Fruit-growing. The principal orchard products are peaches and apples, but large quantities are raised of pears, plums, cherries and grapes. They are quite uniformly distributed over the southern half of the State. Of peaches and grapes, more delicate varieties are raised, in larger quantities, in the "fruit belt," extending along the Lake Michigan shore, north as far as the Grand Traverse region. There, more attention can be given, where the lighter soil makes the raising of more reliable crops less profitable; a strong demand is present in the markets of Chicago and Milwaukee, easily and quickly reached by lake steamers; the concentration of the industry favors better organization as to methods of culture and marketing; the presence of Lake Michigan, tempers "cold waves," diminishing danger from killing frosts, lengthens the growing season and increases the humidity. In this belt are raised large crops of strawberries, blackberries, raspberries and currants, in which Michigan ranks second among the States. In the production of peaches, Michigan ranks with Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York, and is a leading State in the production of cherries.

Stock Farming and Dairying.— Horses, dairy cows, sheep, swine and fowls are the chief domestic animals raised in Michigan. In the production of wool, the State ranks second only to Ohio, east of the Mississippi.

39.37 27.39 29.89

On the muck lands are raised large quantities of celery, chicory and peppermint, in the production of which Michigan is the leading State. In the vicinity of Kalamazoo are the most famous celery beds in the Union. Southwestern Michigan is the chief source of peppermint for the world. Of Michigan farms, more than four-fifths are cultivated by the owners. Less than 5 per cent are operated by cash tenants and about 11 per cent by share tenants. The following table shows the general development of Michigan farming by decades since 1860:

Of

On 1 Jan. 1918 there were in Michigan 1,926,000 sheep, 680,000 horses, 874,000 milch cows, 752,000 other cattle and 1,372,000 hogs. The dairy interests are rapidly increasing. 1,497,823 cattle in 1910, about one-half were dairy cattle. This industry is mainly in southern Michigan, though the upper peninsula is well adapted to the raising of dairy herds. The industry supports 350 creameries, 8 condensaries and 150 cheese factories, located chiefly in rural centres. In butter and cheese making, the Hollanders have made Ottawa the leading county of the State. In general dairy products, Michigan ranks about equal with Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. Cheese making is falling off in Michigan, with the increase of creameries and condensaries to supply the demand for milk and cream in rapidlygrowing cities.

Milk produced on farms..

Butter made on farms and in factories.. Cheese made on farms and in factories..

Number 352,858, 180 gals. 85,917,185 lbs. 13,673,336 lbs.

Lumbering and Forestry. Of the products of the soil, Michigan's forests have been one of the most important sources of her material wealth. The great variety and abundance of both hard and soft woods has made it a leading State in lumber and in timber products. Roughly, the forests originally presented two strongly marked divisions, separated by the 43d parallel of latitude; the pine and soft

woods were north, the hard woods south. South of this latitude, the principal farming area, the vicissitudes of early settlement rapidly and permanently destroyed the forests, excepting woodlots. which now aggregate one or two townships per county. North of this latitude in the lower peninsula, the principal hard woods are above a line from Ludington to Oscoda, and very scattered. The hard wood forests of the upper peninsula are chiefly in the eastern part, on the rolling lands of the glacial moraines. Pine lumbering, which reached its climax in 1890, has cut most of the white pine from the State. The present stage of lumbering is taking the hard woods and the remaining pine, mainly in the upper peninsula. Lumbering has had exceptional advantages in Michigan; the timber was massed in large stands, making large scale operations possible; and it was located mainly on large streams, down which logs could be floated to mill, and the lumber thence to the Great Lakes, by which markets could be easily reached. The first great impulse in Michigan pine lumbering came with the opening of an eastern market, due to the exhaustion of eastern forests and the development of railroads; the growth of Chicago and the settlement of the prairie States furnished a stimulus from the West. In 1890 Michigan produced 4,245,717,000 feet of lumber; since then she has dropped from first place to tenth place. Out of the lumber industry have grown most of the cities of the State above the latitude of the Saginaw Valley, which was the first great centre of pine lumbering; exceptions are Sault Sainte Marie and cities in the mining districts. The cities have now found in manufacturing a basis for permanent growth, principally in the manufacture of timber products. The following table shows the development of lumbering in Michigan since 1850:

Boston capital, in Keweenaw County; the beginning of well-organized mining began in 18k6, with the discovery of the Calumet and Hecla conglomerate lode, in Houghton County; that county produces more than four-fifths of Michigan's output to-day, one-half of which is mined near Calumet. This copper averages about 20 pounds per ton of rock. The advantages for mining here are the relative purity of the copper; the concentration of abundant pay-rock in mines fairly dry and needing little timbering; the altitude of the mine mouths, permitting the use of a natural incline to stamp mills at lake level; and an all-water route for shipment to market. The total product from these mines aggregates approximately 5,345,000,000 pounds, which gives Michigan rank in total produce second only to Montana; in annual output the State is surpassed only by Montana and Ari

zona.

Iron was discovered in 1844, near Ishpeming. The first ore was mined and smelted in 1841, by capital from Jackson, Mich. In the period centring about the Civil War, more than 50 companies were organized, the great demand for war purposes having forced the improvement of the Marquette Railroad and the "Soo" Canal and led to a new period of settlement in the upper peninsula. The chief iron regions are the Marquette Range, the Menominee Range and the Gogebic Range. In all of these there are unusual advantages for mining; high grade ores, concentration in small area, down-grade short hauls from the mines, the proximity of timber and an all-water route to market. Most of the ore is shipped east for smelting; the first shipment, of 70 tons, from the Marquette Range, was smelted at Sharon, Pa. Michigan's share in building national industry has been largely through her iron supply to the markets of the East. The total production has been approximately 450,000,000 long tons. The annual output of these mines is equaled only by that of Minnesota, in the United States; it is twice that of Russia, nearly three times that of Sweden and more than that of either France or Spain.

Other minerals are salt, gypsum, clay, limestone, sandstone, granite, slate, marl, peat, coal and graphite. Michigan leads in salt, which is found chiefly in three belts, one extending from Wyandotte to Harbor Beach, a second in the Saginaw Valley and a third near Manistee and Ludington. The chief gypsum deposits are at Grand Rapids and Alabaster, the quarry at Alabaster being the largest in the world. Most of the limestone is buried too deep under glacial drift to be quarried. The most valuable outcrops of sandstone are on the south shore of Lake Superior. Peat bogs abound in the lower peninsula, but have not been worked, owing to the relative cheapness of other fuel. The coal basin covers about 8,000 square miles in the centre of the lower peninsula, estimated to contain about 80,000,000,000 tons, of which about half is in workable seams. This coal is mainly of a low bituminous variety; of the annual output of 11⁄2 million tons, valued at about $3,330,000, all but about 2 per cent is mined in Bay and Saginaw counties.

Manufacturing. Michigan has over 9,000 manufacturing industries, employing about 300,000 men and a capital of over $500,000,000.

In the 10 years, 1899-1909, Michigan had a higher per cent of gain in value of manufactures than any State which surpassed it in total value of output. In 1909 it had 18 industries, each of which put out a total product valued above $10,000,000. The bulk of the total product is produced in the southern 20 counties, where are employed over three-fourths of the men. Michigan's rapid growth in manufactures is due primarily to abundant resources in timber, iron and copper and cheap water transportation; its rapid growth in variety of manufactures since 1890 is due to the release of capital from lumbering and the development of the automobile industry, in which Michigan now leads all the States. Outside of Detroit, which is the centre, the leading Michigan cities in the manufacture of automobiles, are Flint, Lansing, Pontiac and Jackson. This industry has stimulated a great variety of associated manufactures. The manufacture of lumber and timber products is the chief industry of cities in the northern part of the lower peninsula and in the upper peninsula except in the mining centres. Of the timber products, the chief are paper pulp, shingles and lath, charcoal and chemicals, veneer, tanbark, turpentine and rosin, and a great variety of wooden-ware. Foundry and machine-shop products, which rank ahead of furniture, are made chiefly in the large cities in the southern part of the State. Flour and gristmill products rank next and are widely distributed. The food industry is confined chiefly to Detroit, Battle Creek and the west central part of the lower peninsula. Furniture ranks fifth; over 150 furniture plants are distributed in over 30 important centres, among which Grand Rapids and Detroit lead. Detroit has about one-third as much capital invested as Grand Rapids. The chief factors in Grand Rapids' supremacy have been the initial impulse from the abundance of pine timber, the investment of capital since the decline of lumbering, skilled labor, facilities for marketing and the early organization of the industry on modern business lines. The Furniture Fair held there twice a year is a centre of interest to all the States and to foreign countries. Supplies accessory to printing_and_publishing are an important industry. Leather goods and tobacco goods are also made in large quantities. Detroit is the chief centre for all kinds of structural materials, including stoves and furnaces,

facture of automobiles, salt, drugs and refrigerators; second in furniture and third in beetsugar.

Transportation and Commerce. The first means of transportation used, common wagon roads, have been the last to be thoroughly improved. The State now has about 70,000 miles of dirt roads, partly improved. The automobile has been most effective in strengthening the "good roads" movement. In 1905 was created the State highway department, which has expended about $1,000,000 in money awards to encourage townships in their common road building. Among the most important improvements is a State road along the entire shore line of the lower peninsula, which is partly completed. At the spring election, 1919, Michigan voted to bond the State for $50,000,000 for good roads. Railroad building began in Michigan shortly after Stevenson experimented with the "Rocket." The first road built, the Erie and Kalamazoo, from Toledo (then in Michigan) to Adrian, was the first west of the Appalachian Mountains. The first State constitution, adopted in 1835, provided for a system of internal improvements, in which three transpeninsular railroads were included; of these, the Michigan Central was partly built by the State, but was completed to Chicago by private capital in 1852. The census of 1910 shows 10,584 miles of steam roads, and 1,400 miles of electric roads, with a total investment of $141,875,000, employing about 80,000 men. Nine trunk lines cross the State from east to west and three from north to south. The chief railroad centres are Detroit, Jackson, Grand Rapids, Saginaw, Kalamazoo and Lansing. Tl.e topography of the lower peninsula has favored a general distribution of roads, through a system of intersecting morainal valleys. In the western end of the upper peninsula is the only portion of the railway system of the State with steep grades. The leading lines are the Michigan Central, the Chicago and Grand Trunk, the Grand Rapids and Indiana, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Père Marquette and the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic. Connecting with these railroads are the several large steamship lines of the Great Lakes. In general, the lake traffic is confined to a few of the heaviest and bulkiest commodities — iron ore, copper, lumber, grain and coal. The tonnage of this traffic is one-third

the total tonnage of ships owned in the United States. The tonnage of the Detroit River is five times the foreign tonnage of New York Harbor and exceeds the combined tonnage of Hamburg, Liverpool and London. About fourfifths of the through freight on the Lakes passes through the "Soo" Canal. Vast sums have been spent by the State and by the_National government, in improving the Great Lakes harbors, especially at Cheboygan, Alpena, Saginaw, Saint Joseph and Grand Haven, and the channels through the Saint Mary's River, the Detroit River and the Saint Clair Flats; 45 life-saving stations and 120 lighthouses and flag-signal stations are maintained.

Government. Michigan has had three constitutions, adopted in 1835, 1850 and 1908. Constitutional development in Michigan has been in the direction of restricting and defining the powers conferred upon the State government. The last constitution, which went into effect 1 Jan. 1909, contains a declaration of rights in 21 sections. Amendments to it may be proposed in either house of the legislature and by a two-thirds vote may be referred to the people, who may adopt by majority vote; amendments may also be initiated by signature of at least 10 per cent of the electorate. At the general election in 1926 and in each 16th year thereafter the question of a general revision of the constitution is to be submitted to the electorate. The elective franchise is conferred upon every male citizen of the United States 21 years of age or over who has resided six months in the State and in the township or ward in which he offers to vote 20 days next preceding an election. Women who have the qualifications of male electors and who have property assessed for taxes in any part of the district or territory to be affected by the result of an election, may vote at such election on any question involving the direct expenditure of public money or the issue of bonds.

The seat of government is at Lansing. The legislative department consists of a senate of 32 members and a house of representatives of 100 members; the lower house may not consist of more than 100 nor less than 64 members. A newly elected legislature meets in every oddnumbered year, on the first Wednesday in January. Membership in both houses is reapportioned every 10 years next in 1923 - upon the basis of the preceding national census. All legislation is by bill, and every bill to become a law must receive the assent of a majority of the members elected to each house; a two-thirds vote is requisite for bills appropriating the public funds; by a two-thirds vote the legislature may pass a bill over the governor's veto; all other bills, to become law, require the governor's signature. At special sessions the legislature can consider only such subjects as are named either in the governor's proclamation or in his message. The constitution of 1909 reserves to the people the power of the initiative and the referendum.

The officers of the executive department are a governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor-general and attorneygeneral. All are elected for two years. The governor, in whom is vested the chief executive power, must be at least 30 years of age, five years a citizen of the United States and a resident of the State two years next preceding

his election. His salary is fixed by the constitution at $5,000 a year. In case of vacancy, the office is filled by the lieutenant-governor, who is ex officio president of the senate. The governor may veto any bill within 10 days (Sundays excepted) of its presentation by the legislature. The appointive power of the governor is limited to minor officials.

The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, probate courts, justices of the peace and inferior courts established by the legislature. The Supreme Court consists at present of one chief justice and seven associate justices, two members being elected every two years for a term of eight years, at a salary of $7,000 a year. The court holds four terms a year in Lansing. Each of the 39 Circuit Courts holds four terms a year, respectively, in each county within its circuit; each Circuit Court has one judge, elected for a term of six years at a salary of $3,500. In each county a probate judge is elected for a term of four years; probate courts have, in addition to usual duties, original jurisdiction in all cases of juvenile delinquents and dependents. Justices' courts are established in the townships, presided over by justices of the peace, four in each township, elected for a term of four years.

In each of the 84 counties, a board of supervisors is elected by townships and city wards. Other officers are elected annually in April, generally for a term of two years. Owing to the large number of cities and villages nearly 100 cities and over 300 inoorporated villages-township government is of minor importance; the cities are in general governed by special charters.

Banking. The first bank in Michigan was a private bank, established in 1806, in Detroit. By the time Michigan was admitted to the Union (1837), there were 15 banks, with an aggregate actual capital of less than $1,500,000. President Jackson's specie circular precipitated a national crisis, which was met in Michigan by a general banking law, of such a nature that the State was soon dotted with "wild-cat" banks, without capital paid in, with excessive issue of notes, and without, in most instances, either ability or intention to redeem them. In 1844, this banking law was declared unconstitutional and provision was made in the new constitution in 1850 that no general banking law could be enacted without first receiving the approval of a majority of the electors of the State. The constitution of 1909 provides that such law, to be valid, must receive a twothirds vote in the legislature. Under the present law, a State bank must have a capital stock of at least $20,000 in cities of 1,500 inhabitants, and not less than $250,000 in all cities of over 110,000. At least 15 per cent of the deposits of commercial and savings banks must be kept on hand and every stockholder is liable. A State banking department, at the head of which is a commissioner appointed by the governor for a term of four years, exercises general supervision over all banks in the State.

Finance and Taxation. In 1837 the first State legislature authorized a loan of over $5,000,000 for public improvements, most of which was placed with eastern companies which soon afterward failed. In 1846 the State sold its improvements, realizing sufficient money to