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a consideration which renders doubly deplorable the loss of the large historical work, which Snorro and others, in the most positive terms, attribute to him. Till the age of twenty, he was brought up by a near relation, who was the grand nephew of Hrolf, or Rollo, the famous leader of the Normans into France; and Sæmund, the author or compiler of the older Edda, appears to have been the companion of his youth. The two young scholars studied together for three years at Cologne, on the Rhine. Are was afterwards admitted to the priesthood of the Icelandic church; and from this circumstance he takes the title of " prestr" (ecclesiastic), which is sometimes added as an epithet to his name.

Besides his historical works, he appears to have written some sort of a grammar, a work of note in its day. The author of the Hatterly Kil, a treatise on poetry, says, "I will show you the first forms of the letters according to the alphabet of the Danish language, consisting of sixteen letters, as Thorolde, master of Runes, and Are Frode, prestr, disposed them, after the similitude of the Latin alphabet, ordered by Priscian." Resenius, in the introduction to his edition of the Edda, also mentions, on the authority of Amgrim Jonas, that our author wrote a work on the Runic literature.

AREIUS of ALEXANDRIA, a Stoic philosopher, one of the most intimate friends of Octavianus Cæsar, whose education, in conjunction with Apollodorus of Pergamum, he completed. He shared the table and friendship of the triumvir with his sons Dionysius and Nicanor. (Sueton. August. 89, Dio. 51, 16, 52, 36, and Fabricii Not.) Upon his entrance into Alexandria, and afterwards in the theatre, Octavianus appeared in close conversation with the philosopher, and in his speech to the people in the Hippodrome, assigned as one among three motives for sparing the city from pillage, that it was the birth-place of Areius. Seneca (Consol. ad Marciam. 4) has preserved part of a discourse addressed by Areius to the empress Livia upon the death of her younger son Drusus Nero. Whether Dioscorides dedicates his Treatise on the Materia Medica to this Areius or another of the same name is not ascertained.

ARELLANO, (Juan de, 1607-1670,) a Spanish flower-painter, born at Torcas, near Toledo, was a pupil of Juan de Solis, under whom he studied historical composition, but soon abandoned it. After copying several pictures of Mario Nuzzi,

called Mario di Fiori, he studied flowerpainting from nature, and practised it with great success. He died in the chapel of Notre Dame de Bon-Conseil, at Madrid, in which city there are four of his pictures. (Biog. Univ.)

Spain has also produced other persons of this name:

1. Gil Ramirez de, member of the council of Castile, and president of the Inquisition, wrote two treatises, on the Privileges of Creditors, and on the Greatness of the House of Aquilar.

2. Another Ramirez de Arellano wrote a treatise on Spanish orthography.

3. A third, a monk who lived in the early part of the seventeenth century, is much better known than the preceding. He wrote-1. On the Antiquities of Carmona. 2. On the Image of the Blessed Virgin. 3. On the Reliques of St. Justa and St. Rufina. In addition to these, perhaps also he wrote an account of the antiquities in the convent of the Holy Trinity at Seville.

4. Miguel Gomez de, knight of Santiago, and member of the council of Indian affairs, wrote on canon and civil law, and on the immaculate conception, in the middle of the seventeenth century.

ARELLIUS, a painter of some celebrity at Rome, a short time before the reign of Augustus. Pliny speaks of his ability with much commendation, but blames him for having selected as models for his goddesses the most celebrated courtesans of his time. Some of his pictures were in the temples, but the senate on this account ordered them to be withdrawn, notwithstanding their great beauty, that they might not desecrate the sacred places. (Biog. Univ. Bryan's Dict.)

AREMBERGH, (Jean de Ligne, count of,) a zealous officer of Charles V., was killed in battle near Groningen, in 1568. Charles d'Arembergh, a capuchin of the same family, born at Brussels in 1593, died 1669; published a History of the Writers of his Order from 1525 to 1580; Cologne, 1640. Clypeus Seraphicus, sive Scutum Veritatis in Defensionem Ordinis Minorum, 1650. (Biog. Univ.)

"AREMBERGH, (Leopold Philippe Charles Joseph, duke of,) duke of Aerschot and Croï, governor of Hainault, was born at Mons in 1690. His father was captain-general of the emperor's guards, and was killed at Peterwaradin in 1691. Leopold was wounded at Malplaquet, and by his courage and deserts raised

himself to the highest military honours. He made the campaigns of 1716-17 in Hungary, as major-general of the emperor's armies, and was wounded at the siege of Temeswar. He commanded the right wing of infantry at Belgrade, and essentially contributed to the gaining of that battle. In 1719 he was appointed governor of Rome; and in the campaign of 1733 continued to serve under prince Eugene, on the Rhine. In 1737 he was made field-marshal, and commander-inchief of the emperor's armies in the Low Countries; and in 1743 was wounded at the battle of Dettingen. He died in 1754, as celebrated for his patronage of literature as for his military renown. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AREMBERGH, (Louis Engelbert, duke and prince of,) grandson of Leopold, was born in 1750, and lost his sight when twenty-four years old. He passed the period of the French revolution in retirement, which he was induced to leave in 1806; and in return for his seat in the Senate-conservateur, and other distinctions, lent his aristocratic presence to Napoleon's court. He died at Brussels in 1820. His daughter Pauline, married to the Prince Schwartzenberg, perished in the ball-room conflagration, at Paris, in 1810. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AREMBERGH, (Auguste Marie Raymond, prince of,) younger brother of the Prince Louis Engelbert, was born in 1753. He long bore the title of count de la Marck, and was colonel of a German regiment in the French service, with which he served in India. Returning to France, he embraced the doctrines of the revolution; became a member of the States-general, and afterwards of the National Assembly, and contracted an intimate friendship with Mirabeau, who named him one of his executors. The count's revolutionary zeal was a little cooled by the suppression of the privileges of the nobility, and especially by the being deprived of his regiment by the National Assembly; and he assisted Mirabeau in his negotiations with the court. When the royal cause became hopeless he left France, and entered the Austrian army with the rank of major-general, and was employed as a diplomatist on various occasions, but never on any military service. On his brother's establishment at Paris, he was anxious to re-enter the service of France; this however Napoleon would not allow him to do, and he remained at Vienna till 1814, when he came to Brussels, and was made lieute

nant-general by the new king. He left the Dutch army after the revolution of 1830, and died in 1833. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARENA, (Antonius de, i. e. Antoine du Sablon,) a celebrated macaronic poet of the first half of the sixteenth century. He was born at Solliers, in the diocese of Toulon, and studied under Alciatus at Avignon. He was afterwards judge of St. Remy, in the diocese of Arles, and died there in 1544. The original editions of his works are now very rare, but some of them have been reprinted more than once during the last century, and may be found in most large public libraries. In one of his works, entitled De Arte Dansandi, and evidently written while he was young and a student at Avignon, he gives many curious traits of the manners of the students, of the customs of the university, such as their election of the "abbot of misrule," and the efforts of the different "nations," to secure the election of one of their own party, and of the contentions between the students and the town, &c. In this tract he calls himself

Provençalis de Bragardissima Villa de Soleriis." The first lines of one of the chapters which treat on the manners of the students, entitled De Gentilessiis Instudiantium, may serve as a specimen of the kind of jargon in which these pieces are written:

:

"Genti galantes sunt omnes instudiantes,
Et bellas garsas semper amare solent;
Et semper semper sunt de brigantibus ipsi,
Inter mignonos gloria prima manet.
Banquetant, bragant, faciunt miracula plura,
Et de bontate sunt sine fine boni."

The poem on the War in Provence in 1536, published at Avignon the same year, under the title Meygra Entreprisa Catholiqui Imperatoris quando en 1536 veniebat per Provensam bene carossatus in postam prendere Fransam cum Villis de Provensa, &c., like some other of his smaller poems, contains many historical notices which are not found elsewhere. The common imprint of these burlesque tracts was "Stampatus in Stampatura Stampatorum." Arena also printed some treatises on Jurisprudence, chiefly remarkable for the bad Latin in which they were written.

ARENA, (Jacques d',) a French jurist in the thirteenth century, of whom very little is known. He wrote several learned and valuable works on the Civil Law, which were printed in the sixteenth century. (Biog. Univ.)

ARENA, (Joseph,) a Corsican officer in the French revolutionary army, whe

was condemned to death along with Cerachi, Topno Lebrun, Demerville, and Diana, for a conspiracy against the first consul in 1802. (Biog. Univ.)

ARENA, (Barthelemi,) brother of Joseph Arena, was deputy from Corsica to the Council of Five Hundred, and was accused of an attempt to stab Buonaparte on its dispersal by him, on the 18th Brumaire; which he always strenuously denied. He was a violent republican, and died in obscurity at Livourne, 1829. (Biog. Univ. Scott's Life of Napoleon.)

ARENÆUS. Of this writer a solitary epigram has been preserved in the Greek Anthology.

ARENDT, (Martin Frederick,) a Danish antiquary, born at Altona in 1769, who led a singularly rambling life. At first he applied himself to the study of botany, which he abandoned for that of archæology. In 1789 he commenced his travels, in search of MSS. and other antiquities, taking up his quarters in the houses of the peasants and pastors, without at all consulting their wishes or convenience. On one occasion he is said to have been carried out of a house forcibly, and on another to have been smoked out. He continued this kind of rambling life till 1806, when he returned to Copenhagen with his collection of monuments and copies of Runic inscriptions. Here he obtained employment under the commission for publishing ancient Icelandic MSS., but soon quarrelled with them, and made his way to Paris. Arrived there, he discovered that he had left behind him, at Rostock, some Cufic coins entrusted to him by the baron de Tham, and immediately set out again to recover them. At Paris he fell ill, and lost an eye while a patient in the Hôtel Dieu, a misfortune which he attributed to his exposure to the weather during his antiquarian journeys in the north. From Paris he walked to Venice to see the Runic inscription on the lion of St. Mark. In 1810 he returned to Paris, and was taken care of by Malte-Brun, and became a member of the Celtic Academy. Always restless, however, he set off suddenly one day for Naples, and was confined for some time as a vagrant at Melun. In the same year he resumed his roving life in the north, refusing every offer of assistance which was likely to interfere with the perfect freedom of his motions. In 1820 he came to Germany, and thence southwards to Italy and Spain, wandering about, and asking or refusing alms when

offered, according to his circumstances at the time. In returning from Madrid, he had nearly reached the borders of Germany, when a doubt struck him as to some point to be cleared up in that capital; he went straight back to Madrid, and then resumed his homeward route. He was arrested during a second visit to Italy, in 1824, on suspicion of being an emissary from the German carbonari, from the resemblance of his name to Arndt, the author of the Spirit of the Times-a suspicion which was confirmed by the Runic alphabets which he carried being mistaken for secret symbols. He died in prison at Naples. Arendt's learning was immense, but in a great measure died with him, for he kept no journal of his travels, and only wrote a few memoirs on particular subjects. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

ARENHOLD, (G. J.) a German portrait painter, from whose pictures the following prints are known :-Portrait of Jean Gottfried Meiern, folio, engraved by Bernigerot; another of Silvestre Tappen, Lutheran divine, 8vo, engraved by Geor. Dan. Heuman; and a title with a view of Goslar and Rammelsberg, folio, G. J. Arenhold, inv. and del Hanov.; G. D. Heuman, fecit. Norimb. 1738. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

ARENIUS, or ARRHENIUS, a portrait painter at Stockholm, after whom the following prints are known:-the portrait of Charles Harlemen, folio, engraved in mezzo-tinto by J. J. Haid; and a portrait of John Charles Hedlinger the medallist, painted at Stockholm in 1738; mezzo-tinto at Augsburg by the same engraver. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

ARENSBECK, (Peter Diederich,) a Swedish classical and oriental scholar. He was employed under the direction of bishop Mathias, in a translation of the Bible into Swedish, which however was never finished. He wrote, on this occasion, a work now very rare even in Sweden, entitled Specimen Conciliationis Linguarum ex nativis eorundem proprietatibus in Textus aliquot sacros Veram et Convenientem Linguæ Sueticæ Versionem deductum. He died at Stockholm in 1673.

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ARENTS, (Thomas, 1652-1700,) a Dutch poet of some celebrity in his day, who produced several tragedies, and a collection of mengel-poesi, or miscellaneous pieces, which latter are commended by De Veris, and the specimen he gives of them justifies his commendation. Ac

cording to that critic, Arents would have greatly surpassed what he now is, had he trusted more to his own talents, instead of imitating the poets of France.

ARESAS, a Pythagorean philosopher of Lucania. A single fragment of his treatise, On the Nature of Man, has been preserved in the Eclog. Physic. of Stobæus.

ARESI, (Paul,) of Milan, was born at Cremona about 1574. He taught theology, philosophy, and rhetoric, at Rome and Naples, and was appointed confessor to Isabella of Savoy, duchess of Modena, and was afterwards made bishop of Tortona. He died in 1644. His principal works were-In Libros Aristotelis de Generatione et Corruptione. Milan, 1617. De Aquæ Transmutatione in Sacrificio Missæ. Tortona, 1622. De Cantici Canticorum Sensu, Velitatio bina. Milan, 1640. Velitationes sex in Apocalypsim. Milan, 1647. In Italian, Arte di predicar bene. Venice, 1611. Imprese sacre con triplicati Discorsi illustrate ed Arrichite. Verona, 1613. Della Tribolazione e suoi Remedii. Tortona, 1624. Panegirici fatti in diverse Occasioni.

ARESKIN, or ERSKINE, (Robert,) principal physician to Peter the Great, was a native of Scotland, who, after studying at Oxford and taking the degree of doctor of medicine, went to Russia about 1704, where he was at first private physician to prince Menzikov. In 1716 he became chief physician to Peter, whom he accompanied the following year in a journey through Germany, France, and Holland, and by whom he was greatly esteemed both for his abilities and personal qualities, and for his attachment as well as his professional skill. It is to him that Russia was indebted for the adoption of many excellent measures tending to advance the study of medicine and pharmacy, and to rescue them from ignorant or incompetent practitioners. The high favour in which he stood with his imperial patron did not fail to excite cabals against him, one of the instigators of which was baron Hertz, who endeavoured to make it appear that Erskine was aiding the cause of the Stuarts, and carrying on a correspondence with their adherents in Scotland. The tzar, however, gave no credit to such rumours, and took care that Erskine should be cleared from all suspicion in the eyes of the British court. He died in December 1718, at Olonetz, and was interred with great ceremony in the Newsky monastery, St. Petersburgh;

the funeral being attended by Peter himself, and many of the principal nobles. His library, and collection of minerals, &c., were purchased during his life for the Academy of Arts. (Entziklop. Leksikon.)

ARETÆUS of CAPPADOCIA, (1st century,) one of the most celebrated and learned physicians of antiquity, but of whose history the particulars are unknown. Even the time and place in which he lived is uncertain. From what has been collected, however, it would appear that he flourished towards the close of, or immediately after the reign of the emperor Nero, as he mentions the Theriaca for the cure of the poisonous effects of the viper, which was invented by Andromachus of Crete, the father of the physician to the emperor. Vossius places him before the Augustan age, on the ground that his work is written in the Ionic dialect; but this inference is untenable, as Arrian of Nicomedia, who lived as late as the middle of the second century, employed this dialect in his book entitled Indica. Rome, or its neighbourhood, seems to have been the seat of his practice, from the character of his remedies and the wines he recommends, among which are the Falernian, the Surrentine, Signine, &c. From the time of Aëtius (who lived in the fifth century) few writers of any celebrity have failed to quote from his works, and to express their admiration of his style, which, in elegance, surpassed that of the period in which he is supposed to have lived. It is a matter of surprise, and quite unaccounted for, that he should not be noticed by Galen, Oribasius, and others who have so largely referred to preceding writers of eminence. The writings of Aretæus have been, and continue to be, highly esteemed by physicians for their accuracy and perspicuity. The symptomatology has always been admired. His style has attracted the attention of all learned men, and it is exceedingly to he regretted that we are ignorant of his personal history. His works have not descended to us without mutilation; Aëtius quotes passages which are not now to be found in any of his known writings. In the description of diseases he is almost unrivalled, and the truth of his delineations is universally admitted. Freind looks upon Aretæus and Alexander to be the two most valuable authors since the time of Hippocrates. They treat of but few distempers, not more than fifty or sixty, and evidently write of these from personal observation.

Of the writings of Aretæus we have eight books; two on acute and two on chronic diseases generally, and two on each of these divisions descriptive of their particular symptoms. It is impossible to read Aretæus without being forcibly reminded of the great father of physic. The correspondence of style, mode of description of symptoms, observation of nature, sagacity of diagnosis, order in the statement of causes, judicious selection of remedies, &c., are manifest. He precedes his history of diseases by an anatomical introduction upon the organs affected. Anatomy was then in its infancy, and great difficulties existed to its progress. The errors of Aretaus in this branch are therefore necessarily numerous. He considered the heart to be the principle of life and strength, and in which the soul and nature of man held their residence. He looked upon it as the source of respiration, being placed in the centre of the lungs. These organs he considered as active, their motions being dependent on their small nerves. The venous system, according to him, took its origin from the liver. He admitted, with Erisistratus, that the nerves were the organs of sensation and motion. These ideas he endeavoured to apply to his views of disease. Shortly after the establishment of the sect of the Methodists in physic, the Pneumatists and Eclectics arose, the latter of which attempted to reconcile the doctrines of the Empirics and the Methodists. Aretæus seems to have taken for the basis of his doctrine that of the Pneumatists, but he reduced their principles to a more scientific form, and enriched it by a number of valuable observations. The practice of Aretæus was, however, in accordance with that of Hippocrates; it was founded on experience and an attentive observation of nature. In his mode of treatment he rarely employed other than the most simple means, and his remedies were few in number. He employed bleeding in many cases, and in several to a great extent. He used arteriotomy behind the ears in severe affections of the head. Emetics (of white hellebore especially) he used extensively. He attended particularly to the diet of his patients, and did more in this respect than by the employment of pharmaceutical means. In chronic diseases his practice was often bold. In epilepsy he did not hesitate to make a perforation in the skull, for which practice, however, it would be difficult to find any thing like a satisfactory reason;

the cautery was of common application. He states elephantiasis to be infectious. He deserves notice, as having been the first medical writer to observe particularly the influence which the mind exerts over the body, and that exercised also by the body over the mind; influences, for which, with the modesty associated with science, he does not attempt to account. He is the earliest writer to recommend the employment of cantharides to produce vesications. Prior to this time, mustard and the plant called thapsia were used for this purpose.

From the works of Aretæus which are preserved to us, it is evident that he had composed others which are lost; on surgery, fevers, the diseases of women, the preparation of medicines, &c. The works we possess are also imperfect, and their unrivalled excellence materially excites regret for the absence of any part. His works have been published in Greek, Latin, and other languages. In Greek, the first edition is that of J. Goupyl, Paris, 1554, 8vo, which was reprinted by Henry Stephen, in the collection Medica Artis Principes, Paris, 1567, folio. There is another Greek edition by Turnebus, Ex Bibl. Reg. printed also at Paris, 1554, 8vo. In Greek and Latin, an edition by George Henisch was printed at Vienna in 1603, and again in 1627 in folio. Wigan of Oxford published an edition taken from two Greek MSS. with notes, prefaces, critical dissertations, &c., at Oxford, 1723, folio. Triller published some remarks on this edition. Boerhaave edited an edition at Leyden in 1731, in folio. He followed the Greek text of Goupyl, and the Latin version of Crassus, and he has given a commentary, by Peter Petit, on the first three books, which were written in 1662, and separately printed by Mattaire at London, in 1726. A second edition by Boerhaave, with additional notes and observations, was printed in 1735. This is esteemed the best edition of the works of Aretaus Haller printed an edition also in his Medicæ Artis Principes, at Lausanne, in 1772 and 1787, which is not considered of importance. The first edition of Aretæus was published in the Latin language, by Junius Paulus Crassus, a professor at Padua, and printed by the Juntas at Venice, 1552, in 4to. Of this version several editions were published; at Paris, 1554, 16mo; Basil, 1581, 4to; Argent. 1768, 12mo. Translations have also been published in German by Dr. Dewaz, Vienne, 1790-1802, 8vo, 2 vols.

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