(as it is strongly asserted,) bribed by the French; he did not burn the bridge near Vienna, and thus opened the country to the easy invasion of the enemy. The palpable error, or venality, of a man of such elevated rank, filled the hearts of every Austrian patriot with disgust, and is even now remembered in sarcastic puns. After the conclusion of peace, Auersperg was brought before a court martial, cashiered, and committed to prison. Subsequently he was permitted to live at one of his domains, and died at the beginning of this century. (Allg. Zeitung. Biogr. N. des Contemp., where he is mentioned under Aversperg.)

AUFFMANN, (Joseph Anton Xavier,) a very excellent player on the organ, master of music to prince Campidon, born in 1720, died in 1778. He published, in 1754, at Augsburg, the Triplex Concentus Organicus, fol. which contains three highly esteemed concerts on the organ.

AUFFRAY, (Jean,) born at Paris, 1733, died 1788, a French writer of no great merit, who wrote a treatise to prove that printing had done more harm than good to literature; and proposed a plan that none should be allowed to write for the press, but those ascertained, by examination, to be fit for it; and that only those works should be allowed to be printed, that were undoubtedly useful, and calculated for the advancement of literature. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUFIDIUS, (Titus,) a native of Sicily, and a pupil of the famous Asclepiades, (Steph. Byzant. in Auppaxtov,) who lived a little before the beginning of the Christian era. We are told by Cælius Aurelianus, that he employed friction in peripneumony, (Morb. Acut. lib. ii. cap. 29, p. 144;) and that to cure mania, he had recourse to flagellation and abstinence. The patients were confined with cords, but he thought it prudent to allow them to indulge their sexual desires. (Morb. Chron. lib. i. cap. 5, p. 339.)

AUFFSCHNAITER, (Benedict Anton,) was master of the orchestra at Passau, in the beginning of the last century, and a very esteemed composer of church music; some of whose rare works are to be found in the Munich library. Amongst them are, Twelf Offertoria, Passaviæ, 1719, fol. One of his operas, entitled Alaude V., contains six complete masses, printed Augsburg, 1711, fol.; considered in those times the ne plus ultra of German church music. AUFRERI, (Etienne,) a French

lawyer, was born at Toulouse about the beginning of the sixteenth century. Toulouse was the seat of his labours, and the courts there the subject of his writings. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUFRESNE, (Jean,) a French actor, who was born at Geneva, in 1729. His father was a watchmaker, of the name of Rival, and Jean was brought up to the same trade. A strong turn for the stage made him give up his watches for it; but to spare the feelings of his family, who were much opposed to his plan, he changed his name of Rival, to that of Aufresne. Not being able to agree with his brother comedians about the proper style of acting, he quitted France, and spent his life at the courts of Frederic II. Catharine II. of Russia, and her successors. He visited Voltaire in 1776, who gave him very high praise ; but, perhaps, as has been suggested, he flattered, that he might be flattered. Aufresne died in 1806. (Biog. Univ.)

AUGE, (Daniel d',) in Latin, Augetius, a professor of Greek in the university of Paris, in the sixteenth century. He is supposed to have died about 1595. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUGEARD, (Matthew,) a French lawyer, who died about 1751. He made a useful compilation, entitled, Arrêts notables des differents Tribunaux du Royaume. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUGEARD, (Jacques Mathieu, 1731 -1805,) a French statesman of the last century, who, previous to the revolution, held the offices of fermier-général and sécrétaire des commandemens, to queen Marie Antoinette. An imprudent and unauthorized step which he had taken in the execution of his official duties, led to the belief that the queen exercised an improper influence in some branches of the administration, and was the cause of many of the misfortunes that followed. After the breaking out of the revolution, Augeard endeavoured to expiate his errors by his loyalty. He absented himself from France during the reign of terror, and thus escaped the fate which struck so many others at that dreadful period. He returned to France after the 18th Brumaire. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUGER, (Edmond,) was born in 1515, near Troyes. His father was a labourer, and Edmond is said to have been, in his youth, a mountebank, and to have conducted a bear about the streets. He begged his way to Rome, and, having arrived there, entered a college of Jesuits in the capacity of a kitchen boy.

of his army. He also distinguished himself at the battle of Arcola; the French columns were wavering, when he seized a standard, rushed towards the enemy, was followed by his troops, and a charge was made that had a great share in deciding the fortunes of the day. In this campaign he showed himself a good general of division, but incapable of the functions of a general-in-chief, and was as remarkable for his pillaging and exactions, as for his valour. In 1797 he had the command of the seventeenth division, that of Paris, the most important one of the country, conferred upon him by the directory, and he executed their plans with great courage and readiness. As he, in time, aspired to higher things, they sent him to the command of the army of the Sambre and the Meuse. Here he acted in communication with the democratic party in Paris, and was denounced by Bonaparte to the directory for the intrigues he was carrying on to break the treaty of Campo-Formio. The directory had some difficulty in deciding between the two men, whom they feared alike, but they gave in to Bonaparte, and Augereau was sent to the command of the division of Perpignan. In 1799 he was returned a deputy to the Five Hundred, and was made secretary of the chamber. Here he violently opposed Bonaparte; but after some time his clamours subsided into submission and silence, and soon after came his appointment to the command of the army of Holland. He conducted that campaign, which ended in the battle of Hohenlinden; after which he was superseded in the command by Victor.

In the creation of the marshals of the empire, Augereau was one of the first that was placed on the list, and he accepted at the same time his title of duke of Castiglione. He afterwards had a command in the Austrian campaign, and the year after in the operations in Prussia, and was at the battle of Jena. He was in the Spanish campaign of 1809; and in 1812, when Napoleon was in Russia, he was at the head of the army stationed in Germany. He had the command of a division in the army in the battle of Leipsic; and in all the operations of the retreat of the French army into France he highly distinguished himself. When all was over, he hastened to offer his services to Louis XVIII., and to take the oaths to the new government. He was well received by the king, who created him a peer, and gave him a command.

In his way to Paris he had passed through St. Elba, and in the streets of the town met Napoleon, who came up to embrace him. Augereau rejected his advances, and loaded him with reproaches, and contumelious language. In 1815, he was in a military command, when Napoleon landed in France from St. Elba. Augereau declared for the emperor. Napoleon, however, did not give him any employment; nor did Louis XVIII. on his return, at the end of the three months. He then retired to his estates, where he died in 1816. He had gathered together a large fortune, which he left to his wife. It is said that when he wanted to marry, he went to a notary, and gave him instructions to look out for a young lady of "bonne noblesse," poor and prudent. He was an admirable officer, but nothing more. He was gross in his manners, desperately ignorant, destitute of capacious views, and entirely without principle. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUGIAS, a Greek writer of the middle comedy. The titles of only three of his plays have been preserved, and but a single verse, of which Clemens Alexandrinus says he took the idea from Antimachus, an epic poet of Teos.

AUGIER, (Jean,) sieur des Maisons Neuves, published in 1589, on the occasion of the death of his wife, a collection of pieces written on the subject, under the title of Torrent de Pleurs funèbres. (Biog. Univ.)

AUGIER, (Le Baron Jean Baptiste, 1769-1819,) one of Napoleon's officers, who fought with some distinction, and was created a baron in 1804. After the banishment of Napoleon to Elba, he adhered to the Bourbons, and died in 1819. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUGIER, one of the body physicians of the empress Maria Theresa, and a great patron and amateur of music. He translated Mancini's work on Song into French. (Burney's Travels, vol. ii.)

AUGUIS, (Pierre Jean Baptiste, 1748 1810,) was born in Poitou. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly of the French convention, and of the Five Hundred. After the death of the king he acted a moderate part, and was opposed to the terrorists. He took an active part in the political affairs of France until 1799. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUGURELLO, an Italian Latin poet, born in 1441, at Rimini. He was professor of belles lettres in the universities of Trevisa and Venice. He published a poem, entitled Chrysopcia, or the Art of

Making Gold, which is said to have been aptly rewarded by Leo X. with an empty purse. Notwithstanding the subject of his poem, he is said not to have had any taste or turn for alchemy. He published a volume of poems, under the title of Carmina, Venice, 1505. He was also well acquainted with the Greek language and antiquities. He died in 1524. (Biog. Univ. Roscoe, Leo X. Mazzuchelli.) AUGUST, (Emil Leopold,) duke of Saxe Gotha and Altenburg, and the last of his lineage, was born on the 25th of November, 1772, succeeded his father, Ernst II., the 20th of April, 1804, and died on the 17th of May, 1822, leaving one daughter, who was married to the present duke of Coburg Gotha. He began his studies in 1788, at the Protestant Gymnasium at Geneva, where the fame of J. J. Rousseau, then at its height, might have imbued him with that rather fantastic turn of character which he preserved through life. After his return to Gotha, in 1791, he still attended lectures on philosophy, history, politics, and literature, and applied his leisure hours to painting and music. He was twice married; first, in 1797, to Louise of Mecklenburg, and next, in 1802, to Caroline of Hesse Cassel. Having taken the reins of government, he remained, during eighteen years of a stormy period, faithful to that system of a well-regulated, just, and mild administration, which, since the time of Ernst the Pious, had maintained Saxe Gotha in a high degree of prosperity; and though it could not be said, that August Emil amended its organic laws or constitution, still he contributed powerfully to the advancement of trade, commerce, personal security, and comfort.

The admiration for Napoleon, whom August Emil had all along regarded as a magnificent patron of art and science, soon absorbed him altogether, and as he never neglected to fulfil the obligations imposed by the conqueror with readiness and faithfulness, his land was treated leniently, and, even in times most ominous, not impeded in the march of improvement and welfare. During a period of eight years, the forcible abduction of Becker, by the duke of Eckmühl, was the only untoward accident which took place in Gotha. When Napoleon passed by Gotha, before the battle of Lützen, August Emil conducted Becker's wife to the carriage of the emperor, and obtained his immediate release from Magdeburg, where he had been confined.

During the occupation of Germany by the armies of the monarchs allied against Napoleon, August Emil did not for a moment leave his residence, where many an oppressed family found shelter; and when, subsequently, a famine broke out in most parts of Germany, the duke did not oppose any prohibitive duties to the circulation of corn, and had the satisfaction to see that the prices in his lands were much lower than in those where prohibitive laws had been enforced. Better and quieter times seemed to have arrived, when the duke died, in the prime of age, from the effects of a complaint of the chest. The only reproach which can be made to August Emil the monarch is, that he was too generous, perhaps extravagant, in his private expenses, and devoted to his eccentric fancies what could have been more beneficially employed for the welfare of the country at large.

August Emil was conspicuous as an author, as well in literary as musical composition. His first attempts were portraits of known persons, in which precision and a pleasing diction are conspicuous. A larger work, entitled Panedone (All-enjoyment), more fable than romance, was never completed, and has not been printed. His next work was, Years in Arcadia, or Cyllenion, a series of Idyls in prose, which was printed. In the year 1806 he began a new work, Emilian Letters, which portrayed the subjects of his own fancy, in the shape of princely maidens; it is rich in pictures of a romantic nature, splendid structures, and objects of art, gorgeous gardens, palaces, monasteries, and temples. After spending ten years on this work, he was hindered by death from publishing it. Another printed work ascribed to him is, Fourteen Letters of a Carthusian Monk; but it is more probable that it was translated from a French MS., a few pages of the duke's composition added, and merely destined for private circulation amongst friends. About the year 1808 he began also to compose an opera, in which he is said to have exhibited the highest artistical feeling, and the most genuine originality; but this opera was never published. Most of the poems interwoven in the Cyllenion are also by him. The prince was of an interesting exterior, affable, spirited, kind, irritable, but his anger was always of short duration. Göthe was a frequent guest in his beautiful and tasty mansion. He was buried by the side of his father, Ernst II., in the shadowy groves of a little island, situated in