numerous pictures in that city. (Lanzi, Stor. Pitt. iii. 186.)

APRAXIN, (Fedor-Matveitcht,) a Russian general and admiral in the reign of Peter the Great, and one of the most distinguished men who contributed to the advancement of Russia at that time. His services by sea and land were eminent, but his character was tarnished by his rapacity, which on one occasion procured his temporary disgrace. He died 1722. (Biog. Univ. Suppl. Voltaire, Pierre le Grand.)

APRAXIN, field-marshal of the Russian armies under the empress Elizabeth. At the commencement of the seven years' war he led an army of 40,000 men into Prussia, and defeated Lewald, one of Frederick's most distinguished generals, at Jægersdorff. He was prevented from improving his victory by an intrigue at the court of Russia. Bestucheff, the chancellor, to recommend himself to the grand duke, afterwards Peter III., who was an enthusiastic admirer of the great Frederick, and expected shortly to succeed to the crown, issued orders to Apraxin to withdraw his army into winter quarters, which were obeyed. Bestucheff, however, was exiled, and Apraxin arrested on its discovery; and he afterwards took no part in public affairs. (Lord Dover's Frederick II. vol. ii. Biog. Univ.)

APRES DE MANNEVILLETTE, (Jean Baptiste Nicolas Denis d',) a French navigator and hydrographer, born 1707, died 1780. He entered the service of the French East India Company at an early age, and distinguished himself on his first voyage by his knowledge of navigation. He was one of the first to introduce Hadley's quadrant, with which he made a great number of observations, and formed the design of correcting and adding to the charts of the Indian seas, which were at that time very imperfect. The result of his labours appeared in 1745, under the name of Neptune Oriental. The coasts most correctly laid down by him were those of Africa, Malabar, and Coromandel, the Bay of Bengal, the Straits of Malacca, and in general those which he had himself seen, or were most frequently visited by French vessels. He was materially assisted in the execution of this work by Mr. Dalrymple, with whom he was in constant correspondence during its progress. (Biog. Univ.)

APRIES, son of Psammis, was king of Egypt about 595 B. C. He made war against the Phoenicians, and took Sidon.

His subjects revolted from him to Amasis, and he was strangled after reigning twenty-five years. (Herod. ii. 159.)

APRONIUS, (Lucius,) a Roman knight who accompanied Drusus when sent by Tiberius into Panonia, A. c. 14, and the next year was honoured with a triumph for his achievements in Germany.

APROSIO, (Angelico,) a learned Augustin, born at Ventimiglia, in the state of Genoa, 1607, from which he was frequently, during his greatest reputation, called Father Ventimiglia. He travelled a good deal in Italy, and resided for some time in Venice, where the greater part of his works were printed. In 1648 he founded a library in his native townknown as the Bibliotheca Aprosiana; and after having filled some of the higher dignities of his order, died in 1681. His most curious work is his Bibliotheca Aprosiana, passatempo autunnale di Cornelio Aspasio Antiviglimi, &c. Bologna, 1673-a book of extreme rarity, as indeed most of his others are. It contains some interesting notices of the author's life, and a list of persons who had presented books to him, together with the titles of the books, and a number of curious anecdotes not to be met with elsewhere; but this list, which is alphabetically arranged, does not extend beyond the letter C. Another work not less seldom met with, La Visiera alzata Hecatoste di Scrittori, in which several of the pseudonymous authors of his time are unmasked, was published posthumously. Aprosio himself constantly employed fictitious names upon his title pages. (Biog. Univ.)

APSCH, (Jerome Andreae, about 1490 -1556,) a German engraver on wood, born at Nuremburg, who assisted Hans Burghmair in executing the wood-cuts for a book published at Vienna, entitled Der Weyss Konig, the Wise King, containing the principal events of the life and reign of the emperor Maximilian, represented in two hundred and thirtyseven prints. (Bryan's Dict.)

APSINES. There seems to have been three rhetoricians of this name. The first was of Phoenicia, and the friend of Philostratus, who closes his life of this sophist, by saying, that it does not become him to speak too highly of the powers of memory and the accuracy of Apsines, lest his partiality might throw discredit on his testimony; and it is perhaps from this passage that a short treatise On Memory, edited by Frideric Morell, Par. 1698, has been attributed to Apsines, but which is merely

F

self while in the Tower, were facilitated through his indulgence, and the supplies of money for the purpose which Lady Apsley made to him. Add to all this, that he was eminently loyal and pious.

APSLEY, (Sir Allen,) the younger, a commander in the civil wars on the side of the king, and an author, was a son of the Sir Allen Apsley, the subject of the preceding article, by Lucy Saint John, his third wife, and brother to Mrs. Lucy Hutchinson. He was born at the house in East Smithfield, in or about the year 1619, and was, as Wood supposes, for some time of Trinity college, Oxford. This has entitled him to a place in Wood's Account of the Eminent Men educated in that University. The civil war commenced just when he was arrived at the full period of manhood, and he became a commander on the side of the king. His employment seems to have been chiefly in the west, where he was governor of Exeter, and afterwards governor of Barnstaple. This place he surrendered on the ruin of the royal cause, and lived a retired life till the return of the king. Political differences even in those violent times had not interfered with private regards, and he maintained a strict friendship with his sister and her husband, Colonel Hutchinson, who were zealous parliamentarians, which was manifested in acts of kindness to him during the ascendency of Colonel Hutchinson's party, and in zealous efforts of Sir Allen Apsley to keep the name of his brother-in-law out of the exception clauses of the Act of Indemnity, which were finally, as to the most material point, the life of Colonel Hutchinson, successful. The circumstances are related at large in Mrs. Hutchinson's Life of her Husband.

After the Restoration, he had an appointment in the duke of York's regiment, and an office in his household. He also sat in parliament for Thetford. He is the author of a poem, published in 1679, entitled, Order and Disorder; or, the World made and undone : being Meditations upon the Creation and the Fall, as it is recorded in the beginning of Genesis. He died in St. James's-square, Oct. 15, 1683.

In this branch of the family of Apsley had centered the estate of Pulborough, in Sussex, by gift of the owner, the son of the elder brother of the first Sir Allen. The second Sir Allen married Frances, daughter and heir of John Petre, Esq., and had two children, Sir Peter Apsley and Frances, who married Sir

Benjamin Bathurst. The issue of this marriage was Allen Bathurst, who was created Lord Bathurst in 1711, and who married his cousin-german, Catherine, the daughter and heir of Sir Peter Apsley. The son of the first Lord Bathurst being created a peer in the life-time of his father, chose the title of Baron Apsley, which has continued to be used as the second title of that noble family.

APSYRTUS, (Ayupros,) an author frequently quoted in the Veterinaria Medicina Libri Duo. Græcè, Basil, 1537, 4to. He was born, according to Suidas, either at Prusa, or Nicomedia, in Bithynia, towards the end of the third century after Christ, and served as a soldier under the emperor Constantine on the banks of the Danube, as he informs us himself. (Hippiatr. lib. i. cap. 1.) He appears to have been well acquainted with the formidable disease called the glanders, and to have understood its nature.

APTHORP, (East,) an English divine, born 1732, died 1816, was prebend of Finsbury in St. Paul's cathedral. He was a native of New England, and a member of the university of Cambridge. He published several Sermons and Letters on the prevalence of Christianity before its civil establishment, with observations on Gibbon's History. London, 1778. (Watts, Bibliotheca Britannica.)

APULEIUS, (Lucius,) but his prenomen is doubtful. (See Elmenhorst. Not. ad Vit. Apul. tom. iii. p. 503, ed. Oudendorp.) Also the orthography Apuleius and Appuleius is not clearly ascertained. The older inscriptions give Appu-, the more recent Apu-leius. (See Crenius, Animadvers. Philol. p. xi. init. Oudendorp; and Osann ad Apulei, de Orthograph. p. 14, ff. 1828, Schulzeit.) He was born probably towards the end of Adrian's reign, at Madaura, a city, and afterwards a Roman colony on the borders of the province of Africa, whence (Apologia, p. 28, Bipont ed.) he calls himself "Seminumida Semigætulus." His father Theseus was duumvir of that city; his mother Salvia, through the philosopher Sextus of Chæronea, was related to the biographer Plutarch, and his patrimony considerable (H. S. vices -16,1457.). The education of Apuleius began at Carthage; at Athens he studied and professed with distinction the Platonic philosophy; and, later in life, he acquired at Rome, without an instructor and with infinite pains, ærumnabili labore, the Latin language. The fortune he inherited was consumed in

frequent journeys, especially in Greece, to the different schools and teachers of philosophy, and by repeated initiations into the mysteries of the pagan religion; until, at last, for entrance into the Isiac worship at Rome, he was obliged to part with his garments in order to raise the necessary sum. (Metamorph. p. 277, Bipont.) The necessities of Apuleius diverted him from philosophy to the bar; and after acquiring the language, he practised as a pleader at Rome, and subsequently in his own country, with such success that several cities decreed statues to him, and Ea (Tripolis) the more substantial privilege of the freedom of the city. His professional income was increased by marriage with a rich widow, Emilia Pudentilla, by her former husband Sicinius Amicus the mother of two sons, Pontianus and Sicinius Pudens. She was considerably older than Apuleius, but in all other respects a good match for a philosopher. Her late husband's family, however, resented the transfer of her estates to a stranger, and they accused Apuleius of gaining her affections by magical arts, and of causing, by similar practices, the death of Pontianus, her eldest son; and they raised the common cry of atheism against him as a philosopher and a mystic. Sicinius Emilianus, brother of Sicinius Amicus, conducted the prosecution; it was pleaded before Claudius Maximus, proconsul of Africa, and the defence of Apuleius is his Apologia; or, as it is more properly entitled, De Magia Oratio. He triumphantly answers every point of the prosecutor's speech, and shows the accusations to be trivial, inconsistent, and false, unsupported by facts, and unsound in law. He was acquitted, and seems to have passed the remainder of his life in the enjoyment of competence and philosophic leisure. The time of his death is not ascertained. From Metamorph. pp. 20—25, and Apol. p. 6, it appears that the person and countenance of Apuleius were remarkably symmetrical and handsome, and his accusers reproached him with too much anxiety about his dress and the arrangement of his hair. He defends himself with the examples of Pythagoras, of Zeno, and of Plato, who regarded a comely exterior as the symbol of a pure and ingenuous spirit. His learning embraced the whole circle of the sciences of that age; and we may infer that some of his acquirements were therefore rather specious than solid, more valuable as furnishing him with the ornaments of

rhetoric than productive of truths for philosophy. "He had not only tasted of the cup of literature under the grammarians and rhetoricians of Carthage, but at Athens drank freely of the mingled draughts of poetry, the clear stream of geometry, the sweet waters of music, the rough current of dialectics, and the nectareous and inexhaustible depths of universal philosophy." "Empedocles composed poems, Plato dialogues, Epicharmus songs, Xenophon histories, Xenocrates satyric pieces, Apuleius all of these." The last two sentences are from his Florida, p. 148, and may give some notion of the quaint, redundant, and exotic manner of the African Platonist. Yet the works of Apuleius are more valuable than the records of his life, and equally with those of his contemporary Lucian of Samosata, reflect the singular moral and intellectual state of the era of the Antonines. His best known production is the Metamorphosis, more usually entitled the "Golden Ass," a name that rests, however, on no good authority, and is not warranted by any thing in the story. In the edition of Aldus Manutius, October 1521, it is merely" Lucii Apuleii Madaurensis Metamorphosis sive Lusus Asini." The sources both of the "Lucius" of Lucian, and the Metamorphosis, are to be sought rather in that class of stories which the ancients called Milesian, Bißia Tov Αριστείδου Μιλησιακων, (Plutarch. Crass. 32, cf. Ovid. 2 Trist. v. 443,) than in the apocryphal peraμoppoσewn doyou of Lucius of Patræ (see Vossius de Histor. Græcis, pp. 517, 518; Schöll. Geschicht. der Griech. lit. ii. p.509); and the Milesian stories probably ascend into the remote antiquity of Eastern apologue. Neither is the beautiful episode of Cupid and Psyche original. Fulgentius (Mythologicôn, lib. iii.) ascribes it to Aristophantes, an Athenian (see Mem. de l'Acad. des Inscript. xxxiv. p. 48). The Oratio de Magia has already been mentioned. It is the work of an artist in a degenerate age; less tumid, obscure, and metaphorical in diction than the other writings of Apuleius, it is chiefly valuable as a lively and exact picture of the opinions and manners of the times. The Florida is either a collection of prefaces and common places for rhetorical exercises and declamation, or an anthology by one of the scholars of Apuleius from his more celebrated speeches. The philosophical works of Apuleius abound in the neoplatonistic doctrines which, towards the end of the

second century, superseded the stoical ethics of the preceding age. His treatise De Deo Socratis, contains a theory of the Dæmones, somewhat resembling that of the comte de Gabalis in modern times, and attempts to define the order of these intermediate beings, to which the tutelary genius of Socrates belonged. The three books, De Dogmate Platonis, are an introduction to the Platonic philosophy, which Apuleius divides into physical, ethical, and rational; but the purity of the elder Academy is impaired by later. and more fanciful theories. The language of these works bears some resemblance to the over refinement and nice subdivisions of the schoolmen. The treatise De Mundo is a free translation of the false Aristotle's tract, Пepi Kooμov. The verses of Apuleius, both in cadence and prosody, are inferior to the poems, of a later date, of Boethius. Many of the multifarious works of Apuleius have perished-e.g. Phædo, a Latin translation of the Dialogue of Plato; Hermagoras; De Proverbiis; De Republica; Medicinalia, if this be not rather the work of Apuleius Celsus, a Sicilian, of the age of Augustus; De Musica; Ludicra et Conviviales Quastiones; Libri Physici; Letters and Speeches. (See Florida, p. 122.) The tract, however, Hermetis Trismegisti Asclepius, s. De Natura Deorum Ďialogus, is improperly placed among the writings of Apuleius.

The literary reputation of Apuleius was not without its detractors. In a letter to the senate, after the death of his rival Clodius Albinus, the emperor Severus makes it a principal subject of complaint that "the Romans had given the title of a literary man to one who, like Clodius, took delight in the Milesian tales of the Punic Apuleius." (Capitolin. Severus, c. 12.) He was long and generally reputed, by the christian writers, a magician. See Lactantius, Div. Instit. v. 3; and in the gymnasium of Zeuxippus at Constantinople, there was a statue of Arvanïov Tou Mayov; see also Anthologia, lib. v. p. 531; Augustin. ep. 4, 5, 49; and Marcellin. ad Augustin. 3.

For a more complete account of the writings of Apuleius, see Fabricii, Bib. Latin. Ernesti ed. tom. iii. lib. 3, c. 2, and the edition of his works by Oudendorp and Bosscha, Lugd. 1785-1823, 3 vols, 4to; and for his literary character, F. C. Schlosser, Universal Hist. Uebers. der alten Welt, iii. 2, 5, 196, ff.; consult also Augustin, De Civitate Dei, and Lipsius Epp. Quæst. ii. 22; iii. 12;

Elector. ii. c. 21, &c. For the portrait of Apuleius, see Gronov. Thesaur. Antiqq. and Visconti Iconographia, Roman. i. p. 430, ff.

APULEIUS, (L. Cæcilius Minutianus,) author of a treatise De Orthographia, published from the original manuscript by A. Mai. His country, and the date of his life and writings, are unknown; probably he lived soon after Cassiodorus, i. e. after A. D. 575. He is not the Apuleius mentioned by Sueton. De Illustr. Grammatt. 3. Two other tracts, probably taken from some longer work, De Notâ Aspirationis, and De Diphthongis, were added by Osann. Darmstadt, 1826, and are by some attributed to this Apuleius, but they were not written, in all likelihood, before 1327.

APULEIUS. See SATURNINUS.

APULEIUS CELSUS, an eminent physician, born at Centorbi (Centuripa) in Sicily, about the beginning of the christian era. Nothing is known of the events of his life except that he was the tutor of Valens and Scribonius Largus, (Scribon. Larg. cap. 94, 171.) He is perhaps the same person who is quoted several times in the Geoponica, Cantab. Gr. and Lat. 8vo, 1704.

APULEIUS. There is extant, under this name, a work entitled Herbarium, seu de Medicaminibus Herbarum, containing a description of one hundred and twenty-eight plants, in the same number of chapters. It has been attributed to Apuleius Celsus of Centuripa, and to the famous Apuleius of Madaura, but it is of a date manifestly posterior to both those writers, and cannot have been written earlier than the fourth or fifth century after Christ. It was first printed at Rome, 4to, ap. Is. Phil. de Lignamine, sine anno, with the title Herbarium Apulei Platonici ad Marcum Agrippam. last and best edition is that by Ackermann, in the Parabilium Medicamentorum Scriptores Antiqui. Norimb. 1788, 8vo. There is also a short treatise, De Ponderibus et Mensuris, bearing the name of Apuleius, which is to be found at the end of several editions of the works of Mesue, viz. Venet. 1549, fol. ap. Juntas, and others.

The

AQUA, or ACQUA, (Cristofano dell', of Vicenza,) an engraver, who flourished about 1760. Amongst his other known works are a portrait of Frederick the Great of Prussia; a portrait of Genlio Ferrari, a nobleman of Vicenza, both in 4to; Merit crowning Apollo, after Andrea Sacchi, a large print in folio; and a