or Anatolia, succeeded his father Massood, A.D. 1156, A.H. 551. (Abulfeda.) Though crippled in his limbs, this defect was compensated by the energy of his spirit; and he directed from a chariot the movements of his armies. He reunited to his dominions the territories which his father had ceded as appanages to the junior branches of the family; but his wars against the Greek empire led to no decisive results, though he gained more than one victory over Manuel Comnenus; and peace was concluded in 1178. By prudence and negotiation, he averted the attacks with which he was more than once threatened from the overwhelming power of Salah-ed-deen; but his latter days were embittered by the discords and rebellion of his ten sons, who contested in arms the different provinces of the kingdom. He at length died at Iconium, after having been for some years almost a captive in the hands of one or other of his sons, A.D. 1192, (A.H. 588.) His eldest son, Kootb-eddeen, died nearly at the same time with his father; and Ghyath-ed-deen KaiKhosroo, another son, who had possessed himself of a considerable part of the kingdom, is generally ranked by historians as his successor, though several others ruled in various parts. (Abulfeda. Abul-Faraj.)

AZZ-ED-DEEN KAI-KAOOS, son of Gliyath-ed-deen, and grandson of Azzed-deen Kilij Arslan, succeeded his father, who fell in battle against the Greeks, A.D. 1210, (A.H. 607.) His reign was occupied by petty wars against his uncle, Togrul, prince of Erzeroom, and his brother, Kai-Kobad, the latter of whom, however, succeeded him, on his dying of a decline, A.D. 1219, A.н. 616. (Abulfeda.)

AZZ-ED-DEEN KAI-KAOOS II., son of Ghyath-ed-deen Kai-Khosroo II., and grand-nephew of the former Azzed-deen Kai-Kaoos, succeeded his father as tenth sultan of Room, a.d. 1247, A.H. 645. (Abulfeda. The Art de vérifier les Dates places it three years earlier, on the authority of Abul-Faraj.) His neglect to repair in person, for investiture, to the court of the grand khan of the Moguls, to whom the kingdom had become tributary during the reign of his father, offended that potentate, and orders were sent to displace him, in favour of his brother, Rokn-ed-deen Kilij-Arslan; the kingdom was, however, for some time divided between the two brothers, till Azz-ed-deen, weary of his vassalage, and

fearing the wrath of Hulaku for some acts of disaffection, took refuge at the court of the Greek emperor, Michael Palæologus, who, in his youth, had been a refugee at Iconium. But by this prince he was transferred to the moguls of Kipchak, a race at enmity with the Persomoguls, and died at their capital of Serai, on the Volga, A.D. 1277, (A.H. 676,) sixteen years after his flight from his throne. He left a son, named Ghyath-ed-deen Massood, who returned from Kipchak after the death of his father, and recovered some authority in Room, on the death of his cousin, Kai-Khosroo III., who was put to death by the moguls, a D. 1283, (A.H. 682,) as his father, Rokn-eddeen, had been sixteen years before; but he fell in battle against a Turkish emir, and with him perished the Seljukian dynasty in Room, A.D. 1294, (a.H. 693,) five years before the foundation of the Ottoman empire. (Abulfeda. AbulFaraj. De Guignes.)

AZZ-ED-DEEN MASSOUD, son of Kootb-ed-deen, prince of Moosul, of the dynasty of the atabeks of Syria, and nephew of the famous sultan, Noor-eddeen, succeeded his brother, Seif-ed-deen, A.D. 1180, (^.н. 576,) in preference to a nephew, who was under age. On the death, in the following year, of his cousin, Salih, the son of Noor-ed-deen, he united Aleppo to his former realm, but was speedily dispossessed of it by the arms of Saladin, who overran also the paternal inheritance of Azz-ed-deen, and besieged him in Moosul, but without success. The war, however, continued; and Azz-eddeen was obliged to purchase peace by acknowledging himself the vassal of Saladin, and inscribing his coin with the name of that prince. He died in the same year with Saladin, A.D. 1193, (a.H. 589;) and was succeeded at Moosul by his son, Noor-ed-deen Arslan. He is described by historians as a just and generous, but indolent ruler; his able minister, Kaymas, administered his states, and almost reigned in his name. His grandson, the son and successor of Noored-deen Arslan, bore the title of Azz-eddeen Massoud II., with the addition of Malek-al-Kaher; but his reign of eight years (A.D. 1210, A.H. 607-A.D. 1218, A.H. 615) presents nothing worthy notice. His sons close the succession of the atabeks of Moosul. (Abulfeda. AbulFaraj. Bohadin, Vit. Salad. De Guignes.)

AZZ-ED-DOULAH BAKHTIYAR, a prince of the dynasty of the Bowides in Persia, succeeded his father, Moezz-ed

doulah Ahmed, A.D. 967, (a.H. 356,) in the dignity of Emir-al-Omrah, which conveyed the virtual sovereignty of Bagdad and the control of the Abbasside khalifate. His indolence and debaucheries rendered him contemptible to his subjects; even the progress of the Greeks, under John Zimisces, who threatened an attack on Bagdad, (see Gibbon, ch. 52,) failed to rouse him from his lethargy; and in 974 he was expelled by the revolt of two of his generals, who possessed themselves of Bagdad and the person of the khalif, and invested Azz-ed-doulah in the city of Waset. In this extremity, he besought the aid of his powerful cousin, Adhaded-doulah, who ruled in Western Persia; but Adhad-ed-doulah, after defeating the rebels, imprisoned his relative, and would have seized Bagdad, had not the peremptory remonstrances of his father, Rokned-doulah, compelled him to release and reinstate him. But, two years later, the death of the old monarch removed all restraint from the ambition of Adhaded-doulah; he attacked and defeated Azzed-doulah, who perished the following year, (A.D. 977, A.H. 367,) in an attempt to recover Bagdad, at the age of thirtysix. He is celebrated by eastern historians for his personal advantages and extraordinary strength, which is said to have been such as to enable him to prostrate an ox with his fist, and to strike off the head of a lion, in hunting, with a single blow of his scimitar. (See ADHAD-ED-DOULAH. Abulfeda. Abul-Faraj. Elmakin. D'Herbelot. Malcolm's Persia.) AZZ-ED-DOULAH MAHMOOD, a prince of the house of the Mardashites (see ASSAD-ED-DOULAH) in Aleppo, recovered that city, which his uncle, Moezzed-doulah had ceded to the khalif of Egypt, A.D. 1060, (A.H. 452.) Though expelled the following year, he regained possession in 1063, and retained his power till his death A.D. 1074, (a.H. 467;) but his reign presents nothing worthy of notice. Four years after his death, his sons were despoiled by Tutush, or Taj-ed-doulah, a Seljukian prince. (Elmakin.)

AŽZANÉLLO, (Gregorio,) a native of Cremona, in the fourteenth century, who lived at the court of John Visconti, the first duke of Milan. He left a collection of letters, preserved in manuscript in the Ambrosian library. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZARI, (Fulvio,) an Italian soldier, born at Reggio, who flourished in the year 1575. He wrote a history of Reggio. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZI, (Francesco Maria degli, born at Arezzo 1655, died 1707,) wrote some poems, under the title of Genesi, con alcuni Sonetti Morali, Flor. 1700. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZI NE' FORTI, (Faustina degli, 1650-1724,) an Italian poetess, of considerable reputation in her time, sister of the preceding. She wrote poems, under the title of Serto Poetico, Ārezzo, 1694. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZO, (Alberto,) feudal lord of Canossa, built on the rock of Canossa, a fort almost impregnable, where he gave an asylum to queen Adelaide, widow of Lothaire, and afterwards the wife of Otho I. He was besieged in 956 by Beranger II. He was alive in 978. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZOGUIDI, (Taddeo,) a Bolognese gentleman, who recovered liberty for his country on the 20th of March, 1376, by driving the papal troops out of the town and its fortresses. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZOGUIDI, (Germino,) an Italian physician, born in Bologna in 1740. He wrote, in 1775, Medical Institutes. He died in 1814. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AZZOGUIDI, (Valerio Felice,) a Bolognese, who lived at the beginning of the eighteenth century. He wrote-De Origine et Vetustate Civitatis Bononiæ Chronologica Disquisitio, and Dissertatio super Quæstiones in Genesis Historiam excitatas. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZOLINI, or MAZZOLINI, (Giovanni Bernardino,) a Neapolitan painter, who flourished about 1510, near which period he resided at Genoa, where several of his works are in the churches and convents. Soprani mentions with much praise two pictures by him, in the church of S. Giuseppe, representing the Martyrdom of S. Apollonia and the Annunciation. Lanzi speaks of another picture in the same church, namely, the Martyrdom of S. Agatha, and says he excelled in wax work, and formed heads with an absolute expression of life. (Lanzi, Stor. Pitt. 262. Bryan's Dict.)

AZZOLINI, (Decius, cardinal,) was born at Fermo in 1623, and died at Rome in 1689. He published some rules for the holding of a conclave. He was also a poet. (Biog. Univ.)

AZZOLINI, (Laurentio,) born at Fermo, was a distinguished Italian poet He was of the seventeenth century. uncle of the preceding. His principal work was Satira contro la Lussuria, 1686. (Biog. Univ.)

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BAADER, (Jean Michel,) a painter, born at Eichsted about 1736. He went to Paris to perfect himself in his art, about 1759, and afterwards became painter to the prince bishop of Eichsted. He engraved for his amusement, after his own designs, an old woman's head, and two anatomical figures, both upright plates. There are, engraved after him, some plates by Chevillet, Macret, and Zentner. (Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

BAADER, (Ferdinand Marie, a physician of Bavaria, born at Ingoldstadt, February 10, 1747. He was educated in his native city, and took the degree of doctor of medicine, at the university, in 1771. In the same year he was appointed physician to the city. He married the widow of his predecessor, George Schweinhammer. In 1776 he was admitted into the Academy of Sciences of Munich, and advanced to a professorship of natural history; and in 1778 he was entrusted with the direction of the class of physics and philosophy in the academy. A year previously, he was named physician to the elector of Bavaria, and in 1783 he was appointed physician to the widow of the prince, Marianne Wittib. An attack of apoplexy terminated his existence, March 4, 1797. He was regarded as one of the most able men in medicine and philosophy in Bavaria; and he published the following works:-Rede ueber die Naturkunde und Ekonomie, Munich, 1776, 4to; Der patriotische Landbader, oder kurze Abhandlung von den verderblichen Fruechten der Wollust und Geilheit, sammt der besten Kurart der venerischen Krankheiten unter dem Landvolke, Munich, 1777, 8vo. M. Baader also published several academical essays on similar subjects in German, and a paper, Sur quelques Innovations en Physique, printed in the Nouveaux Mémoires Philosophiques de l'Académie des Sciences de Munich, tom. vii. p. 312.

BAADER, (Joseph François de Paule,) born at Ratisbon, September 15, 1733. He studied in his native city and at Straubing, and first devoted himself to theology, and sustained various

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theses in philosophy; but afterwards went to Prague and studied medicine for two years, when he attended the university at Ingoldstadt, and took the degree of doctor in medicine in 1757. He was appointed physician to the city of Amberg in 1759, and soon after nominated physician to duke Clement, and called to Munich. In 1777 he was promoted to the rank of physician to the elector, Maximilian Joseph III. He died March 16, 1794. He was looked upon as a good practical physician, and universally esteemed for his amiable and philanthropic character. He published, Dissertatio de Natura Corporis Humani viventis, Ingoldstadt, 1757, 4to; and one or two other medical tracts, which were several times reprinted.

BAADER, (Francis Joseph Lambert,) was professor of botany at Friburg, and died in 1773.

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BAALE, (Henry van,) a Dutch dramatic poet, who died in 1822. pieces on which his fame rests are-De Saraceenen and Alexander.

BAAN, the name of two painters. 1. John de, (February 20, 1633-1702,) an eminent portrait painter, was born at Haerlem. Losing his parents early, he was instructed by his uncle, named Piemans, a painter little known; after which he was sent to Amsterdam, and placed under the care of Jacob de Backer, with whom he remained until he was eighteen years of age. His success in portraits, in which he took Vandyke as a model, occasioned his paying little attention to any other branch of painting. In 1660 he went to the Hague, where he painted many personages of the court, and was invited by Charles the Second to visit England, where he is said to have excited the jealousy of Lely. Here he painted the king, the queen, the duke of York, and most of the principal nobility. He returned to Holland, and painted a noble portrait of the duke of Zell, for which he received a thousand Hungarian ducats,-nearly five hundred pounds. The grand duke of Tuscany had his portrait, painted by himself, placed in the Florentine Gallery, and made him a

handsome present in return for it. One of his best works is a portrait of the prince of Nassau-Ziegen. He died at the Hague. The pictures of John de Baan are admired for the elegance of his attitudes, and for the clear, natural, and lively tone of colouring. (Bryan's Dict. Biog. Univ.)

2. Jacob de, (1673-1700,) son and pupil of the preceding, was born at the Hague. In 1693 he came to England, amongst the attendants of William the Third, and obtained immediate and distinguished employment, having painted the duke of Gloucester and several of the nobility. He could not be prevailed on to remain in England, but departed for Rome, in his way to which city he visited Florence, where he was patronized by the grand duke. At Rome he diligently studied the works of the great masters, and painted some portraits and conversation pieces, and died in that city at the early age of twenty-seven. (Bryan's Dict.)

BAART, (Peter,) a Flemish physician and poet of the seventeenth century. He published a poem on the Agriculture of Friesland, which has been compared with the Georgics of Virgil. There was also an Arnold Baart, who was a lawyer in the sixteenth century. (Biog. Univ.) BAAZIUS, (John, 1581-1649,) a Swedish bishop, who was the author of an Ecclesiastical History of Sweden, under the title-Inventarium Ecclesiæ Sueco-Gothorum, which was published at Linköping, in 1642. It is a work of some merit; but those on the same subject by Oernhielm and Celsius, have been considered to be superior to it. He had three sons, John, Eric, and Benedict, who also distinguished themselves. (Biog. Univ.)

ВАВА, an appellation of several Turkish and Persian poets, of which the most celebrated are

1. Baba Sudai Abiwerdi, born in the city of Abiverd, in Khorassan, in the latter part of the eighth century of the Hegira, or fourteenth of the Christian era. He is said to have taken the name of Sudai (melancholy, or enraptured) from his addiction to the ascetic sect, whose disciples place the height of virtue and happiness in an absorbing contemplation of the Divinity. He was highly regarded, not only by the poets of his own time, but by the princes under whose rule he lived. His native city of Abiverd, and his own estate in it, having been often laid waste by a Tartar tribe, he

addressed a poetical panegyric to the sultan Shah Rokh, concluding with a complaint against the tribe; which was successful in exciting the sovereign to restrain and punish the offenders, when other remonstrances had been offered in vain. In a panegyric of the khalif Ali, he boldly rebuked the princes of his own time, and awaked them, says Douletshah, out of the sleep of sin. Many of his bon mots are universally known in Persia, and his poems are collected in a Divan. (Ersch und Grüber. Von Hammer, Geschichte der Schöne Redekunst Persiens, p. 287.)

2. Baba Nasibi, a native of Ghilan, lived under the last Turcoman princes of Persia, of the race of Ak Koyunlu, or the White Sheep, and the first of the dynasty of Sofi, who deprived the former of their power. He enjoyed, in particular, the favour of Sultan Yacub, (A. D. 14791490.) He settled in Tabriz, where he followed the trade of a confectioner, and died A. D. 1537. (Ersch und Grüber. Von Hammer, Schöne Redekunst Persiens, p. 376.)

3. Baba Figháni, a native of Shiraz, and a contemporary of Babi Nasibi, by whom he was recommended to his patron, the sultan Yacub. When Shah Ismael, of the house of Sofi, possessed himself of the throne, he retired to the city of Biverd, in Khorassan, and died at Meshhed. (Ersch und Grüber.)

BABA ALI, the first independent dey of Algiers. From the time of the expedition of Charles V. until 1700, Algiers had been governed by a pasha sent from Constantinople; and the power and influence of the Porte were very great. In 1700 was effected the establishment of a dey, elected by the Algerines, whose duties were to collect the imposts, and to provide troops for the defence of the states, without having recourse to the Porte. In 1710, one Ibrahim, who was then dey, was killed in an insurrection, and Baba Ali was elected to succeed him. The new dey, in order to secure his power, was obliged to take away the lives of upwards of 1700 persons. pasha for the time being was not disposed to allow the authority of the dey thus elected; whereupon Baba Ali quietly shipped him off for Constantinople. He sent an embassy soon after to the Porte, the object of which was to insist respectfully that for the future a pasha was not wanted, and would not be tolerated. From this time Algiers ceased to be a subject state, and became one of the

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powers allied to the Turkish empire; the alliance being confined to matters of their common religion, and the keeping out the common enemy, the christian powers. This continued to be the constitution of Algiers until the late invasion by the French. Baba Ali was an able and enlightened man in matters of government, and was on good terms with the English. He died in 1718 of a fever, the effects of which, from the fatalistic principles of his religion, he obstinately refused to counteract. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

BABA, an adventurer, who made his appearance in the city of Amasea, in the year 638 of the Hegira, and 1240 A. D. proclaiming that there was but one God, and that Baba was sent by God. He levied a numerous army, and for some time baffled all the attempts of the Mahometans; but at last his troops were routed, he was killed, and his sect destroyed. (Biog. Univ.)

BABBARD, (Ralph,) an English mechanist of the time of queen Elizabeth. A list of his inventions, dedicated to that queen, may be found in MS. Lansd. 121, among which is one whose description would appear to indicate the modern steam-boat. He is mentioned with commendation by Blundeville, in his Exercises in Navigation. (See Halliwell's Rara Mathematica, p. 87.)

BABEK, (surnamed Al-Khorremi, from his native town of Khorrem-abad; or as some writers mark the word, Horremi, a robber,) a celebrated Persian sectary, who made his appearance in the reign of the khalif Al-Mamoon, A.D. 816, (A.H. 201.) The tenets which he promulgated were nearly the same as those inculcated by Mazdak, two centuries and a half earlier, in the reign of the father of Nushirwan; the liberty and equality of all men, the inutility of all religions and forms of government, the community of goods and women, were the leading articles of his doctrine, which he enforced with merciless cruelty against all who resisted him the men, after having been made eye-witnesses of the outrages to which their female relatives were subjected, were consigned to the executioner, and their possessions pillaged by the followers of Babek, who thus for twenty years continued to fill Persia with massacre and ruin; retreating, when hard pressed by the armies of Bagdad, into the inaccessible mountains of Taberistan, where he maintained himself till the retreat of his opponents. The numbers who fell on both sides in this terrible

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contest are stated, by oriental historians, to have exceeded a million. Nood, one of ten official executioners by whom Babek was always attended, boasted that he alone had decapitated 20,000 men,— while the encouragement derived by the fanatics, from the ill-success of the efforts made to reduce them, swelled their numbers so much that they amounted to 24,000 horse, besides a host of infantry. In the fourth year, however, of Motassem, the brother and successor of Al-Mamoon, the whole force of the khalifate was directed, under a Turkish general of great celebrity, named Afshin, to crush this monstrous sect. After several battles, Babek was overthrown on the frontiers of Armenia, and took refuge in a fortress belonging to the Greeks, but the commandant gave him up to Afshin, who inflicted on him the fate to which he had doomed so many thousands, by severing him limb from limb with an axe. machin states that he was besieged by Afshin, but surrendered on the promise of personal safety, which the general of the khalif violated. After the death of their chief (a.D. 837, A.H. 222) his followers, every where hunted down and put to the sword, speedily melted away, and the sect appears to have become extinct; for though some authors have considered them identical with the subsequent sects of the Ismailis, or Assassins, and the Carmathians, and even Reiske (Abulfeda, vol. ii. note 162) appears to lean to the latter opinion, this theory seems to be supported only by the community of rapine and murder. Abulfeda expressly calls Babek a Magian, or Fire-worshipper, (al-Magous,) a term which he would never have employed to designate any Moslem sectary; and their surmised identification with the Mohammara sect which infested Khorassan in the reign of the khalif Mohdi, seems to rest merely on the casual resemblance of the words Hamari and Horremi, (Abulfeda. Abul-Faraj. Elmakin. D'Herbelot. Von Hammer, History of the Assassins.)

BABEL, (P. E.) a goldsmith and jeweller at Paris, who died in 1770. He designed and engraved architecture and ornaments. There is a quarto work on architecture by him, published in 1747, under the title, Nouveau Vignole, ou Traité des cinq Ordres d'après Vignole. In Blondel's work on architecture there are several plates engraved by him, and a Thetis, with the nymphs and a river-god, two folio plates, and others. Vivares