vigilant and temperate successor to the Cæsars. At this time began his quarrel with the philosophers in the train of Vespasian, and especially with Euphrates, who in the reign of Domitian, caused him to be apprehended on a charge of treason and of magical arts, and who was probably the original of many libels not at all favourable to the sanctity of Apollonius, or easy to reconcile with the veneration that he, apparently, everywhere excited. The sixth book of Philostratus relates the visit of Apollonius to the Gymnosophists of Ethiopia. He was equally in favour with Titus as with Vespasian. After the destruction of Jerusalem, the former refused the crowns of victory offered him by the neighbouring states of Syria and Asia, alleging that he was but an instrument in the hands of a higher power. Apollonius commended his moderation in a brief and characteristic letter, (Vit. Apollon. VI. c. 29.) And when Titus was (A. D. 72) associated with his father in the empire, he sent for the philosopher to Argos to receive directions for his future conduct. Whether his respect were real or assumed, it proves the extraordinary influence Apollonius had acquired in the Roman world. In the latter years of Domitian's reign, Apollonius appears to have secretly fomented the growing discontent, and to have urged Orfitus, Rufus, Nerva, and other grave and respectable senators, to form a combined attempt against that capricious and implacable tyrant. The events that follow are perhaps the most difficult to explain of all that Philostratus has recorded, since they do not belong to the marvellous incidents he has interwoven with his original materials, and yet will not admit of any probable solution. On the information of Euphrates, the proconsul of Asia was directed to send Apollonius to Rome. Without listening to the representations of Damis and the cynic Demetrius, he presented himself before Elianus, the prætorian prefect, who likewise dissuaded him from appearing before Domitian. He was then placed in easy confinement until the emperor should be at leisure to examine him in person. After his first examination by Domitian, Apollonius was thrown into the common dungeon among the worst criminals, his hair and beard were shorn, spies and informers sent to tempt or provoke him to some rash speech or confession, and a threat was added that unless, like his peculiar Dæmon Proteus, (see Vit. Apollon. i. c. 4, and Odyss. A. 456,) he could transform himself into a wild beast, a tree, or running water, he should never be let out. Within three days, however, Apollonius was released, and directed to be ready with his defence at the end of five days. He then ordered Damis to go down to Puteoli, and with Demetrius to await him on the shore opposite Calypso's isle. The simple Assyrian apprehended an apparition; but Apollonius assured him that he would come bodily. Philostratus proceeds to describe the last interview between the philosopher and Domitian. He was questioned upon his diet, his dress, his peculiar life, his reputed miracles, and the graver part of the accusation, his intercourse with Nerva. Apollonius trusted so little to supernatural aid that he prepared a defence, the substance of which is given by Philostratus. The emperor dismissed him with the same mixture of uncertainty and alarm that Tigellinus had experienced on a similar occasion; and on the day of his dismissal, Apollonius rejoined Demetrius and Damis at Puteoli! He returned to Ionia, and his latter days were passed at Smyrna and Ephesus. At Ephesus, during a philosophical discourse, he is reported to have beheld the murder of Domitian at Rome, and to have announced it many days before the news arrived of the accession of Nerva: To Nerva he addressed an enigmatical letter, implying that they should soon meet in a world where there were neither emperors nor subjects. He died probably ín extreme old age at Ephesus. But the rumour that he disappeared either in the temple of Athene at Lindus, or of Dictynna in Crete, is more consonant to the general texture of the biography of Philostratus. The emperor Adrian collected the epistles of Apollonius; and these, with his Apology, are the only extant works of one of the most celebrated reformers of paganism. The Epistles of Apollonius were edited by Commelin, 1601, 8vo, and H. Stephens included them in his Epistolia, 1577. They are in the Philostratorum Opera of G. Olearius. Lipsiæ, 1709, fol. Wieland, in his Agathodæmon, attempts to find a plausible solution for the marvellous and miraculous events recorded by Philostratus. His work is distinguished by that intimate acquaintance with ancient life and manners, which his classical tales always display. But he has confounded the real Apollonius, whose character and actions were not improbable, with the idealized picture of the APO biographer. That we may not give an APOLLONIUS, the poet, was the son It was APO and succeeded Erastosthenes as librarian His Argonautics, containing the double set of Scholia, and Reiske's Indices of the historical, geographical, and other matter contained in them; and Wellauer's, at Leipsic, 1826, for the full body of various readings; and where it is stated that the edition in capital letters contains in the fourth book correct readings, not to be found elsewhere; while, to complete the apparatus criticus on this author, should be added the Lectiones Apollonianæ of Gerhard, Lips. 1816. The Argonautics have been translated into English entirely, by Fawkes and Greene, in 1780; and by Preston in 1803; and partially by Ekins in 1771, and Elton in Specimens of the Classic Poets, 1814. father of Ælius Herodian, flourished in the time of Adrian and Antoninus Pius, and obtained such celebrity as a grammarian, that Priscian says he conceived he ought to follow his authority on every point of syntax. Such was his poverty in early life, that he was compelled, from the want of parchment, to make use of oyster-shells, or pieces of pottery, to perpetuate his ideas, as Gifford the critic did on pieces of leather, when he carried on the trade of a cobbler. He was known by the name of Avokoλos, (Dyscolus), “the morose," either from his temper or studies; for he is said by his Greek biographer to have proposed in the then conversazione of the learned difficult questions upon abstruse points of grammar. He lived and died in the Пupovxelov, corrupted into the Latin Bruchium, a place expressly set apart by the rulers of the country for the support of scholars. Of his acute work on Grammar, the only portions that have come down to us are those On Syntax, On the Pronoun, On Adverbs, and On Conjunctions. The first was published in an imperfect state by Aldus, at the end of his edition of the grammar of Theodorus Gaza, fol. Ven. 1495; then in a more perfect form by Sylburgius, Francof. 1590, from the papers and with the notes of Franciscus Portus and Michael Sophianus, and the collations of MSS. furnished by Dudithius. But the most recent and best edition is by Immanuel Bekker, Berolin. 1817, who was the first to publish the treatise On the Pronoun in the Mus. Antiq. Studios. in 1811, and subsequently by itself in 1813. Some portions of it had, however, been previously printed very incorrectly by Reitzius, at the end of his edition of Mattaire's work on the Dialects; and even now, by comparing the notes of Bast on Gregorius, in Schæfer's edition, it will be seen that there is a considerable difference in the transcripts made by him and Bekker, from the original MS. To the last mentioned scholar is likewise due the first publication of the treatises On Conjunctions and Adverbs, which he inserted in the second, volume of his Anecdota Græca, Berol. 1817. Independent of the sound views promulgated by the author on questions of syntax, his works are singularly valuable for the great number of quotations they contain from authors no longer in existence, and especially those who wrote in the Doric and Eolic dialects. To Apollonius Dyscolus has been attributed a paltry compilation, under the title of Histor. Mirabil. first edited by APOLLONIUS, a rhetorician of Alabanda in Caria, the town that gave birth to a contemporary of the same name, called Maλakos "the effeminate." Such was his reputation, that both Cæsar and Cicero attended his school at Rome, whither he had been sent on an embassy by the Rhodians, during the dictatorship of Sylla; and afterwards, when he was settled at Rhodes, he was again visited by the Roman orator, during his proconsulship in Asia, as we learn from Quintilian. Unlike the rest of his countrymen, who were fond of a florid style, he directed, says Cicero, his chief attention to pruning the luxuriance and restraining the redundance of mere verbiage; and it was perhaps to this habit of separating the bran from the flour of a speech, that he was called Moλwv, or rather Muλwv, a mill; although it is true that this derivation is at variance with the pun on his name mentioned by Strabo, (xiv. p. 969, Cas.) who says that both the Alabandians were pupils of Menecles; and that after "the effeminate" had entered the school, the master addressed the other in the words of Homer, Ove Moλwv, "you are come late, Molon." Unlike too the generality of teachers, whose profession is their mint, Apollonius would not permit (says Cicero, de Orator. i. 28) pupils, whose talents did not permit them to be orators, to waste their time with him, and recommended them to follow a more congenial pursuit; and it was therefore only natural for him to say, as reported by Plutarch (ii. p. 444, Xyl.) when he heard Cicero declaiming in Greek, "The fortunes of Greece excite indeed my pity, when I see the only good left us in our learning and eloquence carried by Cicero to Rome." APOLLONIUS of ALEXANDRIA, the son of Mnesitheus and Ariadne, and the Meursius, and in 1792 by Teucher. Its only value is, that it has preserved a few fragments of ancient authors not found elsewhere. APOLLONIUS, the son, or as others say, the father of Archibius, and the master of Apion, the celebrated grammarian, is the person to whom has been attributed the Lexicon Homericum, first published by Villoison, in 2 vols, 4to, Par. 1733, from a solitary MS. preserved in France. With the exception of a few various readings furnished for the text of Homer, and a fragment or two of Anacreon, Alcman and Babrias, not found elsewhere, the Lexicon scarcely deserved to be edited again, by Tollius, Lugd. Bat. 1788, in 8vo, or by Immanuel Bekker, at Berlin, in 1833, who however professes to have followed the MS. so closely, as to say that when he differs from his predecessors, he does so on the authority of that document alone. The principal value of Villoison's edition is in his Prolegomena, and a fac-simile copper-plate, representing the whole of the articles relating to the last letter of the alphabet; while in the notes are given numerous extracts from the Lexicon of Philemon. APOLLONIUS, a sculptor of Rhodes, who, conjointly with his countryman, Tauriscus, rendered himself known by executing a striking representation of Zethus and Amphion tying the revengeful Dirce to the tail of a mad bull. This celebrated antique, which is said to be still extant under the name of the Farnese Bull, is admired for the workmanship, but more particularly for the huge block of marble itself, on which the history is so well represented. There was another artist of this name, a native of Athens, son of Nestor, distinguished also as a sculptor, to whom some have attributed the famous Torsus Belvidera. APOLLONIUS, (Aоλλwvios.) C. F. Harles gives a long list of physicians of this name, of which only the following seem to deserve any particular notice. APOLLONIUS, called sometimes Onp, Bestia, perhaps the same who is called o opis, Serpens, (Erotian., Lex. Voc. Hippocr. in Procem.), and Pergamenus, from being born at Pergamus in Mysia (Oribas., Euporist. i. 9.), is merely known as a commentator on Hippocrates (Erotian. p. 86). He is pro • Analecta Historico-Critica de Archigene Medico, et de Apolloniis Medicis, eorumque Scriptis et Fragmentis, Bamberg, 1816, 4to. bably the physician mentioned by Cælius Aurelianus (Morb. Acut. lib. ii. cap. 28), who placed the seat of pneumonia in the substance of the lung itself. He is supposed to have lived about the first century before Christ. APOLLONIUS, commonly called Citiensis, from Citium, a town in Cyprus, where he was born, is considered by Sprengel (Hist. de la Méd.) and Harles, to be the same physician who is sometimes surnamed Mus, Mus, (Strabo, lib. xiv.; Celsus, lib. v. init.; Galen. de Different. Puls. lib. iv. c. 10, &c.) He is supposed to have lived in the first century before the christian era, and was, as he tells us himself, (p. 2, ed. Dietz) the pupil of Zopyrus, at Alexandria. He is the author of some Commentaries on Hippocr. lib. De Articulis, which are curious and interesting as being the only commentaries on Hippocrates still extant, written by any physician of the Alexandrian school. They were published in the first volume of the Greek Scholia in Hippocratem et Galenum, edited by F. R. Dietz, Regim. Pruss. 8vo, 2 vols. 1834. APOLLONIUS, (Levinus,) a traveller in the sixteenth century, born near Bruges, and died at the Canaries on his way to Peru. He wrote (in Latin) a history of the discovery of the latter country, printed at Antwerp, in 1567; and an account of the French Expedition to Florida, printed at the same place in 1568. (Biog. Univ.) APOLLONIUS, (William,) a divine of the reformed church, born at Middelburg in the beginning of the seventeenth century, is known by a controversy with Nicolas Vedel, on the power of the state to regulate ecclesiastical affairs. He also wrote Disputationes de Lege Dei, Middel. 1655. See VEDEL. APOLLOPHANES. We meet with three individuals of this name. 1. The comic writer, of whose five plays mentioned by lexicographers, only two fragments in as many lines have been preserved by Athenæus. 2. The epic poet, known only from Fulgentius, Mytholog. i. 3. The writer on medicine mentioned by Pliny, and to whom Fabricius would attribute the work on Physics, quoted by Diogenes Laert. in Zeno, vii. 140, and identify with the one quoted by Etymol. M. in pßaλews. But there the correct reading is Aristophanes, as shown by Acharn. where the very word occurs. APOLLOPHANES, (Απολλοφάνης,) physician to Antiochus Soter, king of Syria, was born at Seleucia, and lived in the third century before the christian era. He possessed great influence with the king, as we learn from Polybius (Hist. lib. v. cap. 56, 58), and there are extant two bronze medals struck in his honour by the people of Smyrna, described by Dr. Mead in his Dissert. de Nummis quibusdam a Smyrnæis in Medicorum Honorem percussis, 4to, Lond. 1724. The same physician, or one of the same name, is quoted by Galen, Paulus Ægineta, Alexander Trallianus, Cælius Aurelianus, and Aëtius. APONIUS, a theologian of the seventh century, who wrote an extensive commentary upon Solomon's Song, which was abridged in the twelfth century, by Luke abbot of Mont-Cornillon. See Hist. Lit. de France, xiv. 9. APONO, or ABANO, (Peter,) a celebrated professor of medicine at Padua, (surnamed Conciliator, from his principal work,) 1250-1315. He was the son of a notary, named Constant; but took the name of Abano from the place of his birth, a village in the vicinity of Padua, the Latin name of which is Aponus. It was celebrated for its warm-baths, a description of which is to be found in one of the letters of Theodoric the king of the Goths. Apono is said to have acquired a knowledge of the Greek language at Constantinople, and of medicine and mathematics at Paris, where it is not clear whether he took the degrees of doctor of philosophy and medicine, but where he wrote his chief work, Conciliator differentiarum Philosophorum et præcipuè Medicorum, in which he attempted to reconcile the opinions of different philosophers and physicians. From the extent of his learning he was generally esteemed as a prodigy; in Italy he was looked upon as a second Hippocrates; and he was remarkable for the boldness of his opinions. He was familiar with the greater part of the languages of Europe, and many of the East. About the year 1303, he was called from Paris to Padua, to succeed Roncalitrius as professor of medicine. He is reported to have exercised his profession at Bologna, and to have taught at the university of that place. His reputation was great; he was sought after by popes and sovereigns; and many circumstances have been detailed by Mazuchelli and other biographers, to show that the fees he demanded for attendance were of a considerable amount. He was deeply versed in astronomy, and imbued with the doctrines of astrology, which he connected with the study of the science of medicine, consulting the position of the planets and stars at the time of the birth of his patients. His remedies were directed under the same influence, and great importance appears to have been attached by him to the time at which the plants should be gathered, that being regulated by the position of the moon, &c. His attachment to astrology is evident from his having caused upwards of four hundred astrological figures to be painted in the public hall at Padua. These were destroyed by fire in 1420, and replaced by the pencil of Giotto. Living at a period when science was little cultivated, or rather immersed in superstition, it is not surprising that, distinguished by superior attainments, Apono should have been accused of dealing in magic. He was, indeed, denounced by the physicians of his day as a magician, a heretic, and even an atheist, and was cited before the Inquisition in 1306, where he most ably defended himself against the malicious charges of his enemies, and was honourably acquitted. One of the accusations against him was that he had obtained a knowledge of the seven liberal arts by means of seven spirits, whom by his power he held confined within a crystal! He was accused a second time in 1315; but, before the charges were disposed of, he died, at the age of sixty-six, and was interred with great pomp in the church of St. Anthony, leaving a son named Benvenuto. When at the point of death, he made a profession of his faith and orthodoxy before witnesses, and expressed the same also in his will. The death of the accused, however, did not serve to arrest the process. The tribunal entertained the charges raised against the deceased, and Apono, without any one to defend his memory, was declared guilty, and his body condemned to the flames. The magistrates of Padua were manded to disinter the body, and cause it to be burnt in the public place, which however was prevented by the attachment of a domestic named Marietta, who, being apprised of the order, caused the body to be secretly removed and transported to the church of St. Peter, where it was placed in an open tomb, near to the gate of the church. Unable, therefore, to wreak their ridiculous revenge upon the mortal remains of Apono, they prepared an effigy of him, and publicly submitted it to the flames. At a much later period, namely, the commencement of the eighteenth century, com |