born at Walpole in Norfolk, and died at London, in 1669. In 1652 he published, under the name of William Berkley, a work against religious persecution, entitled, the Christian Moderator. He was also the author of Reflexions on the Oaths of Supremacy and Allegiance, 1661; an Answer to Tillotson's Rule of Faith; and several other books.

AUSTIN, (Samuel,) the elder, a divine and sacred poet of the seventeenth century, was the son of Thomas Austin, of Lostwithiel in Cornwall, in which town he was born. He entered Exeter college, Oxford, at the age of seventeen, in 1623; took the degree of M.A., and settled as a clergyman on a benefice in his own county. While a young man, residing at Exeter college, he had contracted an acquaintance with Drayton and Browne, two eminent poets of the time; and while there, he published a poem of no small merit, which he entitled, Austin's Urania, or the Heavenly Muse, in a poem, full of most feeling meditations, for the comfort of all souls at all times, 8vo, 1629. The first portion is dedicated to Dr. Prideaux, the rector of Exeter college, and the second to Mr.John Roberts, son to Lord Roberts, baron of Truro. There is a poem addressed to his three poetical friends, Drayton, Browne, and Pollexfen, exhorting them to turn their thoughts to sacred subjects, as most proper for the Muse, from which the few following lines are extracted as a specimen of this almost forgotten poet

"And thou, dear Drayton, let thy aged muse
Turn now divine; let her forget the use
Of thy erst-pleasing tunes of love (which were
But fruits of witty youth): let her forbear
These toys, I say, and let her now break forth,
Thy latest gasp, in heavenly sighs, more worth
Than is a world of all the rest; for this
Will usher thee to heaven's eternal bliss.

AUSTIN, (Samuel,) the younger, a writer of verse, said, by Wood, to be the son of the Samuel Austin (of whom in the preceding article,) vol. i. col. 472; but this fact is not stated in the article concerning this person himself, in vol. ii. col. 282, where it is only said that he was a Cornishman born, and entered a commoner of Wadham college, at the age of sixteen, in 1652. Like his father, he was a writer of verse, but without his father's taste and power; and, valuing himself too highly on his poetical talent, he became exposed to the ridicule of his contemporary poets, some of whom having collected sundry pieces of his writing, printed them under the titles of, Naps upon Parnassus; a Sleepy Muse nip't

In

and pinched, though not awakened, &c. 8vo, 1658; to which were prefixed various mock-commendatory verses. 1661 he published a Panegyric on King Charles the Second, intending to publish more verse, which intention seems not to have been executed. Wood says he died about 1665, when he was about thirty years of age.

AUSTIN, (William,) of Lincoln's Inn, Esq., a gentleman remarkable for the devotional turn of his mind, of which we have proof in a volume printed by his widow, entitled, Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma, or Devout, Godly, and learned Meditations. This was published in 1635, and in 1637 appeared_another treatise of his, entitled Hæc Homo, or the Excellency of Woman. He is probably the William Austin whose name appears in the title-page, as the translator of Cicero's treatise on Old Age, published in 1648. He was a friend of James Howell, to whom he communicated a poem which he had written on the Passion of Christ, and other poems, which Howell strongly urged him to publish in a letter written in 1628. He died on the 16th of January, 1633, and was buried in St. Mary Overie's church, Southwark.

AUSTIN, (William,) of Gray's Inn, probably the son of the person just named, was the author of two poems; namely, Atlas under Olympus, 8vo, 1664; and Anatomy of the Pestilence, 1666.

AUSTIN, (William,) an English engraver, born in London about 1740. He was instructed in the art by George Bickham, and has engraved some plates of landscapes after Vanderneer, Ruysdael, and Zuccarelli. His principal work is a set of ten plates of Views of Ancient Rome, and the Ruins of Palmyra. Not succeeding as an engraver, he became a drawing-master and printseller. (Bryan's Dict. Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

AUSTIN, (Benjamin,) a violent American political writer, whose works are scarcely known by name in this country. He was born about the year 1750, and during the administration of John Adams, distinguished himself by the zeal with which he supported the extreme radical, or democratic, side. Uncompromising, and ever ready to assail a political opponent, he was, as might fairly be expected, himself traduced and calumniated. His son, Charles, in endeavouring to chastise a person, for having abused his father, was shot by him in the streets of Boston. The murderer was tried and acquitted. Ben

jamin Austin died on the 4th of May, 1820, leaving a brother, Jonathan Loring, who was successively secretary and treasurer of Massachusetts, and who died in 1826. The political writings of the subject of this memoir, were published in a newspaper, under the signature of Old South, and republished in an octavo volume, under the title of Constitutional Republicanism, 1803.

AUSTIN, (Moses,) an enterprising American, who was born at Durham, Connecticut, and after residing at Philadelphia and Richmond, obtained from the Spanish government in 1798 a grant of land at Mine au Breton, where he commenced the business of mining on a very large scale. He became, however, embarrassed in his speculations, and sold his estate; and purchased in lieu of it, a large tract of land in Mexico, near the mouth of Colorado; but in 1821, ere he had finally completed his arrangements for removal, he died.

AUSTIN, (Samuel,) an American divine, was born in 1760, and graduated at Yale college in 1783. He was ordained as the successor of Allyn Mather, at Fairhaven, Connecticut, on the 9th Nov. 1786, but was dismissed on the 19th January, 1790. He was for many years afterwards pastor of a church in Worcester, Massachusetts. He filled, for a few years, the chair of president of the university of Vermont, and died at Glastonbury, Connecticut, on the 4th December, 1830. He is stated to have been of an exceedingly religious character. He published some tracts on Baptism, and

some sermons.

AUSTOR, the name of two troubadours of the thirteenth century.

1. Austor d'Orlac, of whose history nothing is known, wrote a bitter satire against the pope and the clergy, on the occasion of the death of St. Louis, and the calamities of the Christians in Palestine, printed in part by Raynouard. (Hist. Lit. de Fr. xix. 605. Raynouard, v. 55.)

2. Austor Segret, a contemporary with the preceding, who also wrote a sirvente on the death of St. Louis, and on the state in which Europe was left by that event. (Hist. Lit. ib. 606.)

AUSTREGILDE, was an attendant on Marcatrude, the wife of Gontran, king of Burgundy. From this humble con dition, she was taken by the king to be his wife; he having for this purpose divorced her mistress. Soon after she was placed on the throne, she so excited.

the wrath of her husband against the two brothers of the late queen, that he poignarded them with his own hand. She died soon after, but with her last breath she prevailed upon her husband to promise to immolate her two physicians on her tomb, for not curing her; a promise that he faithfully performed. (Biog. Univ.)

AUSTREMOINE, (St.,) in Latin, Stremonius, or Strymonius, one of the seven missionaries, who about the third century preached Christianity among the Gauls. He founded a cathedral at Auvergne, the name which the principal city of the province of Auvergne then bore. He is commemorated on the 1st November. (Biog. Univ.)

AUTELLI, (Jacobo,) Mosaic painter to the grand duke of Tuscany, lived in the year 1649. He, with numerous assistants, executed an exquisite octagonal table, in the ducal gallery at Florence; the round central piece of which was designed by Poccetti, and the ornamental border by Ligozzi. It was finished in 1649, and occupied sixteen years in completion. (Lanzi, Stor. Pitt. i. 225.)

AUTELZ, (Guillaume des,) was born in 1529, and died in 1580. He wrote a great deal of Latin and French poetry, which, however, is of little value, except to the bibliographer; and he took part in a controversy about French orthography. In his poetry he was an imitator of Ronsard. (Biog. Univ.)

AUTHAŘICH, king of the Lombards, the son and successor of Clephis, who became odious by his tyranny, and was slain by one of his pages. After his death, thirty of the principal nobles seized upon the kingdom, which they governed jointly for ten years; but finding that it was becoming rapidly a prey to internal disorders, and was likely to be invaded by the Greek emperor, they unanimously agreed on the election of Autharich to the throne. His first cares were to restore order in his own dominions, and to reduce Droctulf, a Lombard general, who had seized on the district of Brescello, in the name of the Byzantine emperor. After expelling him from his conquest, he made a truce of three years with him, and took advantage of the interval of quiet, to remedy the disorders and improve the institutions of his own kingdom; an undertaking which was interrupted by two invasions of the Franks; the first, however, was averted by a pacification, and the second by a dissension between the Franks and Alle

manni. On a third invasion, Autharich routed the Frankish army, and pursuing his success, marched through Southern Italy, stormed Beneventum, and advanced as far as Rhegium, where he rode through the sea, to a tower surrounded by water, and striking it with his lance, cried, "Thus far rules the Lombard." In this expedition, (in 589,) he founded the dukedom of Beneventum, and left the brave Zotto in the government of it, who afterwards subdued the whole of Southern Italy, as far as Naples. On his return, he sent to Garibald, prince of Bavaria, to ask his daughter in marriage, and receiving a favourable answer to his suit, accompanied his second embassy in person, incognito. The Franks invaded the territories of Garibald to hinder or disturb this union, when the bride hastened to Italy to complete her marriage. The Franks made a fourth invasion of Italy, but were repelled rather by sickness and famine, than by the swords of their adversaries, and consented to terms of peace, which Autharich did not live to see finally settled, dying in 590. (Ersch und Grüber.)

AUTHENRIETH, (J. H. F. von,) chancellor of the university of Tübingen, and one of the most distinguished philosophical physicians and naturalists of the present century, born in 1772; he developed at an early age extraordinary talents, which were assisted by a lively imagination, and an extremely faithful memory. After the completion of his studies, he made a journey to the United States, when, seized by the yellow fever, alone, and without any attendance, he saved his life by a bold venesection performed upon himself. After his return, he became, in 1797, professor of medicine at Tübingen, and was finally elevated to the highest dignities of the university, in the late organization of which he took a prominent part. His principal work is his Manual of the Empiric Physiology of Man, Tübingen, 1801, 1802, 3 vols, 8vo. With Reil he edited the Archiv für Physiologie, and with Bohnenberger the Tübinger Blätter für Naturwissenschaft und Arznei Kunde. A list of his works is given in Christ. Gottlieb Kayser Bücher Lexicon, which however is not complete. Authenrieth was also a strong advocate of and believer in animal magnetism. He died at Tubingen in 1836.

AUTHVILLE DES AMOURETTES, (Charles Louis d',) a tactician, was born at Paris in 1716. He wrote some trea

tises on military tactics. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUTICHAMP, (the Marquis Jean Thérèse Louis de Beaumont d',) was born in 1738, at Angers. He entered the army at an early age, and became aidde-camp of his relative, the Marshal de Broglie. He served with distinction in the French wars before the revolution. He was with the troops that were at Paris in 1789, and had a warm contention with Besenval, as to the course to be then adopted by the military. He soon afterwards emigrated, and was denounced as an aristocrat and contra-revolutionist. He had a share in many of the subsequent attempts made upon France. In 1797 he entered the Russian service. He returned to France in 1815, and was nominated, by Louis XVIII., governor of the Louvre, and in the three days of July, 1830, he undertook the defence of it with great gallantry. He died in 1831, at the age of ninety-two. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUTOBULUS, a painter, of uncertain date and country, the pupil of Olympias, a lady who exercised the art of painting. (Plin. 35, 11, s. 40.)

AUTOCRATES, of ATHENS, according to Suidas, was a writer of tragedy and comedy; but though he says there were many of the former, yet of the latter he quotes only the title of a single play. Fabricius distinguishes him from the historian of Achæa, quoted by Athenæus.

AUTOLYCUS, a philosopher and astronomer, who flourished about 340 years before the Christian era. He was the preceptor of Arcesilas. He wrote several treatises on astronomy, but the only ones now extant are two, one on the Sphere and the other on the Stars. He is principally known by the former of these, which has passed through several editions, both in Greek and Latin. From this work Proclus, in his treatise on the same subject, has borrowed largely without acknowledgment.

AUTOMEDON, an epigrammatist, twelve of whose pieces are found in the Greek Anthology. Brunck conceives that he lived and wrote in Italy about the commencement of the second century.

AUTOMNE, (Bernard, 1587—1666,) an eminent advocate in the parliament of Bordeaux, the author of several works on subjects connected with jurisprudence. He published an edition of Juvenal and Persius, with a copious commentary, before he had completed his twentieth year. (Biog. Univ.)

AUTREAU, (Jacques d',) a painter and poet, was born at Paris, in the Hospital of Incurables, in which city he died in 1745. He followed the art of painting from necessity, but poetry was his favourite pursuit. At the age of sixty he turned his attention to the drama. The Italian theatre has preserved his Port à l'Anglois, in prose; and Démocrite prétendu fou, in three acts, and in verse. The theatres of France have represented Clorinda, a tragedy in five acts; the Chevalier Bayard, in five acts; and Magie de l'Amour, a pastoral, in one act, in verse. He gave, at the Opera, Platée, ou la Naissance de la Comédie, the music by the celebrated Rameau. Le Port à l'Anglois is the first piece in which the Italian players spoke French. The plots of his plays are too simple, the catastrophe is immediately discovered, and all surprise is therefore lost. Still his dialogue is natural, his style easy, and some of his scenes evince high comic excellence. His works were collected in 1749, in 4 vols, 12mo, with a preface by Pesselier. As a painter, he was most known by a picture of Diogenes with a lantern seeking an honest man, whom he discovers in the Cardinal de Fleury.

AUTREY, (Henri Jean Baptiste Fabry de Moncault, comte d',) was born in 1723. He entered the army, in which he attained some reputation, but he devoted his leisure to study. He wrote, anonymously, some works in defence of the Catholic religion, against the attacks of the philosophers of the eighteenth century. He died in 1777. (Biog. Univ.)

AUTROCHE, (Claude de Loynes d',) was born at Orleans in 1744, and died in 1823. After travelling through Italy, and paying a visit to Voltaire, he fixed himself on his estates near Orleans, and employed himself in translating Horace, Virgil, Milton, and Tasso, in such a manner as to afford abundant amusement to the wits of Paris. He proposed a new edition of Virgil, which should be such a one as Virgil would have finally sent into the world, if he had had time; and undertook to remove the defects, and add the beauties that the great Roman would have supplied (sans doute) if he had lived. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUTUN, or AUTHON, (Jéhan d',) a French Augustine monk, born at Saintonge in 1466. Louis XII. appointed him his historiographer, and made him always travel in his company, in his journeys and campaigns, and gave orders to his ministers and

generals to conceal nothing from him worthy of being narrated. On the death of Louis he retired to one of the abbeys that the king had given him, where he ended his days. He is the author of Les Annales du Roi Louis XII., depuis 1499 jusqu'au 1508, which remained in manuscript until 1615, when Godefroy published the annals of the first four years. Garnier, in his History of France, says that Autun was a cold writer, who luxuriated in petty details, but was incapable of explaining the causes of great events, &c. Notwithstanding this criticism, Autun has been much praised. He had great advantages, for he was an eye witness, and had faithful narratives of what he had not seen from the best authorities. He has the character of being clear in his style, and correct in his facts. He wrote other pieces, some of which are poetical. (Biog. Univ.)

AUVER, (Christopher,) an Italian arithmetician of the sixteenth century, who was patronized and encouraged by Peter Danes, a celebrated French prelate. He was the author of a treatise on arithmetical progression, the original manuscript of which is preserved in the Bodleian Library at Oxford. He also translated from the German, at the command of Danes, the Arithmetic of Christopher Rodolph, published in 1522, which remains in manuscript in the Royal Library at Paris, (MS. Latin, 7365,) under the title of Arithmetica Christophori Rodolphi ab Jamer, è Germanicâ linguâ in Latinam à Christophoro Auvero, Petri Danesii mandato, Romæ anno Christi 1540 conversa. (See Chasles, Aperçu, p. 540.)

AUVERGNE, (Pierre d',) a troubadour of the thirteenth century, who was born at Clermont, and probably from thence took the name of his native pro vince. There are extant twenty-four pieces of his, which turn upon politics, devotion, and gallantry. (Biog. Univ.)

AUVERGNE, (Antoine d',) a French musician, who was born in 1713 at Clermont, and died at Lyons in 1797. He was for some time director of the opera at Paris. In 1753 he composed the music of the first comic opera that was exhibited in France, the title of which was Les Troqueurs. His principal compositions are Eneé et Lavinie, Les Amours de Tempe, and Les Fêtes d'Euterpe. also composed some pieces for the Concert Spirituel, of which he was the conductor. (Biog. Univ. Dict. Hist.)

He

AUVERGNE, (Theophile Malo Corret de la Tour d',) a man of a thorough