Until 1887 the University depended for its revenue upon the income from its invested funds and upon biennial appropriations by the Legislature. Its invested capital consisted of money derived from the sale of seventy-two sections of land for a seminary of learning and ten sections for public buildings, both granted by Congress in 1853; from the sale of one hundred and fifty thousand acres granted under the Morrill act of 1862; from the sale of salt and marsh lands granted by the Legislature; and from the sale of the College of California property in Oakland.

In 1887 the State legislature rendered the income of the University more secure and permanent by providing for the annual levy of an ad valorem tax of one cent on each one hundred dollars of the taxable property of the State. In 1897 the resources were further enlarged by a second act of the legislature, providing for the levy of an additional one cent on each one hundred dollars.

In the early years of its history many attempts were made to segregate the departments of the University, especially to set the College of Agriculture off by itself, and many efforts were made to change the character of the governing body. In 1879 this agitation was put to rest by the constitutional convention which inserted in the fundamental law of the State the declaration that "the Universiy of California shall constitute a public trust, and its organization and government shall be perpetually continued in the form and character prescribed in the organic act creating the same, passed March 23, 1868, and the several acts amendatory thereof, subject only to such legislative control as may be necessary to insure compliance with the terms of its endowments and the proper investment of its funds."

In 1896 a proposition looking to a general building scheme was made by Mr. B. R. Maybeck, instructor in architectural drawing, and was introduced in the Board of Regents and fostered there by Regent J. B. Reinstein. The board voted to have prepared a program "for a permanent and comprehensive plan to be open to general competition for a system of buildings to be erected on the grounds of the University of California at Berkeley." Before this resolve had been put into effective operation it came to the notice of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst, who was then considering the erection of a building at the University in memory of her husband, the late Senator George Hearst. Accordingly, Mrs. Hearst at once wrote to the board expressing her desire to promote the proposed competition and to defray all the expenses thereof. This offer was gratefully accepted.

Two competitions were held, a preliminary one at Antwerp, and a final one at San Francisco. The preliminary competition opened January 15 and closed July 1, 1898. Of one hundred and five plans

presented eleven were selected by the jury for the final contest. The second contest, in San Francisco, resulted in the award of first prize to Monsieur Emile Bénard of Paris; second prize, Messrs. Howells, Stokes and Hornbostel of New York; third prize, Messrs. D. Despradelle and Stephen Codman of Boston; fourth prize, Messrs. Howard and Cauldwell of New York; fifth prize, Messrs. Lord, Hewlett and Hull of New York.

To adapt and carry out the Bénard plan the Board of Regents appointed Mr. John Galen Howard supervising architect of the University. The first structure completed in execution of this plan was the Greek Theatre, the gift of Mr. William Randolph Hearst. The Greek Theatre is an open-air auditorium of unique beauty, lying in the hollow of the hills and surrounded with trees. It is used for great university occasions, and for musical and dramatic representations. The symphony concerts held therein have become one of the important features of the life of the community. The second building to be completed in accordance with the Hearst plans was California Hall, a solid granite structure, erected through appropriations made by the State legislature. The third building in this scheme is the Hearst Memorial Mining Building, the corner stone of which was laid on November 19, 1902 and the formal opening celebrated on August 25, 1907. A fourth building, now in course of construction, is the Doe Library, provision for which was made in the will of the late Charles Franklin Doe of San Francisco. The Boalt Memorial Hall of Law will soon be begun, the fifth building of the series. This building is the gift of Mrs. Elizabeth Boalt, widow of the late John H. Boalt of San Francisco. A President's house and a central heating station have likewise been erected.

Beginning in 1891 the University has constantly aimed to extend the benefits of its instruction in agriculture farther and farther beyond its own confines. In the year named the custom of holding Farmers' Institutes throughout the State was begun. So important had this work become that, in 1897, a new department was created, a Department of University Extension in Agriculture. Through these institutes, through bulletins, and through professional visits to farm, garden, orchard and vineyard, the University constantly stands ready to render aid, advice and instruction to relieve agricultural emergencies and solve agricultural problems in the State. The acquisition of the farm of seven hundred and seventy-nine acres at Davis, Yolo county, has greatly enlarged the scope of the University's work in agriculture.

The project of accrediting high schools to the University was put into operation in 1884. The main purpose of this movement was, from the first, to aid in unifying the whole system of secondary and higher

education throughout the State. Success has in large measure been achieved in this direction, and the work of more thorough co-ordination has penetrated into the elementary schools. From the small number of three accredited high schools in 1884 the list has grown until in 1908 the number is one hundred and forty-seven, including one hundred and twenty-two public and twenty-five private schools.

Connected with this accrediting system is the University's work as a training school for prospective teachers. By a law of the State, boards of education and examination have authority to issue teachers' certificates of high school grade to graduates of the University who are recommended by the faculty. Within the past few years the standard of preparation of high school teachers has been raised, so that at present a full year of graduate instruction, partly of class-room work and partly of practice teaching, is exacted before a certificate is issued.

University extension lectures were begun in 1891 and continued through succeeding years with increasing encouragement until 1902, when a Department of University Extension was expressly organized. This department has established centres of extension work in various parts of the State. A corps of instructors has been appointed, whose duties are entirely or mainly devoted to the extension field.

Summer schools in several departments had been annually held for a number of years up to 1899, when the work was systematically organized and a summer school of general scope was for the first time held. It has met a great public demand and has been largely attended, not only by teachers of California, but by special students from all parts of the country. A marked feature of the summer sessions at Berkeley, and an important element of the University's policy in that regard, is the presence as lecturers of leading men from the Eastern and European universities.

ORGANIZATION.

The organization of the University comprises the following legally constituted colleges and departments:

1. College of Letters.

I. IN BERKELEY.

2. College of Social Sciences.

3. College of Natural Sciences.

4. College of Commerce.
5. College of Agriculture.

6. College of Mechanics.

7. College of Mining.

8. College of Civil Engineering. 9. College of Chemistry.

10. Medical Department, first and

second years.

II. AT MOUNT HAMILTON.

Lick Astronomical Department (Lick Observatory).

II. IN SAN FRANCISCO.

1. San Francisco Institute of Art.

2. Hastings College of the Law.

3. Medical Department, third and fourth years.
4. Dental Department.

5. California College of Pharmacy.

ADMINISTRATION.

The government of the University of California is intrusted to a corporation styled THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, consisting of the Governor, the Lieutenant-Governor, the Speaker of the Assembly, the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the President of the State Board of Agriculture, the President of the Mechanics Institute of San Francisco, and the President of the University, as members ex officio, and sixteen other Regents appointed by the Governor and approved by the Senate. To this corporation the State has committed the administration of the University, including management of the finances, care of property, appointment of teachers, and determination of the internal organization in all particulars not fixed by law.

The instruction and government of the students are intrusted to the FACULTIES OF THE SEVERAL COLLEGES and to the ACADEMIC SENATE.

The Faculty of each College consists of the President of the University and those Professors and Instructors, and only those, whose departments are represented in it by required or elective studies.

The Academic Senate consists of the members of the Faculties and the Instructors of the University, the President and professors alone having the right to vote in its transactions. It holds regular meetings twice a year, and is created for the purpose of conducting the general administration of the University, memorializing the Regents, regulating in the first instance the general and special courses of instruction, and receiving and determining all appeals from acts of discipline enforced by the Faculty of any college; and it exercises such other powers as the Regents may confer upon it.

The Academic Senate has created certain Standing Committees, among which are:

1. The Academic Council, composed of the President and the professors, lecturers, and instructors in the Academic Colleges, the President and professors alone having the right to vote in its transactions. Of this committee the President of the University is ex officio chairman, and the Recorder of the Faculties secretary.

It regulates provisionally, or (where the functions to be exercised are executive) supervises, such matters relating to undergraduate students and their work as are not reserved by law to the separate Faculties at Berkeley, but in which they are all concerned.

2. The Graduate Council, composed of the President of the University, the heads of the departments in the Academic Colleges, and such other professors in these colleges as are engaged in the work of strictly graduate instruction; also the Librarian of the University and the Director of the Lick Observatory. Of this committee the President is ex officio chairman, and the Recorder of the Faculties secretary.

It performs with respect to graduate students, functions similar to those committed to the Academic Council regarding undergraduate students.

3. The Professional Council, composed of the President of the University and two members of each of the Faculties of Law, Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy, elected annually by these Faculties, respectively. Of this committee the President of the University is ex officio chairman; the secretary is elected by the committee from its own number.

It regulates provisionally, or (where the functions to be exercised are executive) supervises, those matters in which these colleges are all concerned; it also considers the wants of any or all of these colleges, and makes recommendations concerning the same to the Academic Senate.

4. The Editorial Committee, consisting of the President of the University, and seven members of the Academic Senate, who are appointed annually by the President. This committee has editorial charge of such publications as are authorized by the Academic Senate.

In all matters not expressly delegated to the Senate or to the several Faculties, the Regents govern, either directly or through the President or Secretary.