and Henry IV, and called the 'Soldier's Bible,' has considerable value in the history of warfare. The best issue is by A. de Ruble (5 vols., Paris 1865-72); 'Les Guerres d'Italie' (ib. 1886,

was edited by Baudrillart. Consult Rüstow, 'Military Biographies) (Zürich 1858); Norman, 'Les mémorialistes, Monluc) (Paris 1892); Courteault, Paul, 'Blaise de Monluc, historien' (ib. 1908), contains a bibliography.

MONMOUTH, mon'muth, James, DUKE OF, royal pretender and claimant to the English throne: b. Rotterdam, 9 April 1649; d. London, 25 July 1685. He was the natural son of Charles II and of Lucy Walters, as seems certain from the king's open recognition of him, although he so closely resembled Robert Sidney, whose mistress his mother had been, that Sidney has been supposed his father. Placed under the guardianship of Lord Crofts, he assumed the name of James Crofts and was brought up in France under the care of Henrietta Maria, the queendowager; was recognized and summoned to England by his father after the Restoration: was married to Anne Scott, heiress of Buccleuch and made Duke of Monmouth; and served in Holland in 1673. His Protestant sympathies, his clemency to the Scottish Covenanters whom he defeated at Bothwell Bridge (1679), and a story persistently circulated (and denied before Privy Council by the king) that Charles had secretly married his mother in Holland, made him popular with the Protestant party; and, Shaftesbury repeatedly urged the king to legitimatize him and ensure a peaceable Protestant succession. He did his best to exclude James from the throne. After the Rye House Plot he escaped to Holland. Thence after the accession of James II he invaded England, possibly with the complicity of William of Orange, called the people to arms, raised a large force of Protestants, was proclaimed king at Taunton, but was defeated by Faversham at Sedgemoor. Taken prisoner he begged for his life from the king to no purpose, and was executed at the age of 36. He was handsome, weak, fickle and in his claims to the throne no doubt entirely under the control of political plotters: The 'Diaries of Evelyn and Pepys give the setting of Monmouth's career; his rising is sketched with some historical verisimilitude in Doyle's 'Micah Clarke' (1888), a romance. Consult also Roberts, 'Life of Monmouth' (1844) and Fea, A., 'King of Monmouth' (New York 1902); the latter work outlines the popular legend that Monmouth was not executed, a substitute having taken his place, and tells how the country people long expected his return.

MONMOUTH, Ill., city, county-seat of Warren County, on the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy and the Iowa Central railroads, about 95 miles north by west of Springfield. It is in an agricultural region, and nearby are coal fields and valuable clay deposits. It was settled in 1836, and in 1852 was incorporated, receiving a new charter in 1874. The chief manufactures are pottery, sewer pipe, stoneware, boxes, agricultural implements, stump-pullers, soap, flour and dairy products. The trade is principally in coal, grain, flour, poultry, dairy products and livestock. Monmouth College, founded in 1856 under the auspices of the United Presbyterian Church, is here, also the Warren County Library. The chief city officers are the mayor,

who holds office two years, and the council. The waterworks are owned and operated by the municipality. Pop. 10,000.

MONMOUTH, Battle of, in American history, a celebrated engagement between the

American and British forces, the former commanded by General Washington and the latter by Sir Henry Clinton, which took place at Freehold, Monmouth County, N. J., 28 June 1778. On 18 June Sir Henry Clinton, acting under peremptory orders from the British Ministry, evacuated Philadelphia, which had been occupied by his army since the preceding September, and proceeded across New Jersey toward Brunswick, with a view of embarking on the Raritan. On hearing of this movement, Washington broke up his camp at Valley Forge, and having sent forward some light troops to harass the enemy started in pursuit. Owing to excessive heat the march of both armies was slow. At Allentown, Clinton turned to the right by a road leading through Freehold to Sandy Hook, to embark at the latter place; and Washington, who had hitherto been deterred by the advice of his officers, and particularly of Gen. Charles Lee, from attacking the enemy, determined at once to give him battle. The evening of the 27th found the main body of the enemy encamped on high ground near Monmouth courthouse, while the American advance, about 4,000 strong, under Lee, was posted at Englishtown, five miles distant, with the main body about three miles in the rear. The command of the advance had originally been given to Lafayette, with the consent of Lee; but the latter subsequently applied for and obtained it. Early on the 28th Lee engaged the rear division of the enemy, his orders being to hold it in check until the main body under Washington could come up. The Americans were at first successful, but owing to causes which have never been satisfactorily explained, the whole body soon after fell into a confusion and commenced a disorderly retreat, closely followed by the British. Washington, who was advancing hastily with the main body, received the first intimation of this movement in the crowds of fugitives who poured along the road. Exasperated at the failure of Lee to execute his orders he rode up to that general and reprimanded him. Then he reformed them, and hastened back to bring up the main body. Lee, resuming his command, held his position with spirit until compelled to retire and brought off his troops in good order. The main body, which had meanwhile taken a favorable position on an eminence, with a morass in front and a wood in the rear, opened an effective cannonade upon the British. The latter, after an ineffectual attempt to turn the American left under Lord Stirling, directed their chief efforts against the right commanded by Greene, where Wayne, under cover of an orchard, was harassing their centre by a severe fire: To dislodge him Colonel Moncton advanced with a column of royal grenadiers, but fell at the head of his troops, who were repulsed with considerable loss. The enemy at length fell back to the ground occupied by Lee in the morning, whither Washington was preparing to follow them when the approach of night and the exhaustion of his men induced him to defer the execution of his plan until the morning. During the night Clinton effected a

noiseless retreat, and at daybreak was many miles away from the scene of battle. The excessive heat of the weather and the fatigued condition of the troops rendered a pursuit impracticable, and the royal army was suffered to proceed unmolested to the place of embarkation. The American loss in this engagement was 69 killed and 160 wounded; the British 300 killed and 100 prisoners including wounded. Their total loss by desertions and the casualties of battle during their march through New Jersey has been estimated at 2,000. For his conduct in this battle Lee was court-martialed and suspended for one year from his command. Consult Carrington, H. B., 'Battles of the American Revolution' (New York 1876); Dawson, H. B., 'Battles of the United States' (New York 1858); Lee, C., Trial of, 4 July 1778' (New York 1864).

MONMOUTH COLLEGE, in Monmouth, Ill., a coeducational institution, under the auspices of the United Presbyterians. It was founded in 1856, and in 1915 there were connected with the school 26 professors and instructors and 451 students. There were about 12,000 volumes in the library; the grounds and buildings were valued at $340,000; the productive funds amounted to $284,000; and the annual income was about $49,000. The departments are the preparatory, music and art and graduate. The college courses consist of nine groups which lead to the degrees of B.A. and B.S.

MONNA LISA, or 'La Gioconda, the famous masterpiece of Leonardo da Vinci, disappeared from the Louvre in Paris 21 or 22 Aug. 1911. The picture had been taken out of the frame, which was found on a back staircase of the building. For over two years the mystery remained unsolved. On 12 Dec. 1913 the Italian Minister of Education announced that the painting had been recovered in Florence. It had been stolen from the Louvre by an Italian workman named Vincenzo Perugia, who gave as his reason for the theft that he wished to retaliate on France for taking so many Italian masterpieces from Italy. On 5 June 1914 Perugia was sentenced to one year and 15 days' imprisonment with payment of costs.

MONNA VANNA. In 1902 Maurice Maeterlinck, who for a dozen years had been composing tenuous dramas of the imagination, expressive of vague fears, and symbolic of the coming of death, turned in Monna Vanna' to a more usual type of play. In place of an airy plot but half suggested, he developed a closeknit story; in place of shadowy figures uttering childlike phrases and implying as much by their silence as by their talk, he presented living figures engaged in rhetorical debate; and in place of the merest impressionism of mood, he displayed a sudden practical interest in problems of conduct. Two such problems, in particular, he considered: first, as to whether a woman might ever honorably sell her honor; and, second, as to whether her husband's disbelief in the purity of her motives might ever justify her leaving him for one who could understand her. Monna Vanna, in order to save the lives of 30,000 starving Pisans, besieged by the Florentines, consents to yield her honor to the commander of the enemy. But the latter, her boyhood lover, refuses to

profit from the advantage he has taken of her, and, assailed by the state he serves, returns with her to Pisa as her guest. Her husband, who has raged against her decision to go to Prinzivalle in the first place, refuses to believe that this warrior has spared her. She can rescue him from death only by falsely proclaiming his guilt and her own desire for vengeance, thus gaining possession of the keys to his dungeon, from which she will flee with him at the earliest opportunity. Thus Maeterlinck, like Shakespeare in 'Measure for Measure' and Phillips in 'Pietro of Siena,' though he raises the question of a woman's right to barter her honor for the life or lives of others, does not venture to exact of her the price. Such is his procedure, also, in two other plays, 'Joyzelle' and 'Marie-Magdeleine.' Neither

of these has been so successful upon the stage as Monna Vanna,' which may be read in the English versions of A. I. du Pont Coleman (1903), Charlotte Porter (1904) and Alfred Sutro (1907). The piece is discussed in the monographs on Maeterlinck by Gerard Harry, M. J. Moses, Edward Thomas and Una Clark. FRANK W. CHANDLER.

MONO, mō'no, a lake or "sink" in Mono County, Cal., on the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada, in a gold and silver mining region, about 150 miles southeast of Sacramento. The lake is circular in form, nearly 15 miles across; area, about 200 square miles, contains almost as a central point, Mono Island. A short railroad passes along the eastern shore, chief village station, Monolake. A number of streams enter the lake, but it has no apparent outlet. The waters are alkaline and contain no fish. A species of insect deposit their ova on the surface of the waters, and sometimes so great are the numbers that they look like islands. The Digger Indians collect the insects and ova and prepare from them an edible delicacy. See KOO-CHA-BEE.

MONO, the common name in Guatemala for the Central American howling monkey (Mycetes villosus).

MONOCACY, mō-nok'a-si, Battle on the, an engagement during the Civil War when on 4-5 July 1864, General Early with 20,000 Confederate troops, after driving the Union forces, under General Sigel, from the lower Shenandoah Valley, crossed the Potomac into Maryland north of Harper's Ferry, on his march to Washington, demonstrated on Sigel, who had retreated to Maryland Heights and, crossing South Mountain by Turner's and Crampton's Gaps, concentrated his main body on the night of the 8th near Middletown in the Catoctin Valley, his cavalry, after some sharp skirmishing during the day, being in advance, between Middletown and Frederick. Meanwhile Union forces had gathered to oppose his march. Gen. Lew Wallace, commanding the Middle Department, with headquarters at Baltimore, on the 6th collected a mixed force, numbering 2.700 men, under Gen. E. B. Tyler, at Monocacy Junction, near Frederick, and disposed it to cover the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and its bridge, and the Baltimore pike with its stonepier bridge. Cavalry was sent out on the road beyond Frederick, which ran into Bradley T. Johnson's cavalry, and fell back. On the 8th Wallace was joined by a part of Ricketts' divi

sion of the Sixth corps from the Army of the Potomac, which was advanced to Frederick, but during the night it was withdrawn and crossed to the east bank of the Monocacy, where meanwhile other parts of Ricketts' division had come up by rail from Baltimore. Ricketts' division of about 3,350 men was formed on Tyler's left, covering the Washington road and its wooden bridge. Both flanks and the fords were guarded by cavalry and skirmishers were deployed on the bank of the river. Wallace had but six field-guns; three were given to Tyler and three to Ricketts. An earthwork and two blockhouses commanded both the railroad bridge and the bridge on the Washington road. On the morning of the 9th Early advanced from Frederick to attack Wallace, Rodes' division on the left, along the Baltimore pike, and Ramseur's in the centre on the Washington road, while Gordon's division, following McCausland's cavalry, inclined to the right to reach the fords a mile below Wallace's left. Rodes and Ramseur drove the Union skirmishers to the bank of the river; Ramseur drove those in his front beyond it; and four heavy batteries of 16 guns crowning the heights near the river, at 9 A.M., opened fire upon the Union lines opposite. By noon the Confederate cavalry had forded the river, and dismounting, advanced on Ricketts' left, gaining a temporary advantage, but were soon driven back. Gordon then crossed his infantry and reinforced the cavalry. Ricketts, holding on the bridge with his right to check Ramseur, changed front to the left and engaged Gordon and the cayalry, sometimes yielding ground, and again regaining it, but the enfilading fire of the guns across the river, and the continued heavy pressure of Gordon on his front, right and left flanks, caused Wallace at 4 P.M. to withdraw him toward the Baltimore pike, having first burned the wooden bridge and the blockhouse at its farther end. Tyler had continued to hold his position against Rodes, in part west of the river, covering the stone bridge of the Baltimore pike, but Gordon's troops, following up the east side of the stream, on Ricketts' heels, struck the pike before the bridge-guard could get away, capturing several hundred prisoners, Tyler narrowly escaping. Wallace fell back by the Baltimore road in the direction of Ellicott's Mills, Early following but a short distance. Early buried his dead and sent over 400 of his severely wounded to the hospitals in Frederick. He levied and collected $200,000 from the citizens of Frederick, seized a good supply of shoes, bacon and flour, and on the morning of the 10th resumed his march on the direct road to Washington, halting at night within four miles of Rockville. The Union loss at Monocacy was 123 killed, 603 wounded and 568 missing, a total of 1,294, of whom 1,073 were of Ricketts' division. Early reports his loss as about 700 killed and wounded, but it must have been greater, as Gordon reports the loss in his division alone as 698. The great importance of the battle on the Monocacy lies in the fact that the day gained in delaying Early enabled the remainder of the Sixth corps to reach Washington from Grant's army, as well as a part of the Nineteenth corps from New Orleans, before Early could make an attack on the city. General Grant says: "Whether the delay caused by the battle amounted to

(

a day or not, General Wallace contributed on this occasion, by the defeat of the troops under him, a greater benefit to the cause than often falls to the lot of a commander of an equal force to render by means of a victory." Consult Official Records' (Vol. XXXVII); Pond, 'The Shenandoah Valley in 1864'; Grant's 'Personal Memoirs' (Vol. II); Early, 'Last Year of the War for Independence'; Haynes, E. M., 'History of the Tenth Regiment, Vt. (Vol. III, pp. 184-238, Rutland 1894); The Century Company's 'Battles and Leaders of the Civil War' (Vol. IV). E. A. CARMAN.

MONOCEROS, mo-nos'èr-os, or UNICORN, from the Greek uóvos, monos (single), and Képas, keras (horn), a constellation in the astronomical chart lying between Canis major and Canis minor, south of Gemini and Cancer, and introduced (1624) by Bartsch. It is made up of multiple stars, clusters and nebulæ but has no star brighter than fourth magnitude.

MONOCHORD, a musical instrument with one string, invented by Pythagoras, and much employed by the ancients in the musical training of the voice and ear. The modified form of the instrument used in natural philosophy lecture-rooms is often called a sonometer; it consists of one or more strings stretched over a sounding-box. A string is fastened at one end of the box, and passes at the other end over a fixed pulley, which enables it to be stretched by means of weights; it passes over two fixed bridges near the ends of the box, and there is a movable bridge between to alter the length of the vibrating portion of the string. Strings are employed to produce musical sounds in the violin, harp, guitar, piano, etc. The sonometer is an indispensable piece of apparatus to lecturers on acoustics not only for the proof of the law of vibrating strings, but also to illustrate the relations of harmonics and the fundamental ideas of undulations.

MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT, in physics, a light which consists of a single color which is so pure and so definite that when it is examined by the spectroscope it gives but a single bright line. An approximately monochromatic light may easily be obtained by volatilizing salt, or some other sodium compound, in the flame of a Bunsen burner. An orangeyellow color, of great purity, results. Viewed by this light, everything white or yellow looks bright, while vermilion, ultramarine and other colors that do not contain any sensible proportion of yellow appear black. Monochromatic light is greatly used in physics, for the study of certain kinds of phenomena in optics.

MONOCHROME (Greek, monos, single, and chroma, color), in ancient art, a painting executed in a single color. The word is generally applied to painting in the various shades of the same color. The first specimens of the art of painting were of one tint only, which was most commonly red, made either with cinnabar or minium. Instead of red, white paint was sometimes used. The first four plates in the first volume of the paintings of Herculaneum contain several monochromes upon marble. The most numerous monuments existing of this kind of painting are on terra cotta. MONOCLINE. See FOLDS,

MONOCOTYLEDONS, plants of that great division of angiospermous plants whose embryos sprout in only one seed-leaf or cotyledon, which springs from one side of the axis of the growth; the opposite of Dicotyledons (q.v.). In one system of botany the term was employed as a synonym of Endogens, but this use is obsolete.

MONOD, mō'nō, Adolphe, French Protestant theologian: b. Copenhagen, 1802; d. Paris, 6 April 1856. He studied at Geneva, was minister at Naples (1825-27), where he founded an Evangelical congregation; then at Lyons (1828-31). From 1836 he was a professor at Montauban, and from 1844 he was minister of the Reform Church. He wrote 'Sermons' (Paris 1860; 3d ed., 4 vols.); 'La Femme (Paris, 11th ed., 1894); 'Les adieux à mes amis et à l'Eglise (1856; 12th ed., 1894). Consult Monod, S., Life and Letters of A. Monod' (London 1885); Stapfer. 'La grande prédication chrétienne en France. Bossuet, Adolphe Monod' (Paris 1898).

on

MONOD, Frédéric, French Protestant clergyman: b. Monnaz, Switzerland, 17 May 1794; d. Paris, 30 Dec. 1863. He was educated at Geneva, but came under the influence of Robert Haldane and was ordained in 1818. He then went to Paris in service of the Bible Society, then assisted (1820) his father, a pastor at Paris, becoming (1832) titular pastor of the Oratoire. As editor of the Archives du christianisme au dix-neuvième siècle for 43 years, he became prominent (1848) when religion was menaced by the revolution. He favored the separation of Church and State and a Reformed Church creed; he, opening the synod, in September, found his motion for formulation of a creed lost. Thereupon he decided on establishing a free church orthodox basis in spite of the persuasion of his brother Adolphe (q.v.), the synod and the Paris Consistory. Resigning from his Oratoire pastorate (1849) he opened a small chapel and founded the Eglise Libre. He was successful in uniting the Protestant congregations who had left the State Church, and established a constitution the first clause of which stated: "We believe that the entire Scripture of the Old and New Testament is inspired by God, and thus constitutes the sole and infallible rule of faith and life." At the Third Biennial Synod (1852) evangelization commenced and 22 posts exist at present besides affiliations, but the number of congregations (73 in 1873) has fallen off to 36 recently, many returning to the Reformed Church. Consult Monod, G., 'La Famille Monod) (Paris 1890); Pédezert, J., 'Cinquante ans de souvenirs religieux' (Paris 1896).

MONODELPHIA, a name formerly applied to all mammals esteemed higher than marsupials (Didelphia) considered as a group distinguished primarily by the fact that the uterus or womb is single and shows a single uterine cavity. It has been shown that this distinction does not hold and the term has consequently become obsolete.

MONODY, from the Greek monodia, a solo in contradistinction to the polyphony, the song of several or many voices. The term has been brought down to modern times as conveying a sense of melancholy or sadness in its

diction. Thus in literature a monody is a composition dwelling on some single emotional subject. In poetry the monody of the Greeks was a lyric solo in tragedy, an ode voiced by an actor on a painful motive, hence, when of a funeral or dirge character, it closely approaches threnody. In music monody is a song for a single voice with musical accompaniment; monodies have been introduced into opera, Peri's 'Dafne (1597) being probably the first occasion, and they have found a regular place in the growth of operatic composition as well as in oratorios. The term is also used recently as synonymous with monotony as "the monody of the waves," etc.

MONCIUS INFLORESCENCE. See DIECIOUS FLOWER.

MONOGRAM (monos, single or only, and gramma, meaning "a single mark"), a character or cipher composed of one, two or more letters interwoven, being a sort of abbreviation of a name, used as a seal or badge, in coats of arms, etc. Monograms were much used on coins by the Greeks and the Romans. They were also used on standards, walls and tapestry, seals and documents, in which they were employed not only by princes and ecclesiastical dignitaries, but also by magistrates and notaries. At the commencement of the Christian period their use was universal. The titles and rubrics of Greek manuscripts are frequently monogrammatic, and numerous and diversified monograms are found in Latin manuscripts. Alphabets like the Roman, of an angular character, have many letters with corresponding parts; and the upright strokes, the horizontal lines and the curves are easily made by arranging them so that similar portions shall coincide, to produce numerous combinations. Monograms are generally combinations of more than two letters; when only two were incorporated they were generally designated ligatures. After the 12th century they gradually went out of use. The use of them remained longest in Germany, where it was formally abolished by the Diet of Worms in 1495. The knowledge of monograms of this public kind is of great importance for the illustration of the monuments and documents of the Middle Ages, and therefore forms a particular branch of diplomatics; for they were much employed in the medieval diplomatic art. The term was subsequently applied to all sorts of ciphers and signs, with which artists, particularly painters and engravers, were accustomed to designate their works. The mediæval scal-engraver, to economize as much as possible the annular space available for the legend, favored both ligatures and monograms. Many of those seals had the initials of their owners blended and incorporated with the devices, called merchant-marks, corresponding somewhat to the modern trade-marks, which were the stamp, as it were, by which the work of each artist was known. Many of the modern monograms are copied from medieval examples. Consult Brulliot, 'Dictionnaire des Monogrammes' (1832-34); Duplesssis and Bouchot, 'Dictionnaire des Marques et Monogrammes de Graveurs) (1886-87); Bouvenne, 'Les Monogrammes Historiques) (1870); Fagan, 'Collectors' Marks' (1883).

MONOLITHS. See STONES, STANDING.

ΜΟΝΟΜΑΝΙΑ, from the Greek μόνος, monos (single), and pavia, mania (madness). That form of mental derangement which distinguishes itself by an abnormal conception or action on one subject only, leaving the mind sane on all other points. The eccentricity of delusion does not extend to any other subject or act. The term craze is often used to cover mild forms of monomania.

MONOMETALLISM, the principle of having only one metallic standard in the coinage of a country, opposed to bimetallism. See BIMETALLISM; COINAGE; CURRENCY.

MONONA, mō-no'ną, a lake in Wisconsin, one of a group of lakes near Madison in Dane County. See FOUR LAKES.

MONONGAHELA, mō-nõn-ga-hē’lą, a river which has its rise in the northwestern part of West Virginia, and flows north into Pennsylvania, where it unites at Pittsburgh with the Allegheny to form the Ohio River. The headwaters of the Monongahela are in the Alleghany Mountains near the headwaters of the Potomac. The two head-streams of the Monongahela unite near Fairmont in Marion County, W. Va., and from the point of junction on the north become a swiftly flowing stream, furnishing water power for several manufacturing towns and cities. The whole course is very irregular; the length is about 300 miles. It was madę navigable about 106 miles from its mouth to Morgantown, in Monongahela County, W. Va., by a system of locks, nine in number, and other locks above Morgantown now make the river navigable as far as Fairmont. The largest tributary is the Youghiogheny, a navigable river, which has its source in the mountains in the southwestern part of Garrett County, Md., and enters the Monongahela near Pittsburgh. The Cheat River, the next largest tributary, is a stream in the northeastern part of West Virginia. It joins the Monongahela in Pennsylvania, a few miles north of the border. The river flows through a country which has fertile farm lands in the valley and the whole section is rich in coal. Near Pittsburgh, then Fort Duquesne, on the banks of the river, on 9 July 1755, the French and Indians won a victory over Braddock's Anglo-American troops.

MONONGAHELA CITY, Pa., city, in Washington County, on the Monongahela River, and on the Pennsylvania, and the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie railroads, about 32 miles south of Pittsburgh. It is in a coal region, in which the chief industries are coal mining and manufacturing. It was settled in 1792 by Joseph Parkison, was incorporated as a borough 3 April 1833 and chartered as a city 24 March 1873. It has large industrial establishments, employing about 6,000 persons, or about 600 more than the whole population as given by the federal census of 1900. The chief manufactures are glass, foundry and machine-shop products, flour, lumber, chemicals and paper. It has considerable trade in the home manufactures and in coal and farm products. The principal buildings are 15 churches, six public schools, an academy, government building, memorial hospital and municipal building. The four banks contain a combined capital of $2,500,000. The government is administered under a third-class city rule. The

government provides for a mayor, comptroller and a board of commissioners, four in number, the mayor being president of the board. All are elected every four years. The majority of the inhabitants are American born, but there are quite a number of Italians and Slavs. Pop. 9,600.

MONOPHYSITES (from Greek monos, single, and physis, nature), those followers of the opinion in the early Church which ascribes but one nature to Christ in contradistinction to the orthodox doctrine that he was both divine and human, true God and true man. The Monophysites were mainly confined to the Eastern Church and obtained no footing in the West. The edict called Henoticon, issued by the Emperor Zeno in 482, was not able to quiet the long and often bloody contests incident to this controversy, and the orthodox Church, by its sentences of excommunication, occasioned a formal secession on the part of the Monophysites. This separation took place in the first half of the 6th century, Nor did they remain united among themselves. In 519 controversies arose among them respecting the question whether the body of Christ is corruptible or not. About 560, a Monophysite, Askusnages, and after him Philoponus, a noted Alexandrian philosopher of that century, conceived the idea of styling_the three persons of the Deity three Gods. These Tritheists and their adherents, even in the eyes of the Monophysites, were heretics, and were the occasion of many Monophysites turning Catholics. In Egypt, Syria and Mesopotamia the Monophysite congregations, however, remained the strongest, had patriarchs at Alexandria and Antioch, existing, without interruption, by the side of the imperial orthodox patriarchs; and after the Syrian, Jacob Baradæus had, about 570, established their religious constitution, formed the independent churches of the Jacobites and Armenians, which separated from the Greeks as well as the Romans, and have for that reason been able to maintain themselves since the 7th century, even under the dominion of the Mohammedans. Excepting their doctrine of one nature in Christ they coincide, in the main points of belief, with the Greek Church; their worship also resembles the Greek rather than the Roman, but has, from their national character and their superstition, received variations, which are most striking in the religious constitution of the Egyptian Jacobites (q.v.). See JACOBITES; Armenian Church under ARMENIA.

MONOPLEGIA, mon-ō-plē'ji-ą, a paralyIsis limited to one organ or part, e.g., one arm or one leg. If both arms or legs are stricken the condition is called paraplegia; while if arm and leg and other organs on one side are affected it is called hemiplegia. It is caused by circumscribed lesions of the nervous system, in brain, spinal cord or nerves. An example of monoplegia is Bell's palsy (q.v.). See BRain, DISEASES OF.

MONOPOLI, mō-nop'ō-le, Italy, town, in the province of Bari, on the Adriatic Sea and on the Bari-Brindisi Railway. It is the site of the ancient Minopolis and the present seat of a bishopric. Its old castle and remains of the encircling, wall and its prehistoric graves lend it considerable archæological interest. It has a 12th century cathedral, a gymnasium, technical