expired the last of the male line of Jagellon. The twenty-four years of Sigismond's reign had been a season of prosperity to Poland; for although he himself possessed no very eminent qualities either as a ruler or a warrior, the country, then powerful by its extent of territory, commanded the respect of other states; nor was its internal tranquillity disturbed, except by the heats of religious opinion; which, however, were not attended with the bloodshed they occasioned in other parts of Europe. The nobles were for the most part attached to the principles of the Augsburg Confession, while the Catholics formed another party, and the Socinians a third; yet these differences

of creed seem to have soon settled down into toleration; which may in some measure be attributed to the spirit of moderation shown by Sigismond, who on his part was suspected to be inclined to heretical opinions,-a supposition that gained some colour from the circumstance of Luther's dedicating to him his German translation of the Bible.

In the latter half of his reign, some differences arose between Poland and Russia, in consequence of the Livonians putting themselves under the protection of the former power as its subjects. The Russians invaded Lithuania, and the war was carried on for some time with alternate success, and without decisive advantage to either side, till in 1569 the union of Poland and Lithuania was established by the diet. In fact, Poland was now at its zenith with regard both to dominion and prosperity; and it was in this reign that it began to distinguish itself in literature also, and produced many celebrated writers both in the Latin language, and in the native idiom of the country; among which latter may be mentioned Jan Koehanowski, Gornicki, Bielski, Skarga, &c.

AUGUSTUS, (surnamed the Pious, duke of Saxony, 1526-1586.) In 1553, he succeeded his brother Maurice as elector of Saxony, and received the investiture of his dominions from the emperor; this being the last time that the ceremony was performed in Germany. He was succeeded by Christian I. (Biog. Univ.) AUGUSTUS II. (Frederic,) elector of Saxony, and king of Poland, second son of John George III. elector of Saxony, was born at Dresden, the 12th of May, 1670. In 1695, on the death of his brother, John George IV. he succeeded to the electorate. Soon after his accession, he took a part in the war against

the Turks; but in 1696, he turned his attention to the throne of Poland, then vacant, and for which there were many competitors. It soon appeared that it lay between the prince of Conti, who had all the interest and influence of Louis XIV. with the favour of a majority of the Polish palatins, and himself. On the 25th of June, 1697, the diet was held; and on the 27th of that month, a double election was made. Augustus had marched into Poland with 10,000 Saxons; and this force, and, what was of greater weight, very large sums expended by him, prevailed over the address and intrigues of the French minister. The election of Augustus was confirmed; he was crowned at Cracow, in September, and the prince of Conti returned disappointed into France. He, however, did not long enjoy his crown in peace. By the treaty of Oliva, in 1660, a great part of Livonia had been ceded by Poland to Sweden, and this Augustus, on his election, had promised to recover. He soon proceeded to carry this into execution; and having engaged the czar Peter I. and the king of Denmark to invade it at different points, he himself commenced the siege of Riga. Charles XII., then but young, took on himself the defence of his dominions. He defeated the king of Denmark under the walls of Copenhagen, and forced him to make a peace, and then defeated Peter at Narva. Under these circumstances, Augustus withdrew his forces from Riga. Some time after, the army of Augustus was defeated by Charles XII., and he was anxious to conclude a peace with him; but Charles was determined that no peace should be made as long as he was king of Poland. Augustus thus had no alternative but to fight. The armies met between Cracow and Warsaw in 1702, and a battle ensued, which ended in a complete victory on the part of the king of Sweden. 1704, the diet of Warsaw, under the influence of Charles, declared Augustus to be no longer king, and proclaimed an interregnum. Charles had some difficulty in finding a new king for them, but at length he pitched upon Stanislaus Leczinski, who was crowned at Warsaw in the same year. Augustus afterwards marched into Poland, and gained possession of his capital; but a defeat which his troops received from the Swedes took from him all he had gained, and made him tremble for his paternal dominions. He was remaining in Poland while Charles overran Saxony, and then felt the neces

In

sity of making a peace on any conditions. He sent, accordingly, ambassadors to Charles, with no other instructions, than to obtain one on reasonable and christian terms. Charles granted it on very severe ones, among which was his renunciation of the crown of Poland; and the treaty was signed in 1706. Augustus returned to Dresden; and was soon after astonished by a visit from the formidable Charles himself, who in his march against Russia had come there incognito. He had, however, the generosity not to take advantage of the rashness of the adventurous prince. In 1709, after the defeat of Charles XII. at Pultowa, he was recalled to the throne of Poland, which he had given up with so much regret; and was well received in that country. His first wish was to revenge himself on Sweden. That country, however, made a good resistance, and Augustus and his allies could not agree together, so that no great progress was made; and on the death of Charles in 1718, all parties were glad of a peace. Augustus then turned his thoughts to the governing Poland absolutely, by means of his Saxon troops. A league, however, being formed among the palatins, who showed him the danger and inconvenience of such an attempt, he readily relinquished it. The rest of his life was spent in pleasures, feasts, and magnificent displays, in the midst of which he died in 1733. He had only one legitimate son, Frederic Augustus, who succeeded him, but he had many natural sons. Among the latter was the famous marshal Saxe, whom his mistress, the countess of Königsmarc, bore him. (Biog. Univ. Bayle. Dict. Hist.)

AUGUSTUS III. (Frederic,) elector of Saxony, and king of Poland, succeeded his father in 1733, in the electorate of Saxony. After the death of the last king of Poland, Louis XV. wished to place on the throne Stanislaus Leczinski, who had been king on the dethronement of Augustus II. and whose daughter he had married. Augustus III., however, was elected by a party of the Polish nobility, who assembled at the place of election, supported by a Russian army, and the election was confirmed by a diet held at Warsaw, in 1736. The only passion of this king was hunting, and the cares of government were committed by him to his favourite, the count de Brulh. The only system of politics adopted was an entire dependence on Russia.

Augustus, as elector, had joined the queen of Hungary in a league against

the king of Prussia; and they, by the aid of England and Holland, had provided an army of 30,000 men. This force, joined by the Austrian troops, received a total defeat from that king. Frederic soon afterwards entered Dresden, driving Augustus before him, who retired to Poland; but the year following he recovered Saxony on humiliating terms. In 1756 he was drawn into the seven years' war; and again his old enemy, Frederic II. of Prussia, penetrated into Saxony: again Augustus was driven away, and Dresden taken. Saxony for six years remained in the possession of Prussia; but at the peace of 1763, it was restored to him. He then abandoned Poland for ever; delighted to retire to Dresden, and to give himself up to the idleness and inaction that best suited his character. He had not, however, been there long, when he was carried off by the gout in his stomach. He died on the 5th of October, 1763. His son, Frederic Christian Leopold, succeeded him in Saxony, and Stanislaus Poniatowski in Poland. (Biog. Univ.)

AUGUSTUS, (William,) second son of Frederic William I. king of Prussia, and brother of Frederic the Great, was born at Berlin in 1722. He was a distinguished general, and acquired great reputation in his brother's service. Frederic gave him the command of the army which had been beaten at Kollin; but angry at the retreat that this prince made at Zitau, he wrote him a very severe letter. This so affected him that he quitted the army in despair, fell sick, and died in 1758. Frederic II. displayed no emotion on the occasion; and their other brother, Henry, never fully forgave him the cruel part he had taken. (Biog. Univ.)

AUGUSTUS of UDINA, an Italian Latin poet of the sixteenth century. He took the name of Grazianus. The only work of his extant is a volume, entitled, Augusti vatis Odæ. Venice, 1529.

AULA, (Salvatore, 1718-1784,) an Italian antiquary. He was a member of the Academy of Herculaneum, and produced some memoirs connected with that subject, and published an Epitome Antiquitatum Romanarum. He was also professor in the Neapolitan Ecclesiastical School. (Tipaldo, iv. 386.)

AULAN, (Denis François Marie de Suarez, marquis d',) was born at Avignon, about 1725. He was the nephew and the heir of the celebrated Madame du Def fand. He was seized by the populace,

Calvisius Taurus, and the celebrated Peregrinus Proteus, and acquired the friendship of Herodes Atticus. At a country seat of the latter, probably, he compiled the greater part of his Noctes Atticæ. He accompanied Taurus to Delphi, to witness the general assemblage of the Greek states at the Pythian games. Upon his return to Rome he applied to legal studies, and was frequently appointed by the city prætor, to settle causes of equity and arbitration. Aulus Gellius gave to his collection of remarks and annotations the name of Attic Nights, since they were chiefly drawn up in the leisure of winter evenings, while he resided near Athens; and the title he considered less affected than those of Musa, Sylvæ, Пenλov, Kepas Aμaddeias, and others, in his age usually appended to such Collectanea. They are in twenty books, of which the eighth is entirely lost, and the beginning of the sixth is wanting. They arose from the remarks and extracts he made in a wide course of miscellaneous reading both in Greek and Roman literature, put together as he had entered them in his place-book, with little method or selection. They contain many curious anecdotes; but their principal value consists in the numerous fragments they have preserved of ancient works, on law and jurisprudence, of annals, and philosophical writers, and general philology, otherwise irreparably lost. Gellius, however, was a mere book-worm, and sometimes in his observations upon what was passing before him in daily life betrays a credulity and ignorance hardly credible. His admiration for the ancient comic writers of Rome sometimes leads him to employ an obsolete phraseology; but his style, although unworthy of the commendations Augustine (De Civitate Dei, ix. c. 4) has given it, is generally smooth and perspicuous. The preface to the Noctes Atticæ relates in a lively and interesting manner the occasion and progress of the work; and the twenty books are full of incidental traits of cha racter and manners, illustrative of the society of the age.

AUMALE, (Claude de Lorraine, duke of,) son of René II., duke of Lorraine, whom he succeeded in the possessions of Aumale, settled in France, where he obtained letters of naturalization, and had the office of grand huntsman conferred upon him. He commanded the troops of his uncle, the duke of Gueldres, at the battle of Marignan, in 1515; and in 1522, defeated the English before

Hesdin, and the Germans before Neufchâteau, in Lorraine. He was also actively employed in putting down the insurrection of the peasants in Misnia, Swabia, and Alsace. Francis I., to whom he had rendered considerable services, made the territory of Guise into a duchy in his favour, and appointed him governor of Champagne. In 1542, he made a conquest of the duchy of Luxembourg; and two years after, provided for the safety of Paris, which was then in a state of great alarm. It is from this time that the affection of the Parisians to this house is dated. He died April 12th, 1550. There were many distinguished members of this family and name:

Claude II. of Lorraine, duke of Aumale, the third son of the preceding, was born in 1523: he had for his share the territory of Aumale, and the office of grand huntsman, and obtained in 1550 the government of Burgundy. He fought on the royal side at the battles of Dreux, St. Denis, and Moncontour. Conceiving that Coligni had a share in the death of the duke of Guise, his brother, he determined to revenge it on him, and was one of the principal movers in the project of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. was killed at the siege of Rochelle in 1573.

He

Charles of Lorraine, duke of Aumale, son of the preceding, succeeded him in the duchy of Lorraine, and the office of grand huntsman. He was one of the most ardent defenders of the league. Jealous of the popularity of the duke and cardinal of Guise, he informed the king that they were getting every thing in readiness to seize his person. After the death of the duke and cardinal, d'Aumale and the duke of Mayenne were placed at the head of the league. The defence of Paris was entrusted to him in 1589. On the 21st of September in that year, he and the duke of Mayenne lost the battles of Arques, and afterwards that of Ivry. D'Aumale afterwards defended Paris successfully against Henry IV. After the success of Henry, not choosing to submit himself to his government, he entered the service of Spain, whereupon the parliament ordered him to be executed in effigy. He died at Brussels in 1631.

AUMONT, (Jean d',) was born in 1522. He fought on the royal side in the battles of Dreux, St. Denis, and Moncontour. In 1579, Henry III. rewarded his services by making him a night of different orders, and finally making

him a marshal of France.

On the death of Henry III. he was the first to acknowledge Henry IV. as king, and to join his cause. He distinguished himself at the battles of Arques and Ivry. He was afterwards nominated to the government of Champagne; and was killed while besieging Camper in 1595.

Louis Marie Victor d'Aumount et de Rochebaran, duke of Aumont, (1632. 1704,) a distinguished officer in the army of Louis XIV.

Jaques, duke of Aumont, of the same family as the preceding. He had the offer of the command of the national guard in 1789; he hesitated, however, and it was given to the marquis de la Salle, who was soon afterwards replaced by M. de la Fayette. In 1791, he took the oath of fidelity to the constitution. He

died in 1799.

Louis Marie Alexander, duke of Aumont, was born the 14th August, 1736. He bore the title of the duke of Villequier, until 1799, when, on the death of his elder brother, that of duke of Aumont came to him. He was first gentleman of the chamber to the king, and a staunch loyalist. It was from his apartments that the royal family set out, in their flight to Varennes. The duke afterwards emigrated. He died in 1814. He had two daughters, who were united by a friendship so tender, that they made a vow that they would never separate, and would marry only upon the condition of finding two brothers who had the same views as themselves. This was accomplished in 1806, by their marriage with the MM. de Sainte Aldegonde.

Louis Marie Céleste, duke of Aumont, was duke of Piennes, until the death of his uncle, the duke of Villequier in 1799, whose title he took, and kept till the death of his father in 1814. The duke of Piennes, before the revolution, was one of the most remarkable persons in the world of fashion in Paris. He was a staunch loyalist; and, after that period, emigrated, and served with gallantry in different campaigns, until the restoration. He made an adventurous descent from England into Normandy during the hundred days. It would probably have been unsuccessful, as he was.exposed to a force superior to his own; but the news of the defeat of Napoleon removed the danger he was in. He died in 1831. (Biographie Universelle and Supplement.)

AUNAIRE, (Bishop of Auxerre in 581, died in 605. He presided at a

AUNILLON, (Pierre Charles Fabiot, 1684-1760,) canon and grand vicar of Evreux. He pronounced the funeral

oration of Louis XIV. in the cathedral of Evreux. He wrote a comedy, entitled, Les Amants Déguisés, and at a later period of his life, he published two romances. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUNOY, (Marie Catharine Jumelle de Berneville, countess d',) the niece of the celebrated Madame Desloges, died in 1705. She published, Fairy Tales, in 4 vols, and Adventures of Hippolytus, earl of Douglas, which latter work had some readers many years ago. She also published Memoirs relating to the History of Europe, from 1672 to 1679; Memoirs of the Court of Spain; and the History of John de Bourbon. (Biog. Univ.)

AURBACH, (Johannes Von,) a German jurist, who flourished in the latter half of the fifteenth century. Nothing further is known of him than that he was a doctor of canon law, and, it would seem, vicarius of Bamberg. Judging by the number of editions which the Summa, as it is generally called, passed through, Von Aurbach was very highly esteemed by his contemporaries. His works, so far as we know, are, 1. Libellus dans Modum legendi Abbreviat. in utroque Jure, 4to, s. I. et a. 2. Processus Judiciarius, Argentini, 1491. 3. Summa de Septem Sacramentis, Aug. Vind. 1469, fol. This is the title generally given to this work, but we are inclined to think, that its proper title is, Directorium Curatorum, for these reasons: 1. It is so called in an edition to be found in the royal collection at the British Museum, which is apparently the first, and prior to that by Zeiner, abovementioned, but which seems to have been unknown to the different writers on the early productions of the press. 2. In a MS. in the Imperial Library at Vienna, described by Lambecius, Comment. ii. p. 630, there is a treatise, Magistri Johannis Aurbach Directorium Sacerdotum, which seems to be the same work. Lastly, the introduction, which is too long to quote, shows that the proposed title is best suited to the whole work; whilst, that of De septem Sacramentis is applicable to the second part only. There is also another writer of the