of a publishing house which he founded in 1884. In 1905 a dinner was given him at New York by his author friends celebrating his seventieth birthday. When he visited England, in 1907, he was everywhere hailed with respect, and received from Oxford the honorary degree of Litt.D. His humor is characteristically American, but has a coarser side, often sinning against good taste and being irreverent and flippant at wrong times and places. But his comic force and fertility offset all defects; and beneath what seems reckless levity there is sound morality as well as cleareyed shrewdness and hard common sense. The predilection which he vaunts for exploiting the mean aspect of things venerable or impressive betrays a touch of the spirit of American philistinism. Of this the Innocents Abroad' is an instance. But not so 'Huckleberry Finn' and Tom Sawyer'; in those, his best books, he appears as a master of humor and pathetic suggestion, and a truly creative genius. No other writer has so vividly portrayed the irrepressible American boy, or given his readers so adequate an impression of the large, homely, spontaneous life led by native Americans in the great valley of the Mississippi. Among his chief books are "The Jumping Frog' (1867); The Innocents Abroad' (1869); Roughing it (1873); The Gilded Age' (with Warner, 1873); 'Adventures of Tom Sawyer' (1876); A Tramp Abroad' (1880); Life on the Mississippi' (1883); Huckleberry Finn' (1885); A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur (1889); The American Claimant (1892); Tom Sawyer Abroad' (1894); Puddinhead Wilson' (1894); Joan of Arc' (1896); 'More Tramps Abroad' (1897); The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg' (1900); Following the Equator' (1901); (Christian Science) (1903); How to Tell a Story) (1904); 'Editorial Wild Oats' (1905); 'Eve's Diary (1905); A Horse's Tale' (1906); 'The $30,000 Bequest' (1906); Autobiography of Mark Twain (published serially). An edition of his collected writings, Writings of Mark Twain, was published in 25 volumes (New York 1910). Mark Twain's Speeches,' edited by W. D. Howells, also was first published in New York in the year of the author's death. For biography, consult Paine, A. B., Mark Twain: A Biography) (New York 1912); for bibliography, see Johnson, M., Bibliography of Mark Twain) (New York 1910); other books connected with this author are Henderson, A., Mark Twain) (New York 1911); Sedgwick, H., "Mark Twain," in the New American Type' (Boston 1908); Howells, W. D., 'My Mark Twain' (New York 1910); Macy, J., "Mark Twain," in The Spirit of American Literature) (ib. 1913).

CLEMENS, Titus Flavius. See CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA.

CLEMENT I (CLEMENS ROMANUS), Pope and martyr and one of the apostolic fathers. By Irenæus he is reckoned the third in the line of the bishops of Rome, and Origen holds him to be the same Clement who is named by the Apostle Paul in his letter to the Philippians, iv 3. Tradition declares that he suffered martyrdom in the reign of Trajan and that his term of episcopate extended from 93 to 101;

his day in the Roman calendar is 23 November. There is extant a letter from the Church of Rome to the Church of Corinth now generally accepted as having been written by this Clement. A bishop of Corinth, Dionysius, writing about 166 to a later Pope mentions Clemens Romanus as its writer. The letter was read as Scripture for a long time in public worship. Consult Lightfoot, J. B., 'The Apostolic Fathers' (part I); 'Saint Clement of Rome' (London 1890); Knopf, 'Der erste Clemensbrief (Leipzig 1899); Gregg, "The Epistle of Saint Clement, Bishop of Rome' (London 1899); Krüger, 'History of Early Christian Literature' (New York 1897); Harnack, Harnack, Chronologie der altchristlichen Litteratur (Leipzig 1897); Wrede, 'Untersuchungen zum ersten Clemensbrief) (Göttingen 1891).

CLEMENT II, Pope. He was a native of Saxony, Suidger by name, and was made pope by Emperor Henry III, whose chancellor he had been, in 1046 on the abdication of Gregory VI. He was the earliest of the six German

pontiffs and a determined opponent of simony.

CLEMENT III, Pope: b. Rome; d. March 1191. He was a Roman by birth and cardinal bishop of Palestrina. He was elected Pope in 1187; preached the third crusade against the Saracens, made the Scottish Church directly dependent upon Rome rather than on York. There was an anti-pope with this title, who died in 1100.

CLEMENT IV (GUI FOULQUES, gē fook), Pope: b. Saint Gilles, France; d. Viterbo, 29 Nov. 1268. He was descended from a noble Provençal family. He served first as a soldier; later he became archbishop of Narbonne and cardinal bishop of Sabina. He became Pope in 1265, succeeding Urban IV, and was the friend and protector of Roger Bacon. vigorously supported the claims of Charles of Anjou against Manfred, son of Frederick II, in the dispute concerning the two Sicilies.

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CLEMENT V (BERTRAND D'AGOUST, bĕrträn dä-goost), Pope: b. Bordeaux 1264; d. Roquemaure, Languedoc, 20 April 1314. became Pope in 1305 and at the time of his election was archbishop of Bordeaux. transferred his see from Rome to Avignon, and thus commenced "the Babylonish captivity" of the Church, which lasted about three-quarters of a century. Philip the Fair influenced him in his actions. Another memorable event of his reign was his bull suppressing the order of the Knights Templar, 1311. Consult Rabanis, Clement Vet Philippe le Bel' (Paris 1858); Lacoste, 'Nouvelles études sur Clément V (Bordeaux 1896).

CLEMENT VI (PIERRE ROGER, rō-zha), Pope: b. near Limoges, France, 1292; d. Villeneuve d'Avignon December 1352. He succeeded Benedict XII in 1342. He refused to return to Rome from Avignon. The Emperor Louis of Bavaria was excommunicated and humiliated by him. In his capacity of ruler of the kingdom of Naples, he acquitted Queen Joanna of the murder of her husband, and by purchase secured possession of Avignon. He also resisted the advances of Edward III of England and made an attempt to bring about a reunion of the Latin and Greek churches.

CLEMENT VII (GIULIO DE MEDICI, mā'dēche), Pope: b. Florence about 1475; d. Rome September 1534. He succeeded Adrian VI 1523. His sympathies were at first with the Imperial party, but he found it expedient, after the success of Charles I at Pavia, to join the other Italian powers in a league with France. An attack from the Roman nobles again drove him to seek another alliance with the emperor. His vacillating conduct incurred the wrath of the Imperial party. The constable Bourbon, with the connivance of the emperor, invaded the papal territory with an army and sacked the holy city and held the Pope a prisoner for six months. After being released, he took refuge at Orvieto. Returning to Rome in 1529, he made peace with Charles, who promised to restore the Medici at Florence, and was crowned by the Pope in 1530. Clement urged the emperor to persecute the Lutherans in Germany, and evaded all demands for a general council. His refusal to sanction the divorce of Henry VIII created a breach with England; the weakness of his policy lost half of the German membership of the Church, and his rule was decidedly unsuccessful. The title of Clement VII was adopted also by the anti-pope Robert of Geneva 1378–94.

CLEMENT VIII (IPPOLITO ALDOBRANDINI), Pope: b. Fano, Italy, 1536; d. 5 March 1605. He succeeded Innocent IX, 1592, reconciled Henry IV to the Church and ordered the execution of Giordano Bruno. He annexed Ferrara to the states of the Church. During the last years of his rule the controversy arose between the Jesuits and Dominicans on the question of grace, to settle which he established the Congregatio de Auxiliis Divinæ Gratiæ in 1597. He was a man of great sincerity and piety and an eminent scholar, as shown by his revised editions of the Vulgate, the breviary and the liturgical books. The anti-pope Clement VIII resigned, 1429, but did not close the western schism.

CLEMENT IX (GIULIO ROSPIGLIOSI, rōspe-le-o'se), Pope: b. Pistoia 1600; d. 9 Dec. 1669. He followed Alexander VII to the papal chair in 1667. In his pontificate was arranged the "Pax Clementina,» which for a time closed the Jansenist controversy.

CLEMENT X (EMILIO ALTIERI, äl-tē-a'rē), Pope: b. Rome, 13 July 1590; d. 22 July 1676. At nearly 80 he succeeded Clement IX and during his pontificate a notable controversy arose with Louis XIV relating to the enjoyment, during vacancy, of episcopal revenues and the right of filling such vacancies. Because of his age, much of the government was left in the hands of his nephew, Cardinal Paluzzo Paluzzi.

CLEMENT XI (GIOVANNI FRANCESCO ALBANI, äl-bä'nē), Pope: b. Pesaro, Italy, 22 July 1649; d. 19 March 1721. He was elected successor of Innocent III in 1700, and in 1713 sent forth the celebrated bulls, Vineam Domini Sabaoth,' and 'Unigenitus in condemnation of Quesnel's treatise on Grace and Predestination. The bull was opposed by the Jansenists, but approved by the Jesuits. The pretender in his efforts to obtain the English crown in 1715 was supported to some extent by Clement. Consult Lafiteau, Vie de Clément XI (1752).

CLEMENT XII (LORENZO CORSINI, kôrse'ně), Pope: b. Florence 1652; d. 6 Feb. 1740.

CLEMENT XIII (CARLO DELLA TORRE RezZONICO, kärʼlō děl-lä torʼrā rět-sō-nē’kō), Pope: b. Venice March 1693; d. February 1769. He succeeded Benedict XIV in 1758. He supported the rights of the Church and did all in his power to protect it against the encroachments of the free-thinking groups which were gaining power in Portugal and France. He published a bull in behalf of the Jesuits after their expulsion from France and Spain in 1767.

CLEMENT XIV (GIOVANNI VINCENZO ANTONIO GANGANELLI), Pope: b. San Arcangelo, near Rimini, Italy, 31 Oct. 1705; d. 22 Sept. 1774. He was a Franciscan friar, a man of great piety and worth; the friend and confidant of Benedict XIV. He was elected Pope in 1769 after a struggle in the conclave in which cardinals influenced by various of the Catholic powers made interest in favor of the suppression of the Society of Jesus. When the new Pope showed an unwillingness to do the will of the powers, the charge was made that he had received the support of many members of the conclave upon his promise to suppress the order; but this charge has been conclusively proved to be without foundation in fact; yet such was the urgency of the powers, he felt himself constrained in the interest of peace and of the Church to disband the Jesuit order, which he did in the apostolic brief Dominus ac Redemptor which declares the Society of Jesus dissolved forever. The fact that the brief had been drawn up and completed in November 1772 but was not published till July 1773 is proof that he was loath to publish so severe a decree against the order. After its issue he fell into a rapid decline, presumably from remorse, and though all his life he had been exceedingly vigorous, died little more than 12 months after the brief was published. It was this pontiff who founded the Clementine Museum in Rome. Consult Caraccioli, Vie de Clément XIV (1775); Theiner, Geschichte des Pontificats Clements XIV' (1853); Von Reumont, Ganganelli (Papst Clement XIV), seine Briefe und seine Zeit' (Berlin 1847); Ravignan, Clément XIII et Clément XIV' (Paris 1854).

CLEMENT, kla-män', (FRÉDÉRIC JEAN) Edmond, French dramatic tenor: b. Paris, 1867. He received his education at the Institution Nôtre-Dame de Chartres and at the Paris Conservatory. His first appearance was in 'Mereille' at the Opéra Comique. He has sung in the leading cities of Europe and America. His most popular rôle is Don José in 'Carmen.' He created rôles in 'Benvenuto'; 'Falstaff'; Xavière'; L'Amour à la Bastille'; 'L'Ile du rêve'; Beaucoup de bruit pour rien'; 'Le Juif polonais'; and 'La petite maison. He appeared also in 'La fille du régiment'; 'Fra Diavolo'; 'Don Juan'; 'L'Eclair'; 'Don Pasquale; and 'Proserpine.'

CLEMENT, Ernest Wilson, American educator: b. Dubuque, Iowa, 21 Feb. 1860. He was graduated at the University of Chicago in 1880. He taught in secondary schools in 188087 and at the Mito High School, Japan, 1887-91. For the next three years he was teaching in the United States. In 1894 he became principal

of the Duncan Academy, Tokio, retaining this post until 1911 when he was appointed teacher of the First High School, Tokio. In 1896–97 he was acting interpreter of the American legation at Tokio, and was librarian of the Asiatic Society of Japan in 1896-1900 and again after 1911. He was editor of the Japanese Evangelist 1899-1909 and of the Christian Movement in Japan 1907-09. He is a frequent contributor to American and Japanese periodicals. His published works include Handbook of Modern Japan' (1903); Japanese Floral Calendar) (1904); Christianity in Modern Japan' (1905); Hildreth's Japan as It Was and Is' (1906); Japanese Chronology (1910); Short History of Japan' (1915).

CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA, Saint (CLEMENS ALEXANDRINUS), Greek theologian, one of the most eminent and learned of the fathers of the Church. Very little, almost nothing, is known regarding his life. The first mention of him by a writer living in or near his time is made by Eusebius of Cæsarea and by Photius; they give his name as Flavius Titus Clemens, and later writers add to the name the designation Alexandrinus, "of Alexandria,» From his names and surname one might infer that he was of Latin race; but he wrote in Greek, and his writings do not indicate any special acquaintance with Roman life or thought. Whether he was a native of Alexandria or of some Grecian city cannot be decided. He was a convert from paganism and had an intimate acquaintance with the literature of Grecian philosophy, but of the circumstances of his conversion to Christianity, we know nothing. He was supposedly a disciple of Pantænus, director of the Catechetic school of Alexandria and became his successor, and had among his pupils Origen, who in turn succeeded him. Further, Clement was a priest of the church of Alexandria. The persecutions in the region of Septimius Severus drove him from Alexandria. He wandered to Palestine and Asia Minor, but there is no definite information as to the rest of his career. A list of his writings is given by Eusebius, Saint Jerome and Photius. It contains the titles of 10 separate works, namely: 'Hortatory to the Greeks'; 'The Tutor'; 'The Stromates' (usually called Stromata): this as its title indicates is a patchwork or collection of miscellaneous observations; Who is the Rich Man that is Saved? These four works have come down to us complete or nearly so. The remaining six titles are works that have been lost: 'Outlines'; 'On the Passover); 'On Fasting); (On Slander'; 'Exhortation to Patience; The Church Rule. The 'Hortatory to the Greeks' exposes the absurdities and immoralities of the pagan religions; but the Grecian philosophers and poets had a notion of the true author of the universe. The Tutor' sets forth the rule of Christian living. The Stromates' is a miscellany but it consists of the author's own studies of questions and problems in philosophy, literature, history, etc., not of passages taken from other authors. The treatise on the "Rich Man" is a very judicious exposition of the passage in the Gospel of Mark x, 17-31. Consult editions by Potter (Oxford 1715) printed in Migne's 'Patrologia Græcorum' (Vols. VIII

and IX, Paris 1857); Eng. trans. in 'AnteNicene Fathers' (Vol. II, ed. by A. C. Coxe, New York 1885). Consult also 'Clement' (in Smith and Wace, 'Dictionary of Christian Biography, London 1877-87); Bigg, 'The Christian Platonists of Alexandria (London 1899); de Faye, Eugène, Clément d'Alexandrie (Paris 1898).

CLEMENTI, Muzio, klā-měn'tē, Italian pianist and composer: b. Rome 1752; d. Evesham, England, 10 March 1832. He studied under a relative, Buroni, and in 1761 became an organist. He studied counterpoint with Carpani and singing with Santarelli. As early as his 12th year he wrote a successful mass for four voices, and had made such progress in the pianoforte that an Englishman, Mr. Beckford, took him to England to complete his studies. He was then engaged as director of the orchestra of the opera in London, and his fame haying rapidly increased, he went in 1780 to Paris, and in 1781 to Vienna, where he played in a contest with Mozart before the emperor. In 1784 he repeated his visit to Paris, but after that remained in England till 1802, when he went back to the Continent. He returned in 1810 to England, where he settled down as superintendent of one of the principal musical establishments in London, and after the failure of his concern formed a partnership with Collard. He was absorbed in the mechanical perfection of the piano and also with the writing of theoretical works. As a teacher he was unequaled. His most important compositions were his 60 sonatas for the pianoforte and the great collection of studies known as the 'Gradus ad Parnassum, a work of high educative value. He represented perhaps the highest point of technique of his day, and his influence on modern execution has led to his being characterized as "the father of pianoforte playing." Among his pupils are Field, Cramer, Moscheles, Kalkbrenner and Meyerbeer. He was interred in Westminster Abbey. Consult Ferris, 'Great Violinists and Pianists' (New York 1894); Shedlock, The Pianoforte Sonata' (London 1895); Frojo, 'Muzio Clementi, la sua vita, le sue opere e la sua influenza sul progresso dell' arte (Milan 1878).

CLEMENTINES, so named after Pope Clement V, who during his pontificate (130514) had compiled the canons of the Church, chiefly out of the canons of the 15th Council of the Church, Vienne (1311). The Clementines are one of five great collections of Church laws, examined and decided upon according to the methods employed by ecclesiastical authority out of which the 'Corpus Juris Ecclesiastici' is made up. The Clementines constitute five books of this, and were edited and published by the Benedictines (9 vols. with appendix, 1885-92).

was customary for the chief priestess to be drawn by two white oxen. Herodotus relates that on one occasion the procession had already begun to move and the oxen had not arrived, upon which Cleobis and Biton drew the chariot of their mother for a distance of 45 stadia, up the mountain where the Temple of Hera stood. The people applauded, and the mother was so affected by this instance of filial affection that she begged the goddess to grant her sons the best gift which could be conferred on mortals. While the youths were yet in the temple a soft sleep fell upon them and they never awoke. The Argives placed the statues of Cleobis and Biton in the temple at Delphi, and in a temple at Argolis they were represented drawing a chariot of their mother. Consult Cicero, (Tuscul' (Bk. I, 47); Stobæus, (Sermones' (169).

CLEOBULUS, kle-ō-bu'lus, one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. He was a native and tyrant of Lindus, or according to some, of Caria, and flourished 560 B.C. He traveled to Egypt to learn wisdom, like many of the sages of Greece. He was king of Rhodes, and was succeeded on the throne by his daughter Cleobuline, whose riddles are not less famous than his own. He was the first to give literary form to riddles. Diogenes Laërtius has preserved several of his riddles. Consult Diogenes Laertius (I, 89-93); Mullach, F. G., Fragmenta Philosophorum Graecorum' (Bk. I). .

CLEOMBROTUS, klē-ōm'brō-tus, an ancient Greek military leader, son of Pausanias, king of Sparta, succeeding his brother Agesipolis I. During his reign began the Theban War, in which he commanded the Spartans against Epaminondas and Pelopidas. He was killed in the battle of Leuctra, which happened 8 July 371 B.C., according to the Julian calendar. See EPAMINONDAS.

CLEOME, klē-o'mē, a genus of plants, herbs and shrubs of the caper family (Capparidacea), comprising about 75 species, natives of tropical regions. Less than 10 species are found in the United States, most of them adventitious additions from South America, escaped from gardens. The native varieties belong to the Rocky Mountain region, and when found to westward are naturalized specimens. Pink cleome or Rocky Mountain bee plant (C. serrulata) has a stem from two to three feet in height, the pinkish-white flowers very showy and attractive. Its native habitat is the Rocky Mountain region from Canada to Arizona and Mexico, but it extends eastward to Lake Michigan. The spider flower (C. spinosa) of the eastern seaboard, from New Jersey to Florida, is a South American species escaped from culture.

CLEOMEDES, klē-ō-mē’dēz, ancient Greek author. He wrote a treatise, in two books, On the Circular Theory of the Heavenly Bodies,' which sets forth the Stoic theory of the universe, and which is remarkable as containing, amid much error and ignorance, several truths of modern science such as the spherical shape of the earth. Nothing is known definitely regarding his life, but it seems most probable that he flourished in the 2d century A.D. Ziegler's edition of his work (1891) is probably the best.

B.C.

CLEOMENES, kle-om'ē-nez, the name of three kings of Sparta, of the Agiad line: (1) Cleomenes I, the son of Anaxandridas, whom he succeeded about 520 B.C. His chief exploit was the crushing victory near Tiryns over the Argives. (2) Cleomenes II, the brother and successor of Cleombrotus I. There is no record of his reign, except that it lasted from 327-309 B.C. (3) Cleomenes III, king from 236 to 220 He was the son of Leonidas II and the last of the Agidæ. He distinguished himself in a war against the Achæans. Returning to Sparta he put to death the ephori, made a new division of lands, introduced again the old Spartan system of education and bestowed the full franchise upon many who had not before had it. He lived very simply, was just and friendly and treated his enemies with generosity. He showed himself an able general in a war against the Macedonians and Achæans united, but at last lost the important battle of Sellasia (222 B.C.). He fled to Egypt, where he attempted to raise an insurrection, but finding no supporters committed suicide. He was one of Sparta's best and ablest men, and with him perished the hope of Spartan supremacy. Consult Plutarch, Cleomenes, Aratus' (3446); Philopœmem (5-6); Polybius (II, 4570; V, 35-39; VIII); Holm, 'History of Greece, (Vol. IV, cc. 10, 15).

CLEOMENES, or THE SPARTAN HERO, a play by Dryden and Southerne, acted in 1692.

CLEON, klē'on, Athenian demagogue, killed at Amphipolis, Macedon, 422 B.C. He was the son of Cleænetus and was a tanner by trade, but became well known in public affairs before the death of Pericles. By the year 427 he was high in favor with the people and distinguished himself by the atrocious proposal that all the adult males of the revolted Mytileneans should be put to death and the women and children sold for slaves. In 425 he took prisoners those Spartans who had been blockaded by an Athenian force in the island of Sphacteria. The next year Aristophanes attacked him in his comedy of the Knights' as he did also in the Wasps in 422 satirizing his venality, rapacity, ignorance, violence and cowardice. The portrait was probably correct in the main. In 422 he was sent to Chalcidice against Brasidas, who was capturing the Athenian tributary cities there. He was taken unawares by a sally of Brasidas and was slain at Amphipolis. His death paved the way for the peace of Nicias in 421. Consult Grote, 'History of Greece' (Vol. VI, London 1888); Beloch, 'Die attische Politik seit Perikles' (Leipzig 1884); Holm, 'History of Greece' (Eng. trans., Vol. II, Chap. 23, New York 1902).

CLEOPATRA, klē-ō-pā'tra, the name of several Egyptian princesses, of whom the most renowned was the eldest daughter of Ptolemy Auletes: b. 69 or 68 B.C.; d. 30 B.C. With her eldest brother Ptolemy she shared the throne of Egypt. Both were minors at the death of their father, and were placed under the guardianship of Pothinus and Achillas, who deprived Cleopatra of her share in the government 49 B.C. She went to Syria, and was forming plans for obtaining her rights by force, when Cæsar came to Alexandria, and, captivated with her charms, successfully seconded her

claims. Pothinus stirred up a second revolt, upon which the Alexandrian War commenced, in which the elder Ptolemy lost his life. Cæsar proclaimed Cleopatra queen of Egypt; but she was compelled to take her brother, the younger Ptolemy, who was only 11 years old, as her nominal husband and colleague on the throne. The Queen subsequently made a journey to Rome, where Cæsar received her magnificently, and erected a statue to her next to the statue of Venus, in the temple consecrated to that diety. Cleopatra remained in Rome from 46 B.C. to 44 B.C., returning to Egypt after Cæsar's death. She had by Cæsar a son, Cæsarion, afterward put to death by Octavius. When her brother, at the age of 14, demanded his share in the government Cleopatra poisoned him, and remained sole possessor of the regal power. During the civil war in Rome she declined to take sides with either party, but after the battle of Philippi she sailed to join Antony at Tarsus. She was then 25 years old, and combined with extraordinary beauty, great wit and the highest elegance of manners. She appeared in a magnificently decorated ship, under a golden canopy, arrayed as the goddess Aphrodite, surrounded by beautiful boys and girls who represented Cupids and Graces. Her meeting with Antony was attended by the most splendid festivals. After having accompanied him to Tyre she returned to Egypt. Antony followed her, and gave himself up to the most extravagant pleasures. She accompanied him on his march against the Parthians, and when he parted from her on the Euphrates he bestowed Cyrene, Cyprus, Colosyria, Phoenicia, Cilicia and Crete on her, to which he added part of Judea and Arabia at her request. On her account, or as an expression of hostility to Octavius, who declared war against Egypt in 32 B.C., he divorced his wife Octavia and made his three sons by Cleopatra, and also Cæsarion, kings. Instead of acting promptly against his adversary, Antony lost a whole year in festivals and amusements with Cleopatra at Ephesus, Samos and Athens, and at last determined to decide the contest by a naval battle. At Actium the fleets met. Cleopatra, who had brought Antony a reinforcement of 60 vessels, suddenly took to flight, and thus caused the defeat of her party; for Antony, as if under the influence of frenzy, immediately followed her. They fled to Egypt, and declared to Octavius that if Egypt were left to Cleopatra's children they would thenceforth live in retirement, but Octavius demanded Antony's death, and advanced toward Alexandria, which Antony hastened to defend. Cleopatra determined to burn herself with all her treasures but Octavius pacified her by private messages. These communications, however, did not remained concealed from Antony, who, supposing Cleopatra treacherous, hastened to her, to avenge himself by her death. She, however, escaped and took refuge in the mausoleum which she had erected near the Temple of Isis, and caused the report of her suicide to be circulated. Antony now threw himself upon his sword; but before he expired was informed that Cleopatra was still living, upon which he caused himself to be carried into her presence, and breathed his last in her arms. Octavius succeeded in getting Cleopatra into his power. She still hoped to subdue him by her charms, but her arts were unavailing, and becoming

aware that her life was spared only that she might grace the conqueror's triumph, she determined to escape this ignominy by a voluntary death. According to the generally received account of her death she ordered a splendid feast to be prepared, desired her attendants to leave her, and put an asp, which a faithful servant had brought her, concealed amongst flowers, on her arm, the bite of which caused her death almost immediately. There

is, however, some doubt as to the exact method by which she took her life. Her body was interred near that of Antony. At the time of her death she had reigned 21 years. Her daughter by Antony married the king of Mauretania; their son, Ptolemy, last of the line, was slain by Caligula in 40 A.D.

CLEOPATRA'S NEEDLES, two obelisks, formerly at Alexandria, one of which is now in New York, the other in London. They are made of red syenite, quarried at the First Cataract, and were originally erected by Thothmes III in the 40th year of his reign (about 1,460 B.C.) in front of the portico of the great temple of Heliopolis, the On of the Scriptures, and the place where Moses was born and brought up. From Heliopolis the two obelisks were removed to Alexandria in 13-12 B.C., as shown by inscriptions on the claw of one of the bronze crabs placed by the Romans under the corners of the obelisk when they set it up in Alexandria nearly 17 years after the death of Cleopatra. How, then, they came to be called Cleopatra's Needles is not apparent; but it may be conjectured that they had been removed by her order some time before they were set up on their second site, or that their removal was the carrying out of an intention formed by Cleopatra. Mr. (after Sir) Erasmus Wilson, to whom the credit may be awarded of having been chiefly instrumental in getting the British obelisk conveyed to London, assumes that the association of Cleopatra's name with the two obelisks represents the popularity of the queen and the affectionate regard of her subjects, rather than any participation of herself in their transport or erection. The obelisk now at London lay for a long time prostrate in the sand. In 1820 it was presented by Mehemet Ali to the British nation, but the British government never did anything for its removal, which was at last effected solely through the public spirit of several private individuals, the obelisk being erected on the Thames embankment in 1878. The other obelisk was presented to the United States by the Khedive of Egypt, and its transportation to its present position in Central Park, New York, where it was erected in 1881, was made possible by the liberality of W. H. Vanderbilt. It stands upon four bronze crabs, reproductions of the original crabs upon which the obelisk formerly stood. Two of the originals are now in the Metropolitan Museum, New York. The "needle" in London is somewhat the taller of the two, being 68 feet 5% inches in height, as against 67 feet 2 inches, the height of the other. The lateral measurements at the base are, in the British obelisk, 7 feet 5 inches in one pair of opposite sides and 7 feet 101⁄2 inches in the other pair; in the one in New York, 7 feet 934 inches, and 8 feet 24 inches. The weight of the British obelisk is rather more than 186 tons, and its mass 2,529 cubic feet. Both obelisks are inscribed with