was begun in 1902 and completed in 1907. The French series followed in 1910. Since 1914 he has been engaged on the old masters in American public and private galleries. He has received first-class medals at every exposition since 1893; is a member of the American Society of Arts and Letters. In 1914 he received the degree of M.A. from Princeton University. He stands easily at the head of living wood engravers. He is most effective in his use of the white line and in reproducing textures; his results in general are produced by conservative methods, in the employment of which he has gained breadth and power and appreciation of light and of the personality of his subject. Consult Weitenkampf, American Graphic Art (New York 1912). He wrote 'Notes to Old Italian Masters) (1889–92); Monograph on the Lives of Dutch Masters' (1892-96); Notes to English Masters' (1897– 1901).

COLE, William Morse, American teacher: b. Boston, Mass., 10 Feb. 1866. He was graduated at Harvard in 1890, and was instructor in political economy there 1890–93. From 1894 to 1898 he was a university extension lecturer and secretary of the Massachusetts commission on the unemployed. From 1898 to 1908 he taught English in Massachusetts high schools and accounting in Harvard University. Since 1908 he has been assistant professor and associate professor of accounting at Harvard. He is the author of 'An Old Man's Romance (1895), under the pseudonym of "Christopher Craigie"; 'Accounts their Construction and Interpretation' (1908); The American Hope' (1910); 'Accounting and Auditing' (1910); Cost Accounting for Institutions' (1913); Accounts' (revised and enlarged, 1915); Problems in the Principles of Accounting' (1915).

COLEBROOK, Henry Thomas, English Sanskrit scholar: b. London, 15 June 1765; d. there, 10 March 1837. In 1782 his father's influence procured him a writership in the Bengal service. His duties as revenue officer at Tirhut led him to make a minute study of the state of husbandry in Bengal; his legal functions led him to study Indian law and learn Sanskrit; and he began in 1794 publishing essays on Indian religion, poetry and science in the Asiatic Researches' of the Asiatic Society of Calcutta. His removal in 1795 to the magistracy of Mirzapur gave him the opportunity of cultivating the acquaintance of the learned men of the neighboring Sanskrit college at Benares, and with this advantage he brought out his

'Digest of Hindu Law on Contracts and Successions (1798). A mission to Nagpur (1799– 1801) interrupted his work and on his return he was appointed a judge of the new Court of Appeals at Calcutta and at the same time honorary professor of Hindu law and Sanskrit at the college of Fort William. Yet he contrived during this busy period to publish the first (and only) volume of his 'Sanskrit Grammar (1805), based upon Pánini and the native commentators, to write his famous articles on the Vedas and on the sect of Jains, besides many other valuable essays for Asiatic Researches, and also to supplement his 'Digest' by Two Treatises on the Hindu Law of Inheritance (1810). He became blind in his later years. His 'Life' was published by his son in 1873. Colebrook is noteworthy as the first great Sanskrit scholar in Europe.

COLEMAN, Arthur Philemon, Canadian educator: b. Lachute, Quebec, 4 April 1852. He was educated at Victoria University and at the University of Breslau. After some years of scientific work he became professor of geology and natural history in Victoria University; in 1891 professor of assaying and metallurgy in the School of Practical Science, Toronto; and from 1901 professor of geology, Toronto University. He was geologist for the Ontario bureau of mines from 1893-1909.

He

COLEMAN, Caryl, American ecclesiologist: b. Buffalo, N. Y., 1847. He was educated privately and at Canisius College, Buffalo. From 1872 to 1874 he was a teacher in Buffalo, N. Y., and in 1875-76 studied ecclesiology in Europe, prosecuting these studies further in England and Belgium in 1888. In 1889 he opened the church department of Tiffany & Company and directed it for 10 years. founded the Church Glass and Decorating Company, of which he has since been president, and was appointed American representative of John Hardman & Company of Birmingham, England. He has written 'Symbolism in Religious Art' (1899); 'A Mark of Honor' (1903); The Sacred Ciphus' (1903); A Day with Mary' (1908). He was a contributor to Russel Sturgis' 'Dictionary of Architecture' and to The Catholic Encyclopedia' and has contributed articles on the decorative arts, symbolism, iconography and architecture to the Architectural Record and other periodicals.

COLEMAN, John, American clergyman: b. Baltimore, Md., 11 Feb. 1803; d. Saint Louis, Mo., 16 Sept. 1869. Until 1834 he was a Methodist. He entered the Protestant Episcopal ministry in 1836 and for 20 years was rector of Trinity Church, Philadelphia. He edited the religious paper Banner of the Cross (Philadelphia); and also edited Faber's 'Difficulties of Romanism'; and Wilmer's 'Episcopal Manual.'*

COLEMAN, Leighton, American Protestant Episcopal bishop: b. Philadelphia, 3 May 1837; d. Wilmington, Del., 14 Dec. 1907. He was graduated at the General Theological Seminary in 1861, was ordained to the Episcopal ministry in 1862, and after holding important rectorships was consecrated bishop of Delaware in 1888. He wrote A History of the Lehigh Valley (1872); (The Church in America' (1895); The Church in the United States' (1901).

COLEMAN, Lyman, American clergyman and scholar: b. Middlefield, Mass., 14 June 1796; d. Easton, Pa., 16 March 1882. He graduated at Yale 1817; taught in Hartford, Conn., 1817-20; was tutor in Yale 1820-25, studying theology at the same time. He was pastor of the Congregational church in Belchertown, Mass., for seven years, when he again took up teaching. He studied in Germany 1842-43, where he formed a close friendship with Neander, and returning, taught German at Princeton and Amherst 1845-46. In 1856 he traveled extensively through the Orient. He was professor of Latin and Greek in Lafayette College from 1861 to 1868, when he was transferred to the chair of Latin, which he held until his death. His writings, which were highly praised and regarded in their day, are Antiquities of the Christian Church) (1841), translated from the German; 'The Apostolical and Primitive Church (1844); Historical Geography of the Bible' (1850); Ancient Christianity) (1852); 'Historical Text-Book and Atlas of Biblical Geography (1854; rev. ed., 1859); 'Prelacy and Ritualism' (1869); and Genealogy of the Lyman Family in Great Britain and America' (1872).

COLEMAN, William Tell, American pioneer: b. Cynthiana, Ky., 29 Feb. 1824; d. San Francisco, Cal., 22 Nov. 1893. In 1849 he made the overland trip to California and opened several stores for the sale of mining supplies. When in 1851 the famous Vigilance Committee of San Francisco was formed to rid the city of its formidable criminal element, Coleman became one of the most active members. In 1856 the committee was revived in consequence of the murder of James King, an editor; Coleman took charge of the trials, resisted official pressure against interfering with "the people," directed the execution of Casey and the other murderers and carefully avoided any clash with the United States authorities. From 1857 to 1864 he directed his business from New York, aided in suppressing the draft riot and contributed liberally to patriotic benefactions. In 1877-78, at the request of the citizens of San Francisco, he organized the Committee of Safety, to fight Dennis Kearney and his sand-lots mob, and in this was highly successful. 1888 his firm failed with liabilities of $2,000,000, but in 1892 he personally paid off his entire indebtedness.

In

COLEMAN, Canada, town in the Macleod district, on the Old Man River and on the Canadian Pacific Railway, 10 miles from Crow's Nest Pass. It is a coal and coke centre, these industries giving employment to about 1,000 men. The town has waterworks, an electriclighting plant and banking facilities. Fishing and hunting in the vicinity are both good. Pop. 1,557.

COLEMAN, Tex., city and county-seat of Coleman County, 120 miles southwest of Fort Worth, on the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fé Railroad. Beef, cotton and grain are important articles of trade. There are brickworks and nearby are deposits of coal and oil gas. The city owns the waterworks and electric-lighting plant. Pop. 3,046.

COLEMANITE, a hydrous borate of calcium, 2 CaO, 3 B2O35H2O. The most common·

source of borax and boracic acid in the United States. Principal deposits are in California.

COLENSO, John William, English clergyman, bishop of Natal: b. Saint Austell, Cornwall, 24 Jan. 1814; d. Bishopstowe, Natal, 20 June 1883. He was educated at Saint John's College, Cambridge; was assistant-master at Harrow 1838-42; resided at Saint John's College 1842-46, when he was preferred to the rectory of Forncett Saint Mary, Norfolk, and on 20 Nov. 1853 was appointed the first bishop of Natal. His numerous writings extend over a wide field. His treatises on arithmetic and algebra have become textbooks in schools and universities. In 1853 he published a collection of Village Sermons'; in 1855 'Ten Weeks in Natal'; and in 1861 a Commentary on Saint Paul's Epistle to the Romans. In the following year public attention was widely attracted by the first part of his work on The Pentateuch and Book of Joshua Critically

Examined,' in which the historical accuracy and Mosaic authorship of those books were called in question. This work was condemned as heretical by slight majorities in both Houses of Convocation of the province of Canterbury in 1864, and Colenso was declared to be deposed from his see by his metropolitan, the bishop of Cape Town. The deposition was, however, declared null and void on appeal to the Privy Council in March 1865. Notwithstanding this decision the prelates forming the council of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund refused to pay him his income and he appealed to the Court of Chancery. The master of the rolls delivered judgment on 6 Oct. 1866, ordering the payment in future of his income, with all arrears and interest, but declaring that if his accusers had refused payment on the ground of heretical teaching he should have felt it his duty to try that issue, an offer which they declined to accept. One of the results of this ecclesiastical quarrel was that the Anglican community of the Cape was divided into two hostile parties; Colenso still remained the only bishop of the Church of England in Natal, but the Rev. W. K. Macrorie was consecrated bishop of Maritzburg for the Church of that province of South Africa 25 June 1869. About the end of 1874 Colenso visited England, and during this visit he pleaded before the Secretary for the Colonies and other members of the government the cause of Langalibalele, a Zulu chief, who had been dispossessed of his territory and imprisoned at Cape Town. From that time forward the humane bishop was foremost in advocating the cause of the aboriginals against the oppression of the Boers and the encroaching policy of the Cape officials supported by Sir Bartle Frere. The captive Cetewayo (see ZULULAND) appealed to Colenso to place his case before the English people, and it was mainly owing to the bishop's efforts that the Zulu king was allowed to go to England to plead his own case with the ministry. In the meantime Colenso continued his literary labors. "The New Bible Commentary by the Bishops and Other Clergy of the Anglican Church Critically Examined' was published in 1871, the seventh and last part of his work on the Pentateuch in 1879, and 'Lectures on the Pentateuch and Moabite Stone' in 1873. Consult Cox, 'Life of Bishop Colenso' (1888).

COLEPTERA (Gr. koleós, a sheath, and TITEρÓV, a wing), an order of insects, the species of which are commonly known by the name of beetles. The insects which constitute the order Coleoptera may be characterized as having four wings, of which the two superior are not suited to flight, but form a covering and protection to the two inferior, and are of a hard and horny or parchment-like nature and when closed their inner margins, which are straight, touch and form a longitudinal suture. The inferior wings, when not in use, are folded transversely under the superior and are membranous. The appendages of the mouth are well adapted for cutting and the metamorphosis is complete. See BEETLE.

COLER, Alwin Gustav Edmund von, German army surgeon: b. Groningen 1831; d. 1901. He studied medicine in Berlin, entered the Prussian army in 1856, became surgeon-general in 1874 and chief surgeon of the

general staff in 1889. He introduced several

important reforms and improvements in military hygiene, established the corps of sanitary officers and introduced antiseptics into military surgical practice. He also took a prominent part in formulating the medical regulations for the German army, which have since been adopted by all civilized armies. In 1892 Coler was appointed professor at the University of Berlin. He published Sanitätsbericht über die deutschen Heere im Kriege 1870-71; Veröffentlichungen aus dem Gebiete des Militärsanitätswesens (1892); 'Die transportable Lazarettbaracke (with Langenbeck and Werner, 1890).

COLER, Bird Sim, American politician: b. Illinois 1868. He removed to New York, and with his father established the stockbroking firm of W. N. Coler & Company. He became active in Democratic municipal and State politics, was elected comptroller in the first administration of Greater New York under the new city charter (1897-1902) and_was Democratic candidate for governor of the State in 1902. In 1905 he was elected president of the borough of Brooklyn on the municipal ownership platform. He has written 'Municipal Government, as Illustrated by the Charter, Finances, and Public Charities of New York' (1900); (Socialism in the Schools' (1911); Two and Two Make Four' (1912).

COLERAINE, kōl-rān', Ireland, town in the county of Londonderry, situated on both sides of the river Bann, about four miles from its mouth, and 611⁄2 miles northwest of Belfast by rail. It has long been celebrated for its fine linens. Its trade, chiefly in agricultural produce and provisions, is considerable; there is a large distillery, and it has a valuable salmon fishery. Pop. 7,785.

COLERIDGE, Hartley, English poet: b. Clevedon, near Bristol, 19 Sept. 1796; d. Rydal, Westmoreland, 6 Jan. 1849. He was the eldest son of S. T. Coleridge (q.v.), and upon the elder Coleridge taking up his residence in the Lake district, Hartley and his brother Derwent were placed as day scholars under the charge of a clergyman at Ambleside. In 1815 he became a student at Merton College, Oxford, and having inherited his father's conversational talents, was soon in great request at the wine parties and other festivities of the undergrad

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