admitted to the bar in 1874. He practised his profession in Delaware County, Iowa, 1874-81 and at Evanston, Wyo., since 1881. He was a member of the 51st and 52d Congresses (188993) from the new State of Wyoming, was United States senator 1895-99 to fill a vacancy and was re-elected in 1899, 1905 and 1911. In the 63d Congress he was chairman of the Committee on Geological Survey.

CLARK, Daniel, Canadian pathologist: b. Grantown, Scotland, 29 Aug. 1836; d. 1912. He went to Canada when a child, graduated at Victoria University in 1858 and practised medicine in Ontario with great success. He was head of the Provincial Asylum for the Insane at Toronto 1875-1905. He was twice president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. He was the author of 'Pen Photographs' (1873); Josiah Garth,' a novel.

CLARK, Edward, American architect: b. Philadelphia, Pa., 1822; d. 1902. He studied architecture under Thomas U. Walter and succeeded the latter as architect of the extension to the United States Capitol in 1865. He was a member of the commission appointed by Congress for the completion of the Washington Monument and of the commission for the construction of the Congressional Library. He was a member of the American Institute of Architects and trustee of the Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington, D. C.

CLARK, Edwin Charles, English jurist: b. Yorkshire, England, 5 Nov. 1835. He was educated at Shrewsbury School and Trinity College, Cambridge. He practised for a short time as a conveyancer in London, being called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn, 1860. From 1872 to 1914 he was Regius professor of civil law at Cambridge. His books are 'Early Roman Law: Regal Period' (1872); Analysis of Criminal Liability) (1880); Practical Jurisprudence: a Comment on Austin' (1883); Cambridge Legal Studies (1888); 'History of Roman Private Law' (1906).

CLARK, Francis Edward, American clergyman: b. Aylmer, Quebec, 12 Sept. 1851. Son of Charles G. Symmes, he was orphaned at eight years and adopted by his uncle, Rev. E. W. Clark, whose name he assumed. He was graduated from Dartmouth College in 1873 and continued his studies at Andover Theological Seminary. He became pastor of a Congregational church at Portland, Me., and there organized the first Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor, 2 Feb. 1881. He was pastor of the Phillips Congregational Church in South Boston, Mass., 1883-87, and in 1887 was made president of the United Society of Christian Endeavor; since then he has devoted his time to the Christian Endeavor work as its president and the World's Christian Endeavor Union, and is editor of the Christian Endeavor World; has traveled around the world five times in the interests of the work. He is the author of many books and leaflets relating to Christian Endeavor work and to his Christian Endeavor journeys. He has published Our Vacations (1874); 'Life of William E. Harwood (1877); Our Business Boys' (1883); 'Looking Out on Life' (1883); 'Danger Signals (1884); 'Young People's Prayer Meetings (1887); Ways and Means' (1890); 'Christian Endeavor Saints' (1890); Our

Journey Around the World' (1894); "The Mossback Correspondence) (1898); The Everlasting Arms (1895); World-Wide Endeavor (1895); 'Old Lanterns for New Paths' (1898); A New Way Around an Qld World' (1900); Training the Church of the Future' (1902); 'Christian Endeavor Manual) (1903); 'The Gospel in Latin Lands, with Mrs. Clark (1909); Old Homes of New Americans' (1912); The Whole Land of Asia Minor) (1914); In Christ's Own Country' (1914).

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CLARK, Galen, American naturalist: b. Dublin, N. H., 1814; d. 1910. He engaged in placer mining in California in 1853 and after a few years became a guide to tourists in the Yosemite Valley. In 1857 he discovered the great redwood growth at Maribosa and in 1865 he became guardian of the Yosemite Valley Park. He was succeeded by another, but from 1890 until his death he was again guardian of the park. He was esteemed as an authority on the geology and other natural features of the Sierra Nevada. He wrote The Indians of Yosemite Valley) (1904); "The Big Trees of California (1907); The Yosemite Valley, its History, Characteristic Features and Theories as to its Origin' (1910).

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CLARK, George Rogers, American pioneer: b. Monticello, Va., 19 Nov. 1752; d. near Louisville, Ky., 13 Feb. 1818. He studied surveying and at 20 settled in Ohio, serving in the Indian wars of that region. In the spring of 1775 he was employed as deputy surveyor under Captain Lee and removed to Kentucky in 1775. In June 1776 he represented Kentucky in the Virginia legislature. He was soon regarded as the leader of that country, procuring the organization of the Territory and securing the much needed gunpowder for its protection. Governor Patrick Henry gave him the rank of lieutenant-colonel and detailed him to raise troops for the conquest of Illinois. Clark attacked the British post at Kaskaskia and took possession of the French villages up the Mississippi, Cahokia and Vincennes. 1778 he was promoted to the rank of colonel. In 1780 he proceeded to the mouth of the Ohio and built Fort Jefferson. After receiving the commission of brigadier-general, he attempted to attack Detroit; but the expedition proving unsuccessful, he returned to Kentucky and subsequently founded Fort Nelson on the site of Louisville. His successes in the Northwest, however, saved much territory to the colonies in the final treaty of peace with Great Britain. In 1786, Clark negotiated a treaty with the Shawnees. He then set out to conquer the tribes on the Wabash, but this, too, proved a failure, and he turned his efforts toward supporting the cause of the French of the Mississippi Valley against the Spaniards. He retired to Kentucky in his later years in great penury but was relieved a few years before his death by a grant of 8,049 acres of land in Indiana and an annuity from the Virginia legislature. He wrote two accounts of the conquest of Indiana. Consult English, W. H., Life of George Rogers Clark) (in Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio 1778-1783 (2 vols., 1896); Roosevelt, Winning of the West (Vols. I and II, New York 1889); Butterfield, History of G. R. Clark's Conquest of the Illinois and Wabash Towns.›

CLARK, Hubert Lyman, American zoologist: b. Amherst, Mass., 9 Jan. 1870. He was educated at Amherst and at Johns Hopkins University. From 1899 to 1905 he was professor of biology at Olivet College; in 1905-* 12 he was assistant in invertebrate zoology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, and curator of echinoderms after 1912. He has carried on scientific investigations in Jamaica, Bermuda and Torres Strait, Australia, and published many papers dealing with birds, snakes, echinoderms and flowers.

CLARK, Imogen, American novelist: b. New York. She was educated at Madame da Silva's French and English School and by private tutors. She has published Will Shakespeare's Little Lad' (1897); The Victory of Ezry Gardner' (1897); The Heresy of Parson Medlicott (1900); 'God's Puppets' (1901); 'Santa Claus' Sweetheart' (1906); A Charming Humbug (1908); We Four and Two More' (1909); The Robert Collyer Anthology) (1911); and 'Rhymed Receipts' (1912).

CLARK, Isaac, American theologian: b. Canterbury, Conn., 30 June 1833. He was graduated at Yale in 1856, studied at the Union Theological Seminary 1858-59 and was graduated at the Andover Theological Seminary in 1861. He entered the Presbyterian ministry in 1861 and held pastorates at Elmira, N. Y., 186168; Aurora, Ill., 1868-72; Brooklyn 1872-74; Rondout 1874-82 and Northampton, Mass., 1882-91. After 1891 he was professor of theology, homiletics and English exegesis, and after 1901 dean of the School of Theology of Howard University.

CLARK, SIR James, Scottish physician: b. Cullen, Banffshire, 14 Dec. 1788; d. Bagshot Park, 29 June 1870. He studied law at Aberdeen, receiving his M.A.; and then medicine at the University of Edinburgh, and entered the navy as assistant surgeon in 1809, and continued in the service till 1815, when he returned to Edinburgh. After devoting_some time to foreign travel, he settled in Rome, where he continued to practise from 1819 to 1826. He returned to England in 1826, and became physician to the Duchess of Kent in 1835, and on the accession of Queen Victoria was appointed first physician in ordinary to the queen, and shortly afterward made a baronet. He retired from practice several years before his death, but continued till near the close of his life to act as consulting physician to the royal family. Soon after his return to England Sir James Clark published, as a result of his continental observations, a work (On the Sanative Influence of Climate) (1829), and a Treatise on Pulmonary Consumption and Scrofula (1835).

CLARK, John Bates, American economist: b. Providence, R. I., 26 Jan. 1847. He was graduated at Amherst in 1872, and studied also at Heidelberg and Zürich. He was appointed professor of economics and history at Carleton College 1877, at Smith College in 1882 and at Amherst in 1893. He was lecturer on economics at Johns Hopkins University 1892-94, and president of the American Economic Association 1893-95. He has been professor of economics at Columbia since 1895. In 1911 he was appointed director of the division of economics and history of the Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has received the following honorary degrees: Ph.D. and LL.D. from Amherst; LL.D. from Princeton; LL.D. from the University of Christiania. He has published the following works: The Philosophy of Wealth' (1885); 'Capital and Its Earnings (1888); Wages' (1889); The Distribution of Wealth' (1901); The Control of Trusts' (1901); The Problem of Monopoly) (1904; revised, in collaboration with John Morris Clark, 1912); Essentials of Economic Theory) (1907), and numerous articles in scientific periodicals and. monographs on economic subjects. Professor Clark occupies the first place among American economists. The distinguishing features of his economic theory are his distinction between the static and dynamic forces in economic life and a final productivity theory of wages and inter

est.

CLARK, John Emory, American scientist: b. Northampton, N. Y., 8 Aug. 1832. He was prepared for college at the Troy Conference Academy of West Poultney, Vt., and entered the University of Michigan, where he was graduated with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1856. The degree of Master of Arts followed in 1859. He was professor of mathematics in the Michigan State Normal School 1856-57, and assistant professor of mathematics in the University of Michigan 1857-59. During the year 1859-60 he studied at the universities of Heidelberg, Munich and Berlin. From 1861 to 1862 he was a United States deputy surveyor in Dakota. In August 1862 he entered the Union army as captain of the 5th Michigan Cavalry. On 3 July 1863 he was promoted to the rank of major, and was honorably discharged 25 Feb. 1865. On 13 March 1865 he was made brevet lieutenant-colonel, United States Volunteers. In 1866 he returned to teaching, and was professor of mathematics and physics, and, after one year, of mathematics and astronomy, in Antioch College, Ohio, till 1872. In the summer and fall of 1869 he again served the government as deputy surveyor in Colorado, and in the summer and fall of 1872 he was assistant astronomer to the United States Northern Boundary Commission. The latter part of the academic year 1872-73 he was instructor in mathematics in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, and in June 1873 was appointed professor of mathematics in that institution. He held that position till June 1901, when on account of impaired health he resigned his chair and was made professor emeritus.

CLARK, Jonas Gilman, American philanthropist: b. Hubbardston, Mass., 1 Feb. 1815; d. Worcester, Mass., 23 May 1900. He began life as a carriage maker and acquired a fortune in business and real estate investments. He is noted as the founder of Clark University (q.v.), at Worcester, Mass., which he endowed with $2,000,000 in 1887. He also conferred gifts on his native town. He bequeathed $200,000 to Clark University outright and $1,000,000 and the residue of his estate conditionally.

CLARK, Joseph, English painter: b. Cerné Abbas, Dorsetshire, 4 July 1834. He was educated by William Barnes, "The Dorset Poet"

(q.v.), went to London at 18 and became a student at the_Royal Academy. He first exhibited at the Roval Academy in 1857, and has exhibited there nearly every year since. Among well-known pictures by him are The Return of the Runaway'; Hagar and Ishmael'; 'Three Little Kittens.'

CLARK, (Josiah) Latimer, English engineer: b. Great Marlow. He invented a guttapercha coating for underground wires and the "Clark cell." He also made valuable investigations in regard to electric currents in submarine cables. He invented a submarine cable covering of asphalt, hemp and silica, and was engineer in charge of the laying of several submarine cables. He published An Elementary Treatise on Electrical Measurement' (1868); Electrical Tables and Formulæ (1871); Dictionary of Metric and Other Measures (1891); Memoir of Sir W. F. Cooke' (1895).

CLARK, Kate Upson, American journalist and editor: b. Camden, Ala., 22 Feb. 1851. She was graduated at Wheaton College in 1869 and from the Westfield (Mass.) Normal School 1872. She was married to Edward Perkins

Clark in 1874 (d. 1903). In 1872-73 she taught in the Central High School, Cleveland. She has edited many periodicals and departments and has lectured on literary, educational and domestic topics. She is a contributor to St. Nicholas, Youth's Companion, Atlantic Monthly and other magazines. She published 'Bringing Up Boys' (1900); 'White Butterflies' (1900); 'How Dexter Paid His Way' (1901); 'Move Upward' (1902); Up the Witch Brook Road' (1902); The Dale Twins) (1906); (The_Adventures of Spotty) (1907); 'Donald's Good Hen' (1907); Art and Citizenship' (1907).

CLARK, Lewis Gaylord, American journalist and humorous writer: b. Otisco, N. Y., 5 March 1810; d. Piermont, 3 Nov. 1873. In 1834 he became editor of the Knickerbocker Magazine, and with Irving, Bryant, Longfellow, Halleck and Willis as contributors, made it the foremost literary publication of that time, and an inspiration to a higher standard of periodical literature. The Editor's Table,' written by him, overflowed with amusing stories and witty sayings. It was discontinued because of lack of funds in 1859. He was assisted out of his pecuniary difficulties by the sale of 'The Knickerbocker Gallery, a book compiled_by former contributors to the magazine. 'Knickerbocker Sketch-Book' (1850) 'Knick-Knacks from an Editor's Table'. (1853) are his only publications in book form.

The and

CLARK, Marcus, Australian novelist: who produced in 'For the Term of His Natural Life, a powerful problem novel dealing with the convict system over which there was strong agitation in Australia in 1837-38; and also in England, where it was shown that the convict system was then costing the country about £500,000 a year without any adequate advantage to England herself and that the evil done to the convicts was untold. In his novel Marcus Clark showed up these conditions so vividly that he found his audience as wide as the English-speaking world.

CLARK, Michael, Canadian legislator: b. Belford, Northumberland, 12 May 1861. He

was educated for the medical profession at Edinburgh University, and practised in England for some years. While in practice, he took a lively interest in public affairs, was a member of the school board of Newcastle-on-Tyne and took the unpopular course of denouncing on public platforms the policy that led up to the South African War of 1899-1902. He emigrated to western Canada in 1902 and engaged in ranching and farming in Alberta. In 1908 he was returned to the Dominion House of Commons in the Liberal interest, and was reelected in 1911. As a strong free-trader, he occupies a somewhat unique place in parliamentary life. After the outbreak of the Great War in 1914 he gave a steady support to the Borden administration in the measures which were deemed necessary to carry through Canada's part in the world conflict. He supported the compulsory service measure of the government in 1917 and voted against the referendum on that subject proposed by his party leader, Sir Wilfrid Laurier. His pungent and somewhat unsparing criticisms of Sir Wilfrid's attitude, while they aroused enthusiasm among the Conservatives, were hotly resented by the maIt had been his jority of his own party. intention to resign from Parliament at the general election of 1917, but the announcement that he would accept nomination in his riding if a party fight were avoided was followed by the withdrawal of the Conservative candidate. He is one of the most incisive debaters in the House and one of the best platform speakers in the Dominion.

CLARK, Thomas March, American Protestant Episcopal bishop: b. Newburyport, Mass., 4 July 1812; d. 7 Sept. 1903. He was graduated at Yale in 1831, and four years later entered the Presbyterian ministry, but in 1836 took orders in the Episcopal Church. He was successively rector of Grace Church, Boston (1836-43); Saint Andrew's, Philadelphia (1844-47); Trinity Church, Boston (1847-51); and Christ Church, Hartford, Conn. (1851-54). In the year last named he was consecrated bishop of Rhode Island. From 1899-1903 he was the presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church. He has written 'Formation of Character'; 'The Efficient Sunday-school Teacher'; 'The Dew of Youth'; 'Early Discipline and Culture'; 'Reminiscences' (1895).

CLARK, Victor Selden, American economist: b. Portageville, N. Y., 12 June 1868. He was educated at the universities of Minnesota and Chicago and in 1892-93 studied at Göttingen and Bern. In 1893-97 he was high school principal and superintendent in Minnesota. He was superintendent of public instruction and president of the Insular Board of Education of Porto Rico under the military government. In 1902-09 he was engaged in investigating foreign and insular labor conditions for the United States government. In 1910 he was placed in charge of the census of Hawaii and in 1910-13 was commissioner of immigration, labor and statistics for the Territory of Hawaii. He resigned to resume active charge of the division of manufactures and economic history at the Carnegie Institute. He has published 'Education in Porto Rico' (1902); Labor Conditions in Cuba' (1902); 'Labor Conditions in Hawaii' (1903–15); 'La

bor Conditions in Mexico' (1908); 'Canadian Industrial Disputes Act' (1909); Women and Children Wage Earners in Great Britain' (1908); History of American Manufactures' (1915).

CLARK, Walter, American jurist: b. Halifax County, N. C., 19 Aug. 1846. A.B., University of North Carolina 1864, A.M. 1867, LL.D. 1888. He became lieutenant-colonel in the Confederate States army 1864, at 17 years of age, being the youngest officer of this rank in either army; was admitted to the bar in 1868; judge of the Superior Court of North Carolina 1885-89; judge of the Supreme Court 1889-1902; chief justice since 1 Jan. 1903. He is the author of 'Annotated Code of Civil Procedure (3d ed.); translated from the French Constant's Memoirs of Napoleon' (3 vols., 1895); compiled and edited North Carolina State Records' (16 vols., 1894-1907); 'Histories of North Carolina Regiments 186165) (5 vols.); also issued reprints of 164 volumes of North Carolina Supreme Court Reports' with annotations; edited article "Appeal and Error" in 'Cyclopedia of Law and Procedure; is a contributor to magazines.

CLARK, Walter Eli, American public official: b. Ashford, Conn., 7 Jan. 1869. He was graduated at Wesleyan University in 1895 and became in the same year a reporter on the Hartford Post. In 1897 he was Washington correspondent to the New York Commercial Advertiser, and in succeeding years was Washington correspondent for several important journals. In 1909 he was made governor of Alaska by President Taft and remained in that office until 1913. He has contributed articles to magazines and weekly periodicals.

CLARK, William, American explorer: brother of George Rogers Clark (q.v.): b. Virginia, 1 Aug. 1770; d. Saint Louis, Mo., 1 Sept. 1838. He emigrated with his family at the age of 14 to the falls of the Ohio, in Kentucky, on the present site of Louisville. In 1808 he was appointed, in conjunction with Capt. Meriwether Lewis (q.v.), to the command of an expedition designed to explore the northwest territory lying between the Mississippi and the Pacific Ocean. He acquitted himself with consummate ability in this hazardous employment, which required the combination of military and scientific skill. His journal and the account kept by him of the astronomical observations made by him and Captain Lewis have been published. He was appointed in 1813 governor of the Northwest Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, which offices he retained till 1820, when Missouri was created a State. Two years afterward he was again appointed commissioner and superintendent of Indian affairs. See LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION.

CLARK, William Andrews, American business man and politician: b. near Connellsville, Pa., 8 Jan. 1839, of Scotch-Irish parentage. He had a common school education and was preparing for college which was interrupted by the removal of his family to Iowa. In that State he attended an academy at Birmingham and later spent a year in the Wesleyan University at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, where he also studied law. He afterward taught school in the State of Missouri, 1858-60. In the spring of

1862 he drove a team from Atchison, Kan., to South Park, Colo., and then worked in the mines at Central City, Colo., for nearly a year. In 1863 he migrated to Grasshopper Mines, a new discovery in eastern Idaho, which afterward became a part of the State of Montana, where he mined two years in the placer diggings. He later formed a copartnership in a large mercantile and banking business, in which he had a minor interest, which continued until 1872, when he sold his interest in the mercantile business and organized the First National Bank of Deer Lodge, Mont., of which he became president. He has continued in the banking business up to the present time, being now senior member of the firm of W. A. Clark & Brother at Butte, Mont. In 1872 he first visited the mining camp at Butte, Mont., where he made some purchases, and has ever since that time been interested in large mining operations. In order to qualify himself for this business in the winter of 1872-73 he took a special course in the Columbia School of Mines. His mining interests were afterward enlarged until at the present time he is owner of large mining interests in Montana, Idaho, Utah, Nevada and Arizona, where he is the principal owner of the famous United Verde Copper Company's mines, and is now the largest individual producer of the different metals in the United States, and probably the entire world. In connection with Mr. E. H. Harriman he built the railroad extending from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles and San Pedro Harbor. A unique feature of this transaction was that no bonds were ever sold. The road was built from cash furnished by the principals, and this is now one of the leading railroad interests in the western country. He was appointed by the governor to represent Montana as State orator at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition of 1876, and was also appointed a commissioner of the New Orleans Exposition in 1884. He was grand master of Masons in Montana in the years 187778. He was appointed by the governor as major of a battalion of volunteers at the time of the invasion of the Nez Percés Indians, who were led by Chief Joseph. In 1884 at the formation of the first Constitutional Convention of Montana he was elected president. In 1898 a second convention was called, of which he was likewise elected president, and under the constitution then framed Montana was admitted into the union of States. In 1898 he was elected by the State legislature as senator from Montana, but a protest was filed and an investigation of his election ordered. Before a report was made he resigned and returned to Montana where the question was decided by the people of his State and he was re-elected by a large majority in the year 1901 and served a full term in the Senate. He was placed on important committees and was a member of the Committee on Foreign Relations. At the close of his term he declined to be again a candidate for re-election and has been continuously engaged in the many industries which are owned and controlled by him.

versity in 1887, and since 1894 has been professor of geology there. In 1891 he was appointed director of the Maryland weather service. In 1896 he was made State geologist of Maryland; in 1900 was appointed commissioner for the State of Maryland on the resurvey of Mason and Dixon's line, and in 1908 was made a member of the Maryland State conservation commission. His publications include a number of interesting papers and reports dealing with subjects of American geology, contributed principally to the volumes of the Maryland geological survey; also The Mesozoic and Cenozoic Echinodermata of the United States' (1915).

CLARK, William George, English scholar: b. March 1821; d. York, 6 Nov. 1878. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, whence he was graduated in 1844, becoming elected fellow, tutor and public orator of the university (1857); took orders in the Established Church, but gave up his orders in 1869, explaining his reasons therefor in a pamphlet, The Present Dangers of the Church of England' (1870). He visited Spain (1849) and toured Greece (1856.) He published an account of these travels in 'Gazpacho (1850) and 'Peloponnesus' (1858). He assisted in founding the Journal of Philology in 1868, but is best known for his editorship with William Aldis Wright (q.v.) of the noted Cambridge Shakespeare' (186366). The Globe Shakespeare' (1864) was also edited by Clark and Wright. Clark published also 'Lectures on the Middle Ages and the Revival of Learning' as well as lesser works. He left a considerable portion of his property to the college, which was used for the endowment of the Clark Lectureship in English Literature at Trinity.

CLARK, SIR William Mortimer, Canadian administrator: b. Aberdeen, Scotland, 24 May 1836; d. Prouts Neck, Me., 11 Aug. 1917. He was educated at Marischal College, Aberdeen, and Edinburgh University; was admitted a writer to the Signet in Edinburgh in 1859, and settled in Toronto, Canada, in the same year. He was called to the bar of Ontario in 1869 and became Q.C. in 1880, in which year he was elected chairman of the board of management of Knox College, Toronto, a position he held until his death. He was a senator of the University of Toronto for a number of years and was lieutenant-governor of Ontario (1903-08).

CLARK, William Thomas, American soldier: b. Norwalk, Conn., 1831; d. 1905. He was appointed lieutenant of an Iowa regiment at the opening of the Civil War, and at its close he had reached the rank of major-general. He was chief-of-staff of General Grant's Army of the Tennessee. After the war he settled at Galveston and there he established the first negro school and befriended the black race at considerable risk to himself. In 1869-72 he was in Congress and secured the first appropriation ($100,000) for jetties and other improvements for Galveston harbor.

CLARK FORK, an important fork of the Columbia River, formed by the Flathead and Missoula rivers, Montana. It flows through Lake Pend d'Oreille in Idaho and enters Washington near its northeast corner and flows into the Columbia River on the Canadian frontier. Its length is about 650 miles.

CLARK UNIVERSITY, a coeducational institution in Atlanta, Ga.; organized in 1870 under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church; reported at the end of 1915: Professors and instructors, 40; students, 440; number of volumes in library, 5,000; value of property, $250,000; president, W. W. Foster, D.D.

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CLARK UNIVERSITY, Worcester, Mass., founded in 1887 by the gift of Jonas Gilman Clark (q.v.), and the work of instruction began in 1889. At first the institution was devoted wholly to post-graduate work. Those only were admitted as students who had taken a first degree and who gave promise of high attainment in some department of science. No entrance examination was required. The design and organization of the university were entrusted to G. Stanley Hall, formerly professor of philosophy at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and for years a close observer of schools and school methods in America and Europe. But few departments have been organized, namely, mathematics, physics, anthropology, biology, philosophy and psychology. Pedagogy (1899) was made one of the sub-departments of psychology. One of the characteristic features in the design is that professors and students should meet on the same plane, the professors to be as older students, the students to lecture occasionally on special subjects. Instruction is entrusted in some degree to the fellows and also to the docents, the latter representing the highest academic university appointments. Original work is encouraged and demanded, and a number of fellowships and scholarships have been founded so that worthy students of limited means may devote themselves to research along special lines and not be hindered or hampered by doing outside work for the purpose of continuing their studies. No attempt has been made to secure large numbers of students; in such a school a small number is desirable. In 1892-93 there were 53 students; in 1896-97, 38; in 1898-99, 48; in 1909-10, 110; in 1913-14, 90.

There are 25 professors, 20 fellowships and 10 scholarships. In the library are 65,000 volumes, and the following publications are issued by the university, but not officially: American Journal of Psychology; Pedagogical Seminary; Mathematical Review,

Upon the death of Mr. Clark in 1900 the university received a bequest of additional funds for research-$600,000 for a library fund and $150,000 for a library building; $100,000 for an art department, and $1,300,000 for the establishment of an undergraduate department. 1902 a collegiate department was opened of which Edmund C. Stanford is president. G. Stanley Hall is president of the university. See HALL, G. STANLEY.

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CLARKE, Adam, Methodist clergyman and scholar: b. Moybeg, County Londonderry, Ireland, 1762; d. London, 26 Aug. 1832. He became an itinerant Methodist preacher in 1782, and continued to travel in various circuits till 1805, when he took up his residence in London, where he passed a considerable part of his subsequent life. He was learned in the Oriental languages and published a commentary on the Scriptures (1810-26), and various other works, among the rest a 'Bibliographical Dictionary'