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re-election was legally recognized as sheriff of London in 1837. In that year he was knighted and in 1846 raised to a baronetcy in recognition of his meritorious public services. He distinguished himself by his practical sympathy for his race in various countries, chiefly in Poland, Russia, Rumania and Damascus. He made seven journeys to the East, the first in 1827, and the last in 1874, mainly for the amelioration of the condition of the Jews. At Bucharest during an anti-Jewish tumult, he boldly faced the mob at the risk of his life. In 1865 he endowed a Jewish college in memory of his wife, who died three years before, at Ramsgate, where he passed the last years of his life, dying there in his 101st year. In his 100th year he was a type of hale and venerable manhood.

MONTEGO BAY, West Indies, harbor on the north coast of the island of Jamaica. It contains a teachers' seminary, hospital, etc., and has a considerable export trade in fruits and other produce. It is the seat of an American consular station and had 6,616 inhabitants in 1911.

MONTELEONE DI CALABRIA, món'tā-lā-ō'nā dē ka-lä'brē-a, Italy, capital of a circuit in the province of Catanizara, near the Gulf of Sant Eufemia and located on the Naples-Reggio Railway. It contains the ruins of the castle built by Frederick II, and also of the 15th century San Michele Church, besides a lyceum and grammar school. Its commerce consists chiefly of silk and oil production. The town was utterly destroyed by earthquake in 1783, and again much injured in 1905. In 1911 it had 13,066 inhabitants. Consult Pignatari, 'Sunto di notizie storiche intorno alla città di Monteleone' (Monteleone 1896).

MONTÉLIMAR, món'tä'lē'mär, France, capital town of the arrondissement in department Drôme, located at the juncture of the rivers Roubion and Jahron on the Mediterranean Railway. It contains an ancient castle, now a prison, with a Romanesque chapel, a college, library, museum, Chamber of Agriculture, etc. Among its manufactures are hats, silks, paper goods, agricultural instruments and its noted almond candy (nougat). It has also considerable trade in silk, wine, truffles, lime, etc. The town receives its name from Adémar de Monteil who rebuilt it after its destruction, in the 10th century, by the Saracens. In the 15th century the town fell into the possession of the French Crown. It withstood the siege of Coligny heroically in 1570 but was taken by the Huguenots in 1587.

MONTEMAYOR, mōn-tā-mă'yōr, Montemor Jorge, Spanish-Portuguese poet and novelist: b. about 1520; d. 1561. His real name was Montemôr, but it assumed the Spanish form Montemayor in Spain. There is little definitely known of the life of Montemayor. He was one of the poet musicians of his day who found refuge and welcome at the Spanish court where he was already on familiar terms in 1548. Six years later he accompanied Juana, the Infanta, to Lisbon where she was to be married to Dom João. He seems to have visited England and Holland with Philip II, and he may have been to Paris. He was assassinated in 1561. His most famous work is a pastoral novel entitled

'Diana Enamorada (Madrid, between 1545 and 1559). Inflated in style, artificial in its depicting of character, indifferent in poetical value yet, as Cervantes had said, "it has the honor of being the first of the books of its class." Partly in verse and partly in prose, the latter is much the superior. The 'Diana' is written principally in Spanish, but it contains songs and prose passages in Portuguese. It became immensely popular and was widely imitated not alone in Spain but in the other countries of southern and western Europe. It was translated into English by Bartholomew Young in 1583 and published in 1598 and was very widely read in England. Sidney's 'Arcadia' probably owed its existence to the 'Diana' and it was certainly strongly influenced by it; and Shakespeare, in 'Two Gentlemen of Verona' and in parts of other plays shows the effect that the Diana' had already had upon English literature. Montemayor's work, being modeled on the Italian pastoral novel which had, to a certain extent, already had its influence upon English literature, the Diana' found the proper soil in which to plant itself. Montemayor, who had not finished the 'Diana Enamorada' at the time of his death, left instructions that it should be completed by Dr. Alonso Pérez of Salamanca who wrote accordingly 'Segundo del Salamantino' in 1564. In the same year Gil Polo wrote a second 'Diana Enamorada. Both of these books are patent imitations of Montemayor's novel. Scores of other imitations followed, among the authors thereof being no less personages than Cervantes and Lope de Vega. The 'Cancionero of Montemayor (2 vols., Antwerp 1544 58) contains some of his own lyrics. An edition of Montemayor's works was published in Barcelona in 1886.

Bibliography. Butler, Clark H., 'Spanish Literature (London 1909); Fitzmaurice-Kelly, James, 'A History of Spanish Literature' (1898); also article in the Revue hispanique (1895, Vol. II, pp. 304–311); Garcia Pérez, Domingo, 'Catálago razonado biográfico y bibliográfico de los autores portugueses que escribieron en castellano' (Madrid 1890); Gimaães, D., 'Birnardin Ribeiro' (Lisbon 1908) Marsan, J., 'La pastorale dramatique en France (Paris 1905); Miléndez y Pelayo, Marcelino, 'Los siete libros de la Diana' (Vol. VII, Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles); 'Orige nes de la novela' (Vol. I, Nueva Biblioteca de Autores Españoles); Rennert, H. A., The Spanish Pastoral Novel' (Philadelphia 1912); Schönherr, G., Jorge de Montemayor, sein Leben und sein Schäferroman' (Halle 1886); Ticknor, G., 'History of Spanish Literature (New York 1854).

MONTENEGRO, mōn-te-nā'grō (native, Tzernagora; Turkish, Karadagh, Black Mountain), a former kingdom northwest of Turkey, bounded north by Bosnia and Herzegovina, east by Bosnia, south by Albania and west by the Adriatic Sea and a strip of Dalmatia. Its area was increased by the Treaty of Berlin of July 1878, from about 1,710 to about 3,630 square miles, and after the Balkan War in 1913 to about 5,603 square miles. The country is a succession of elevated ridges, diversified here and there by a lofty mountain peak, some of them attaining elevations of 5,000 or 6,000 feet, or even 8,000

feet on the borders of the country, with a few beautiful and verdant plains and valleys, in which the soil is tolerably fertile; chief of these are the department of Tzernitza and the valleys of Bielopavlich, watered by several streams, the principal of which is the Mortasa, which falls into the Lake of Scutari. The climate is healthful. Forests of oaks and holly, ash, beech, firs, walnuts, hazel, wild pears, poplars, willows, alders and the sumach, used for dyeing and tanning, cover many of the mountain sides. The cultivated productions are corn, potatoes, cabbage, cauliflower and tobacco, with several kinds of fruit-trees, including the peach, olive, pomegranate, mulberry and others. In the department of Tzernitza, already mentioned, apples, vines, carobs, almonds, figs, quinces, walnuts, etc., also grow in abundance. Agriculture is in a rude state, though every cultivable piece of land, even if only a few feet square, is planted with corn, potatoes or some other useful plant. Sheep, goats and pigs are reared in great numbers; the two former affording a profitable supply of wool and cheese for exportation. Game is not abundant, but fish are taken in great quantities, and are of excellent quality, particularly the trout, which are celebrated, and some of them of immense size; and a kind of carp is caught in large quantities, and dried and salted for export to Vienna and Trieste. Manufactures, with exception of a coarse woolen stuff, are unknown. The chief occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and fishing; the latter carried on principally in the Lake of Scutari, which lies partly in Albania. The exports of Montenegro are smoked mutton-hams, salted fish, wax, honey, hides, tallow, cheese, butter, cattle and other agricultural produce. The chief imports are cattle, tobacco, salt, wine, brandy, coffee, sugar and manufactured goods. The Montenegrins belong to the Serbian branch of the Slavonic family of peoples. They are generally of tall stature and well proportioned, with singularly powerful voices, which enable them to carry on conversations at incredible distances; foreheads good, face rather square, moderately aquiline or straight nose and animated eyes. Both men and women are robust: the latter are often beautiful when young but soon lose their good looks by laborious and unfeminine occupations. The people generally are cheerful in manner, extremely brave and hospitable and courteous to all except the Turks, whom they hate. The men go at all times fully armed. The houses are of stone, generally with thatched roofs; but many are covered partly or entirely with wooden shingles. There are few towns in Montenegro, but there are some 300 villages; Cettinje (q.v.) is the capital; Podgoritza (pop. 14,000); and the seaports Dulcigno and Antivari are the principal towns. The language of the Montenegrins is a Slavonic dialect. In religion they are all of the Greek Church. Education, which was formerly much neglected, is now becoming freely diffused, the public schools having increased from one in 1851 to about 70 in 1890. Montenegro, until 1851, was a theocracy, governed by a Vladika or prince, who was at once a bishop, a judge, a legislator and a commander-in-chief. The office was hereditary in the family of Petrovitch from 1697. But as the Vladika could not marry, the dignity was inherited through brothers and nephews. In 1851 the civil and ecclesiastical

offices were disjoined, the Vladika confining himself to the latter, while the former devolved on the Hospodar. The revenue of the principality was estimated for 1914 at about $390,000. Montenegro has no coinage of its own. Pop. about 516,000.

Montenegro formed a part of ancient Illyria, and in the Middle Ages belonged to the great Serbian kingdom. The origin of the sacerdotal power dates from 1516, when the secular prince, having no children, withdrew to Venice, and transferred the government to the Archbishop Germanos. In the reign of Peter the Great the Montenegrins placed themselves under the protection of Russia, both sharing in a common enmity against the Turks. In 1796 the Princebishop, Pietro I, inflicted such a loss on the Pasha of Scutari, who had invaded Montenegro, that for many years they left it unmolested. Pietro II (1830-51) made strenuous efforts to improve the condition of his people by liberalizing the constitution, and attempting to reclaim his subjects from their vindictive and predatory habits. His successor, Danilo I, having_separated the civil and ecclesiastical offices, Russia withdrew her subsidy of 8,000 ducats, but subsequently resumed payment of it, not, however, before great internal commotion had arisen from the necessary imposition of taxes to meet the deficit so caused. The Turks, led by Omar Pasha, again invaded the country, but a treaty was arranged 15 Feb. 1853. Danilo was assassinated in 1860, and was succeeded by Prince Nicholas I. In 1861 the Montenegrins excited a rebellion against the Turkish sway in the Herzegovina, the result of which was the infliction of such punishment on them that they were compelled (1862) to accept a disadvantageous peace, in which it agreed to the occupation of several points on the road from Herzegovina to Scutari by Turkish troops. In 1870, however, the principality managed to get these troops withdrawn. In 1876 Montenegro joined Serbia in a war against Turkey, and on the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78, and the Balkan War in 1913, it received, as already mentioned, an accession of territory. On the 50th anniversary of his accession, 28 Aug. 1910, Nicholas I, by request of the National Skupshtina, assumed the title of king. When the European War began in 1914, Montenegro allied herself with Serbia, and in 1915 was overrun by the Teutonic forces. Ipek was captured, 6 Dec. 1915, and the capital, Cettinje, occupied, 13 Jan. 1916, the Montenegrin government retiring to Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. For later history see WAR, EUROPEAN. Consult Denton, W., Montenegro: Its People and Their History (London 1877); Murray, W. S., 'The Making of the Balkan States' (London 1912); Stevenson, F. S., A History of Montenegro' (London 1912); Trevor, R., 'Montenegro, a Land of Warriors' (London 1913).

MONTENOTTE, mòn'tă-not'tă, Italy, village in the province of Genoa, in the district Savona, and located on the Cairo-MontenotteAlessandria Railway. It is noted on account of the battle in which Napoleon won his first victory here, 12 April 1796, over the Austrians under Argenteau. It has but about 200 inhabitants.

MONTEPIN, mỏn’ta păn, Xavier Aymon, Count de, French writer: b. Apremont, 18

March 1824; d. Paris, 30 April 1902. He was one of the most fertile and successful representatives of the strung-out feuilleton novel writers of small literary merit. Most of his novels appeared in fragments in the Petit Journal before being brought out in volume form, when they were dramatized by his friend Dornay for use on the Ambigu stage. Among the bestknown works are 'Confessions d'un Bohême' (1850); Mignonne (1851); Mademoiselle Lucifer (1853); Les viveurs de Paris' (185256, 14 vols.); La maison maudite' (1867); 'Les tragédies de Paris' (1874); 'La Majesté l'Argent (1877); Trois millions de dot' (1891), etc. Successfully placed on the stage were 'Le Connétable de Bourbon' (1850); La Sierene de Paris' (1860); Le médecin des pauvres (1865); 'La porteuse de pain' (1889); 'La joneuse d'orgue' (1896).

MONTEPULCIANO,

mỏn’tā-pul-cha′nô, Italy, a district capital in the province Siena, located on one of the Subapennine heights of Tuscany and on the Empoli-Chiusi Railway. It has churches and palaces dating from the 14th to the 17th centuries, among which are the cathedral with its funeral monuments by Donatello and Michelozzo, and the beautiful cupola church Madonna di Saint Viaggio outside the town, started by Antonio da Sangallo the Elder (1518); an ancient castle, 14th century townhall, gymnasium, technical school, library, collection of ancient Etruscan antiquities, etc. It has an excellent wine culture and produces much oil and silk. It is the birthplace of Cardinal Bellarmin and the sage and poet, Angelo Ambrogini (Poliziano). Its population in 1911 was 15,994 in the entire commune.

MONTEREAU, mòn'tě-rō, France, a town in the department Seine-et-Marne and arrondissement Fontainebleau, located on the left bank of the Seine which is here joined by the Yonne. It is the junction of the Lyons and East railways and has a church dating from the 13th16th centuries, a statue of Napoleon I on the Seine bridge, a commercial court of justice, chamber of manufactures, military hospital. Among its chief manufactures are porcelain, earthenware, mosaic tiles, shoes, agricultural machines, etc. Considerable trade is done in wine, grain, wood and cattle. This location was the Gallo-Roman Condate and received its name in the 6th century from a monastery (Monasteriolum). Duke John the Fearless (q.v.) was assassinated (1419) on the Yonne bridge here by the followers of the Dauphin. In the vicinity the French, under Napoleon I (18 Feb. 1814), won a victory over the Allies.

MONTEREY, món-tě-rā, Cal., city in Monterey County, on Monterey Bay and on the Southern Pacific Railroad, about 100 miles south by east of San Francisco. The site of the city was first discovered by Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo in 1542. In 1602 it was rediscovered by Viscaino, who named it "Monterey" in honor of his patron, the Vicomte de Monterey, but it was not until 1770 that the Spanish, under Junipero Serra, made the first settlements and founded the mission San Carlos 'de Borromeo de Monterey, the second in California. From 1774 to 1825 it was the capital of the Spanish province. On 26 March 1825, the constitution of the republic of Mexico was ratified and the city remained the capital of Cali

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fornia during Mexican rule. Commodore Jones, of the United States navy, captured the place in 1842 and held it for one day, under the erroneous impression that war had been declared against Mexico. On 7 July 1846 Monterey was captured by Commodore Sloat. The American flag was raised over the custom house, which still stands, and California passed to American rule. In 1849 the State Constitutional Convention was held here and the first legislature of the State of California met in Colton Hall, another historic building which still stands. In 1850 the place was incorporated. The section in which the city is located consists of farm lands upon which are raised grains and fruits. Fishing and stock-raising are prominent industries. Over 10,000,000 pounds of fish are packed here annually and many tons shipped to the market. The total annual value of the combined catch is estimated at $1,500,000. The combined resources of the Bank of Monterey and Monterey Savings Bank amounts to $1,193,386; the combined deposits to $999,625. Monterey is a favorite resort for summer and winter. Here is located the famous hotel and resort, Del Monte, with its 134 acres of beautiful gardens and grounds. Other points of interest are San Carlos Mission, Carmel Mission, home of Robert Louis Stevenson, home of Thomas O. Larkin, first American consul, headquarters of Generals Sherman and Halleck, ruins of the old Spanish fort, first brick house in California and the presidio of Monterey. It has good public and parish schools and a public library. The harbor at Monterey is the only undeveloped deep-water port on the Pacific Coast. It is the only harbor where vessels can enter in all kinds of weather and drop anchor without the aid of a pilot. Governmental appropriations aggregating $800,000 have been made for the construction of a breakwater to destroy the currents which make it dangerous for large vessels to lay alongside at times and which is the harbor's only defect. Pop. 5,000.

MONTEREY, Mexico, capital of the state of Nuevo Leon, situated at the foot of the Sierra Madre Mountains at an altitude of 1,800 feet above sea-level, an important railroad centre for trade and commerce with the United States, 168 miles from the Texas boundary. The most notable industry is an extensive iron and steel mill, which employs a great number of men and produces large quantities of heavy iron and steel manufactures, both rolled and cast. Over $25,000,000 are represented by the manufacturing and industrial enterprises of the city. No other point in northern Mexico is so important commercially, as Monterey. There are two local financial institutions, the Bank of Nuevo Leon, with a capital of $2,000,000 and the Mercantile Bank, with a capital of $2,500,000. The National Bank has a branch here and the Bank of London and Mexico an agency. The principal educational institutions are the School of Jurisprudence, Normal School for males, Normal School for females and the Academy of Drawing. There is a Natural History Museum and a well-equipped public library. The principal buildings of the city are the Juarez Theatre, the cathedral and the churches of San Francisco and the Purisima. The streets are well paved. In the centre of the city there

is a large spring of clear water. Four miles distant are the Topo Chico Hot Springs, the hourly output of which is 68,000 gallons. The waters of these are much like those of the famous hot springs of Arkansas. The prevailing style of architecture is Moorish. Pop. 78,500. The city was founded by the Spaniards in 1585 as Ciudad de Leon but renamed Metropolitan City of Our Lady of Monterey in 1596. The city was besieged in 1846 by General Taylor and compelled to capitulate. See MONTEREY, BATTLE OF.

MONTEREY, Battle of, in American history; in the early part of the war between the United States and Mexico, Monterey, which occupies a strong natural position and was well fortified by art, was held by the Mexican General Ampudia, with about 10,000 regular troops. In August 1846, General Taylor (q.v.) with a force of 6,625 men, mostly volunteers, marched from Matamoras to attack Monterey; and on 9 September he encamped within three miles of the place. Ten days were spent in reconnoitring, and on the afternoon of 19 September General Worth was ordered to march with his division around the hill occupied by the bishop's palace, to take a position on the Saltillo road and to carry the enemy's detached works in that quarter, while the main body of the army were to make a diversion against the centre and left of the town by batteries erected during the night. In the morning these batteries opened upon the city, which replied by a heavy fire from the citadel and other works. The lower part of the city was assaulted and entered by the Americans, and a Mexican work of great strength captured after hard fighting by a brigade under General Quitman. General Butler also entered the town at another point with the 1st Ohio regiment. Meanwhile General Worth carried the heights south of the river and the Saltillo road, and turned the guns of the Mexican works in that quarter upon the bishop's palace. The Mexicans evacuated the lower part of the city during the night, and early next morning General Worth stormed the height overlooking the bishop's palace; and by noon that stronghold itself was taken by the Americans and its guns turned upon its flying defenders. The houses of the city being solidly built and capable of defense, and the streets strongly barricaded, the Americans were forced to take each house in succession by breaking through the walls till they reached the principal plaza. The conflict lasted till the 23d, the Mexicans contesting desperately every foot of ground till nothing remained in their possession_but the citadel. On the morning of the 24th General Ampudia capitulated and was allowed with his army to march out with the honors of war. The loss of the Americans in these operations at Monterey was 120 killed and 368 wounded. That of the Mexicans was not ascertained, but was probably much greater. See MEXICAN WAR. Consult Howard, O. O., 'General Taylor (New York 1892); Ladd, H. O., The War with Mexico' (New York 1883); McElroy, R. M., The Winning of the Far West' (New York 1914).

MONTESA, món-ta'są, Order of Our Lady of, one of the Spanish military orders established by James II of Aragon (1319) after the fall of the Knights Templar (1311)

and endowed with the latter's estates. The town and castle of Montesa also came into their possession as residence. The order followed the rule of the Benedictines. In 1587 it became united with the Spanish Crown and in 1872 was abolished, to be re-established in 1874. The decoration of the order is a golden lozenge with a red cross in the field surmounted by a trophy on a red ribbon. The garb is a white mantle with red cross. The knights are divided into Caballeros profesos and Caballeros novicios.

MONTESANO mont-e-sano, Wash., town, county-seat of Gray's Harbor County, on the Chehalis River, at the head of tide-water navigation and on the Northern Pacific Railroad, about 45 miles west by south of Olympia. It is in a region in which the chief occupations are farming, lumbering and fishing. It manufactures considerable lumber and lumber products and has creameries and important salmon fisheries. Three miles above the town on the Chehalis River is a salmon hatchery. Pop. 2,500.

MONTESINOS, mōn-tā-se'nō, Fernando, Spanish historian: b. Osuna, Spain, 1593; d. Seville, Spain, 1655. He went to Lima, Peru, in 1610 and served under the government, afterward becoming visitor of the audencia of Charcas and councillor of the viceroy. By his considerate treatment of the Indians he won their friendship and their caciques placed at his disposal valuable information concerning their history. He ranks at the head of the Peruvian archæologists and he published several able works on metallurgy. Among his books are Ophyr de España, ó anales de los reynós de Quito y Lima (1640); Memorias históricas del antiguo reyno de Quito' (1652), etc. Consult Prescott's History of Peru, Vols. I and II and Jiminez de la Espada, M. (ed.), ‘Memorias antiguas historiales y politicas del Peru' (in 'Coleccion de libros espanñoles raros ó curiosos' Vol. XVI, Madrid 1882).

MONTESPAN, Françoise Athenais, fränswäz äth-e-na môn-těs-päň, MARQUISE DE, mistress of Louis XIV of France: b. 1641; d. Bourbon-l'Archambault, 27 May 1707. She was the 2d daughter of the Duke of Mortemart, and was, in 1663, married to the Marquis de Montespan. To great beauty she added a natural liveliness and wit, and a highly-cultivated mind. Soon after her appearance at court she attracted the king's attention and from 1668 till 1674 shared his favor with Mlle. de la Vallière, but supplanting her in 1674; M. de Montespan after a detention in the Bastle had already been ordered to retire to his estate. Mme. de Montespan bore eight children to the king, four of whom died in infancy. The others were entrusted to the care of Mme. Scarron, afterward De Maintenon. The influence of Mme. de Montespan was often exercised in public affairs, and her sway over the king continued until about 1679, when a growing attachment to Mme. de Maintenon finally estranged his affections from Mme. de Montespan. She rarely appeared at court after 1685, and in 1691 entirely quitted it. Her last years were devoted to religious exercises, acts of benevolence and penitence. The regent Orléans married Mademoiselle de Blois, one of her daughters by the king.

MONTESQUIEU, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de la Brède et dè, French philosophical historian: b. at La Bride, near Bordeaux, 18 Jan. 1689; d. La Brède, 10 Feb. 1755. He was of a noble family, received an excellent education and studied law which was the family traditional profession. From his father and his mother he inherited titles, property and position, and his uncle, who died in 1716, left him his whole fortune, his very important judicial office of "président a mortier" and his old and noble family name of "Montesquieu." The office thus bequeathed him he held for 12 years, but his serious occupation was writing on philosophy, politics, natural science and various other subjects. In 1721 his 'Lettres persones' were published at Amsterdam anonymously. In these Montesquieu satirizes the follies of his age in literature, society, politics and religion. So popular were these letters that the public called for several editions in the first year following their publication. They pointed the way to a new field in literature and are credited with being the first book in the so-called "Philosophe" movement. Montesquieu became a sort of literary lion in Paris and he enjoyed his reputation and the peculiar advantages it brought him to the full. But to do this he sold the life tenure of his office in Brède and removed to the capitol in 1726, and two years later he was elected a member of the Académie Française. He suddenly resolved upon an extensive tour of Europe with the purpose of observing the life of the various countries visited. His tour took him to Austria, Hungary, Italy, England and the Rhine country and occupied nearly four years which were very fruitful in the life of the author. Returning to La Brède he set up a great study hall and library 60 feet long by 40 feet wide. The result of his work here was, in part, 'Considérations sur les causes de la grandeur et de la décadence des Romains' which was published anonymously in Amsterdam in 1734. This became at once popular, not alone in France, but all over Europe, and was probably the most widely read of all Montesquieu's works. It opened the wide field of the philosophy of history. In the meantime he was carrying on deep and original researches for a still greater work. But he loved the literary salons and the brilliant life of Paris and much of his time was spent in the capital, however, not to the neglect of his literary investigations, for the 'Esprit des lois,' the most original book of its age, appeared in Geneva in 1748. It was published in two volumes comprising in all 31 books. Though the 'Esprit' met with considerable opposition at first, in France, it became popular in other European countries, and France soon also fell into line and Montesquieu was looked upon as the greatest literary man of his day. His passion for literary work continued; but most of his subsequent writings remained unpublished during his lifetime. His fame continued long after his death and for more than a century he was the one great authority of the moderate reform party, not alone in France, but also in other countries where the spirit of reform was abroad. Of all the early writers on the science of comparative politics and history he easily stands first on account of the actual excellence of the work

done, the originality of thought which he constantly displays and the deep and lasting influence he had upon the thought of his own day and upon succeeding generations. In France, however, Montesquieu's enemies and detractors have accused him of being more English than French in literary form and in manner of thought; and, in fact, so great an admirer was he of everything English, that he was looked upon, during his lifetime and long afterward as an Anglomaniac. Montesquieu is a much more rational thinker than Voltaire, though the latter far outran him in popularity. The two men were, however, so far apart in their modes of thought that neither was able to appreciate the greatness of the other. The cool, moderate reasoning of Montesquieu was not only in every way fitted for the age in which he lived, but it was couched in language that attracted and commended itself to all men of liberal tendencies. Thus it was a preparation for the work that Voltaire himself was called upon to do; and both Montesquieu and Voltaire, though working along different lines and imbued each with a different spirit, were both on the broad road to the Revolution of 1789 and the rejuvenation of France. In an age when the real spirit of all just law was hidden from the sight of most men, the original, truthful and clear-cut views of Montesquieu on politics and their relation to law came as an inspiration and took hold of the imagination of thinking Europe. He made men think clearly and powerfully along lines that they had been unaccustomed to think rightly for centuries. His masterly genius for generalization may be said to have created the science of politics. His plain, unadorned, forceful language and withal beautif 1 composition is in marked contrast to the spirit that ruled the literature of his own and the following generation. To this simplicity of language and directness of thought he owed much of his popularity. Montesquieu was well known to the more inquiring spirits of the English colonies in America and his work had a strong influence over the revolutionary spirit that began to make itself felt among the colonies early in the latter half of the 18th century, where, during the struggle for independence, it became a veritable textbook of the Revolutionary party. There have been many editions of Montesquieu's works published in French and in all the languages of Europe. (See LES LETTRES PERSANES; SPIRIT OF THE LAWS). Consult Sorel (translated by Masson), 'Montesquieu' (London 1887); Vian, 'Histoire de la vie et des œuvres de Montesquieu (Paris 1879); Lowell, E. J., 'Eve of the French Revolution (Boston 1893); Ilbert, C. P., Montesquieu (Oxford 1904); Dargan, E. P., Æsthetic Doctrine of Montesquieu' (Baltimore 1907).

MONTESQUIOU-FEZENSAC, môn-těskē-oo-fa-zän-säk, Robert, COUNT DE, French poet: b. Paris, 9 March 1855. He was well known as an art collector and as an amateur goldsmith and enameler in 1892, when he published Les Chauves-souris,' a volume of verse symbolizing the mystery of night. It was followed by Chef des Odeurs suaves' (1893), of which the theme was flowers and perfumes, 'Les Hortensias Bleus) (1896) and Perles Rouges (1899), the latter a series of sonnets

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