collections of reproductions as the Louvre Gallery, Blanc's Peintres, Galérie des Peintres, Mantz, Krell, etc.

The fourteen hundred photographs of ancient and modern masterpieces of sculpture, presented by John S. Hittell, may be freely used in connection with the study of plastic art.

Classical Archaeology. The collections in classical archaeology comprise many original pieces of Greek, Etruscan, and early Italian material. A large series of reproductions covers the principal periods of antique art. The University has a cabinet of about three thousand coins and medals, including some eighteen hundred ancient coins of Greek states and kingdoms, coins of early Italic republics, gentile coins of Rome, coins of the nations of Gaul, and of the Imperial period. There are also sets of wall maps of ancient countries, many engravings, photographs, and squeezes and about one thousand lantern slides illustrating the topography, epigraphy, monuments, art, and life of ancient Greece and Rome.

The classical exhibits of the Phoebe A. Hearst Collections, to be incorporated in the projected Museum of Anthropology, acquaint the student with classified groups of Cypriote, Greek, Roman, and Etruscan vases. There are, besides, the contents of fifteen Etruscan, Graeco-Etruscan, and Roman-Etruscan tombs from the antique cemeteries of Abbadia del Fiume, Sovana, and Aurinia-Saturnia in Southern Etruria. A group of sepulchral pottery, and of stone effigies, from the neighborhood of Viterbo includes a dozen lifesize portraits of well-to-do Etruscan citizens reclining on the lids of their own sarcophagi. The collections contain selected electrotype copies of the gold and silver objects from the royal tombs of Mycena, which are preserved in the National Museum at Athens. The sepulchral traditions of the race to which Herodotus credits the invention of glass find illustration in a collection of antique glasses and other tomb furniture from Syria. A group of facsimile reproductions after glass vessels of the Roman period, found in the Rhine valley, supplements it. There are besides, weapons, stone carvings, terra-cotta figurines, and small bronzes of sepulchral association. A collection of about one hundred examples of Greek and Roman sculpture in marble includes some specimens of considerable value which occupy a definite place in the history of ancient art. It is an assemblage, by purchase, of pieces recently discovered in Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor. A collection of plaster casts, copies partly from antique bronzes both large and small, reproduces their oxidation; and facsimiles of a few antique pieces

of note in bronze similarly oxidized, and in terra-cotta, indicate the progress of minor decorative sculpture down into the Middle Ages. Finally, there is a unique series of facsimile copies after the portrait panels of Greek mummies discovered in the Fayoum, Egypt, and preserved in the collections of Theodore Graf, Vienna, and of the British Museum and National Gallery, London, besides three original masks and one original painting. A group of Byzantine eikones from Italy and Russia illustrates the long survival in Christian art of Greek methods of painting.

MUSEUMS.

The several collections composing the University Museum have, by action of the Regents, been more closely coördinated with the departments of instruction to which they pertain than was formerly the case. Owing to the extremely crowded condition of the 'University buildings, it is possible at present to place on public exhibition only a very small portion of the collections.

The materials have been obtained from many sources, chief among which are the following: (1) The State Geological Survey, which contributed not only its extensive collection of minerals, of fossils, and of marine and land shells, but especially that series of skins of California birds which were the type-specimens of the species described in its report on ornithology. (2) The Pioche collection of shells, fossils, minerals, and ores illustrative of Pacific Coast forms, though principally from South America. (3) The collection of D. O. Mills, containing a large series of California land shells, and of native ores and rocks. (4) The collection of James R. Keene-a costly group of minerals. (5) The various expeditions of the Zoological Department. (6) The ethnological and natural history collections made by the Alaska Commercial Company in Alaska. (7) The series of type vertebrate skeletons purchased for the Zoological Department by Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst. (8) Several large collections of vertebrate fossils brought to the Museum by expeditions sent out by friends of the University. Recent additions have been numerous and valuable. Type specimens of new species are placed in the Museum, as are also specimens of various species, genera, etc., illustrating interesting cases of variation, geographical distribution, and other facts in the natural history of the California marine and terrestrial fauna.

MUSEUMS, LABORATORIES, ETC.

Anthropology. The archaeological and ethnological collections of the University are in charge of the Department of Anthropology, which has been established and supported as a research and museum department through the generosity of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst. This department has been particularly active in Egypt, Greece and Italy, Peru, and California, and has made explorations in several other regions. Collections have been formed from all parts of the world, which have placed the Museum on a broad and cosmopolitan basis. Collections and gifts have also been received from the Honorable William Randolph Hearst, Mr. Cornelius E. Rumsey, the Crocker Fund for Archaeological Research in Mexico, the Alaska Commercial Company, Mr. H. W. Seton-Karr, Mr. Jesse Peter, and many others.

Owing to the increase of the collections, a fire-proof storage building, erected for the Department on the University grounds in Berkeley at the time of its organization, became so congested by 1903 that it was necessary to remove the principal portion of the collections to the westernmost of the University's buildings at the Affiliated Colleges in San Francisco. Although lack of installation facilities prevents the public opening of the Museum, the larger part of the collections have been arranged and are available to students and to those specially interested in anthropology or any of its branches. The two upper floors of this building are given over to such installation, and are open to the public, in limited parties under supervision, on Thursday afternoons, throughout the year, from one to four o'clock, except when Thursday is a legal holiday. The storage building in Berkeley is now also used for exhibition. In the main room is displayed a collection of reproductions of ancient sculpture and architectural art, while in the gallery a special synoptical collection, illustrative of general anthropology, has been arranged for use in connection with anthropological instruction.

The Graeco-Roman collections, both in Berkeley and San Francisco, are described under "Classical Archaeology.' (See p. 164.) The principal other collections of the Department, as arranged or stored at the Affiliated Colleges, are the following:

The archaeology and ethnology of California is illustrated by extensive collections. These represent, to a greater or less degree, every section of the State. An endeavor is being made, through

the Ethnological and Archaeological Survey of California, to build up the collections in such a manner that every part of the State will be as fully represented by specimens as possible. The present archaeological collections are most extensive from the mounds of the San Francisco Bay region, from caves in Shasta county where explorations concerning the antiquity of man have been conducted, from the Santa Barbara islands, especially Santa Rosa, and from the coast region between Monterey and Santa Barbara. In ethnology the Indians of Northwestern California are particularly well represented on account of continued investigations carried on among them by the Department. The arts and industries, as well as the dress and ceremonies, of these Indians are fully illustrated. A special feature is the basketry, which has been collected with particular reference to methods of technique and design. Besides the Yurok, Karok, and Hupa Indians, the Tolowa, Lassik, Wiyot, Sinkyone, Shasta, and other tribes are illustrated. From the great Central ethnological area of California there are collections from the Wailaki, Yuki, Pomo, and Wappo of Mendocino, Sonoma, and Lake counties, and the Modoc, Achomawi, Maidu, Yana, Wintun, Miwok, Washo, Yokuts, and Mono of the Sierra Nevada and San Joaquin-Sacramento Valley. From Southern California the various Shoshonean and Yuman tribes inhabiting this region, especially the Mohave, Chemehuevi, Cahuilla, Luiseño, and Diegueño, are illustrated.

From North America other than California there are extensive collections from the Eskimo, Athabascans, and Tlinkit of Alaska; the Selishan tribes of Puget Sound; the ancient Cliff Dwellers, modern Pueblos, and other Indians of the Southwest; and from the Omaha and Ponka, Kiowa, Sioux, Blackfeet, and other tribes of the prairies and great plains. The archaeology of the eastern United States is illustrated by collections obtained in excavations made by the Department near Kimmswick, Missouri, and Trenton, New Jersey. There are also collections of plaster reproductions of ancient objects from Mexico, and of ethnological specimens from the modern Indians of southern Mexico; from Guatemala, illustrating the life of the present Indians; and from Panama, from which there is an extensive series of prehistoric specimens from the Chiriqui region.

The South American section consists chiefly of collections obtained through expeditions maintained for a number of years in Peru. These collections were formed at Trujillo, Supe, Chancay, Ancon, Lima, Chincha, Ica, Nazca, Chala, and other coast points,

and at Huamachuco and Cuzco in the interior, thus covering nearly the entire extent of Peru. Besides containing large series of pottery, important for the determination of the various cultures and periods of ancient Peruvian civilization, these collections are rich in works of metal, stone, and more perishable materials, as well as in somatological specimens.

The Pacific Island region is represented by collections from most of the more important Polynesian, Micronesian, and Melanesian groups, among which are many valuable pieces. There are also special collections from British New Guinea, and from the Mohammedan, Christian, and Pagan populations of the Philippine Islands.

The Egyptian collections are among the most extensive in the museum. They are the result of systematic excavations by the Hearst Egyptian Expedition for a number of years, and represent various periods, from the pre-dynastic to the Coptic. They were obtained principally at Coptos, Der-el-Ballas, El-Ahaiwah, Ballas, Naga-ed-Der, and Gizeh. These collections, including a large somatological series, have furnished the evidence for a number of new conclusions regarding the history, customs, and race of the ancient Egyptians.

From Europe the museum contains a series of original and facsimile specimens illustrating palaeolithic and neolithic man. There is also a collection representing the life of the peasantry of Sweden a few generations ago. The Graeco-Roman collections have been described under "Art Collections."

Collections in physical anthropology include over a thousand skulls and skeletons from California, the Southwest, Peru, Egypt, and from many other localities. There is a collection of photographs of racial types; one of sixty plaster life-masks and busts of North American Indians; and a series of ninety portraits of North American Indians painted from life by J. H. Sharp.

The museum possesses also 1,300 phonograph cylinders recording religious and secular songs, instrumental music, prayers, charms, and ceremonial formulas, myths, traditions, and historical and personal narratives, mainly in the languages of the California Indians; 4,500 photographic negatives of anthropological subjects; 700 lantern slides; and numerous mechanical tracings and graphic records of Indian speech.

A detailed description of the work, collections, and publications of the Department of Anthropology may be found in a pamphlet to be obtained on application to the Department, or to the University Press.